Chemistry
Synthetic Approaches and Reactivity of 3-Aminothieno[2,3-b]pyridine Derivatives A Review
The synthesis and chemical reactivity of 3-aminothieno[23-b]pyridine derivatives have been extensively studied due to their importance in medicinal chemistry and material sciences. This review focuses on the various synthetic strategies employed for their preparation including reactions involving 12-dihydro-2-thioxopyridine-3-carbonitrile derivatives phase-transfer catalysis and Thorpe-Ziegler cyclization. Additionally the chemical reactivity of these compounds is explored highlighting transformations such as cyclizations functional group modifications and coupling reactions. These advancements underline the versatility of 3-aminothieno[23-b]pyridines as valuable intermediates in organic synthesis and their potential for further functionalization in diverse chemical frameworks.
Triazine Derivatives: Their Synthesis and Biological Properties - A Review
Triazine compounds have become crucial entities in the pharmaceutical field due to their remarkable structural diversity and wide range of biological activities. This review explores their prominent role in drug discovery and development focusing on their efficacy as potent anticancer antiviral antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. Recent advances in synthetic methodologies using various starting materials such as nitrile biguanide bromoester arylamine and cyanide chloride are reviewed along with their implications for improved pharmacological properties including anticancer antibacterial antioxidant anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. In addition the structure-activity relationship of triazine derivatives is explored offering insight into the key structural features that contribute to their therapeutic potential. This relationship plays an essential role in optimizing their efficacy as therapeutic agents helping to guide the development of more effective drugs with improved pharmacological profiles.
Recent Advances in Fluorometric Detection of Carcinogenic Heavy Metal Ions Using Fluorogenic Chemosensors: An Overview
In recent years a significant focus has been directed toward fluorogenic chemosensors for the optical detection of heavy metal ions due to their detrimental effects on both the environment and human health. Methods combining fluorometry and colorimetry have been widely utilized for sensing heavy metal ions because they are straightforward lucrative easy to use and enable rapid on-site analysis. As a result numerous research groups have dedicated extensive efforts to developing versatile fluorometric and colorimetric sensors for heavy metals. The development of innovative highly selective and sensitive chromogenic fluorosensors along with their detection capabilities remains a captivating area within supramolecular chemistry. This review outlines key aspects of the detection process including spectroscopic changes selectivity sensitivity visible colour shifts and potential in vivo recognition of heavy metal ions. It also emphasizes recent progress over the past decade in the fluorometric and colorimetric detection of heavy metal cations such as Hg2+ Cd2+ As3+/As5+ and Pb2+ using chromogenic and fluorogenic chemical receptors.
Indane-1,3-dione as a Versatile Intermediate for the Synthesis of 4-azafluorenones
Indane-13-dione is a reactive cyclic β-diketone that could be employed for preparing various molecular systems of potential biological applications. Among these 4-azafluorenones (also known as indeno[12-b]pyridines) represent one of the most promising classes of carbocyclic systems. Indeno-fused pyridines possess a wide range of medicinal properties including anti-proliferative activity and DNA topoisomerase Iα/Iiα inhibitory activity. In this review we presented all reports from 2000 to 2024 that cover the synthesis of indeno[12-b]pyridines and diindeno[12-b:2'1'-e]pyridines starting from indane-13-dione. The review is classified according to the type of reaction conditions that were applied. Additionally the reports that are related to the new trends in preparing indenopyridines are indexed in separate sections including the use of ionic liquids heterogeneous catalysts and microwave- and ultrasonic-assisted synthetic routes. Some complex synthetic routes are explained by plausible mechanisms.
Triazole Hybrids and their Parasitic Inhibition Activities: A Mini Review
Many parasitic diseases elicit significant immune responses although these responses can sometimes be excessive or dysregulated contributing to immunopathology. Moreover the emergence of parasite clones and gene mutations has led to clinical resistance to widely used antiparasitic drugs resulting in treatment failures and reduced drug efficacy. Consequently there is an urgent need for new and alternative antiprotozoal therapies including the enhancement of existing drug structures. Triazole-based compounds known for their excellent pharmacological profiles have shown promise in treating a variety of parasitic infections. The combination of triazoles with other nitrogen/oxygen/sulfur-based heterocyclic compounds presents a promising strategy for the effective clinical management of parasitic diseases. This review highlights recent advancements in the development of triazole hybrids and their structure-activity relationships providing valuable insights for the design of more potent antiparasitic drugs.
A Review of the Dimroth Rearrangement in Fused 1,2,4-Triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimidines
Dimroth rearrangement is a type of molecular rearrangement involving the interconversion of triazoles under acidic or basic conditions. It is particularly significant in heterocyclic chemistry and it involves the migration of substituents around the nitrogen atoms in the ring system. This review concerns the formation of fused five-membered 124-triazolo[43-c]pyrimidines from their corresponding 4-hydrazinopyrimidine derivatives. Additionally it discusses their Dimroth-type rearrangement into the thermodynamically more stable 124-triazolo[15-c]pyrimidine isomers under various reaction conditions. Moreover it was observed that the presence of an acid base and aliphatic substituents in C3 and C5 of triazolo[43-c]pyrimidine structure facilitates the Dimroth-type rearrangement. In general the two isomeric series differ significantly in their melting points proton NMR chemical shift positions and UV absorption wavelengths.
Exploring Synthesis and Functionalization of Imidazo[1,2˗a]pyridines: A Promising Heterocyclic Framework
A well-known heterocyclic scaffold imidazopyridine is recognized for its important role in the development of therapeutic drugs. This is because imidazopyridine possesses a wide range of biological characteristics. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive outline of various synthetic techniques (2018˗2024) employed in the synthesis of Imidazo[12˗a] pyridine derivatives highlighting both traditional and modern methodologies. The review article includes approaches like one-pot and microwave˗assisted synthesis in addition to traditional multistep synthesis. The review also looks at green chemistry strategies emphasizing environmentally friendly techniques that reduce the usage of dangerous solvents and reagents. It includes forty different synthetic strategies with respect to “green” methods “one˗pot” reactions “microwave˗assisted” methods and “cyclization˗based” strategies. This review aims to assist researchers in selecting the most effective strategies for the efficient synthesis of imidazopyridine derivatives thereby promoting their broader application in medicinal chemistry and related fields.
Recent Expansions in Anti-Microbial Profile of Quinoline Analogues: A Review
The alarming rise in life-threatening infections caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria has become a significant global health concern urging the scientific community to explore new therapeutic solutions. Among heterocyclic compounds the quinoline nucleus has emerged as a versatile scaffold with diverse pharmacological properties. Naturally occurring quinoline-based compounds provide a foundation for designing novel semi-synthetic and synthetic derivatives with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Quinoline-fused derivatives have shown potent anticancer effects by targeting critical enzymes and proteins including topoisomerase I telomerase farnesyl transferase Src tyrosine kinase and protein kinase CK-II. Additionally these compounds exhibit antitubercular anticonvulsant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Their potential as cardiovascular agents acting as calcium-channel blockers and cAMP phosphodiesterase III inhibitors further highlights their pharmacological significance. The fusion of quinoline with other heterocyclic systems such as indoles pyridines triazoles imidazoles and pyrazoles presents a promising strategy for drug discovery. Such combinations leverage the individual activities of each moiety producing synergistic effects and enhancing therapeutic potential. These advances underscore the need for continued exploration of quinoline derivatives to identify novel lead compounds with improved efficacy and broadened activity spectra. This paradigm not only offers a pathway to address pressing antimicrobial resistance but also opens new opportunities for synthetic chemistry and the development of multifunctional therapeutic agents.
Insights into the Synthesis and Bioactivity of Indole-Based Compounds: A Short Review
Indole derivatives are a significant class of organic compounds with diverse biological activities. They are found in numerous natural products and synthetic drugs playing a crucial role in medicinal chemistry. In this comprehensive review we have summarized the synthetic approaches and biological evaluations of a variety of indole derivatives. We analyzed in vitro and in vivo studies assessing the bioactivity of indole derivatives focusing on structure-activity relationships. The versatility and efficacy of indole-based compounds hold great potential for advancing medical therapies particularly in the fields of cancer treatment infectious diseases and inflammatory disorders. This concise review aims to inspire further research on indole-based compounds for drug development.
A Short Review on the Synthesis of 3,9-Disubstituted β-Carbolines: Unveiling Potent Anticancer and Antibacterial Properties
The relentless rise in cancer incidence has sparked an urgent quest for a treatment. For centuries natural product resources have been the bedrock of medicinal and pharmaceutical industries capturing the interests of researchers to explore more on the potential of natural products to treat illnesses. Above all β-carbolines derived from alkaloids are well-known for their various biological and pharmacological properties. In this work we review the methodologies to synthesize 39-disubstituted β-carbolines framework through Pictet–Spengler metal-catalysed cross-coupling and multicomponent reactions. In addition this study aims to investigate how the structural modifications affect their biological activities with an emphasis on anticancer and antibacterial properties. Besides the modifications at the C-3 and N-9 positions were evaluated for efficiency and selectivity towards 39-disubstituted β-carbolines. This article also highlighted the adaptability of 39-disubstituted β-carbolines scaffolds for further use in drug development.
Lipase-catalyzed Strategies for the Preparation of Key Intermediates for the Synthesis of the Taxol Side Chain#
This article provides a review of the paramount lipase-catalyzed strategies employed in the preparation of (2R3S)-3-amino-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionic acid several of its derivatives and precursor 2-azetidinones through β-lactam ring opening OAc hydrolysis COOEt hydrolysis O-acylation and sequential kinetic resolution through a two-step cascade reaction. It involves OAc hydrolysis followed by β-lactam ring opening and β-lactam ring opening followed by hydroxymethyl group degradation of the corresponding racemic compounds reported over the last 15 years. A brief introduction describes the pharmaceutical and chemical importance of the Taxol molecule as well as various synthetic methods involving its side chain and it delineates the key objectives of this mini-review. The strategies are classified on the basis of reaction types and are presented in chronological order discussing kinetic and sequential kinetic resolutions in the main text. These reactions yield the intended products exhibiting excellent enantiomeric excess values.
Biocatalysis in Bioorthogonal Reactions: Use of Hydrolases and Transferases for Selective Modifications
Bioorthogonal chemistry explores a set of technologies to incorporate non-native functional groups into biological systems to understand the mechanism of biological processes in living organisms. Among the conjugation strategies available on the bench the use of biocatalysis as part of bioorthogonal conjugation has been found to be one smart tool to achieve chemoselective functional group installation. The process designing utilizes high substrate specificity of biocatalyst resulting in a targeted addition of a reactive non-native functional group to a native biomolecule followed by tagging with a suitably detectable moiety and thereby monitoring the salient biological processes involving the conjugated assembly. The present study tries to briefly address the synthetic strategies with mechanistic elaboration involving various transferases with different suitable models and the underlying reactions involved in bioorthogonal processes.
A Comprehensive Review on Thiazolidinones and their 5-ene Derivatives: Synthetic Methodologies and Pharmacological Profiles
Thiazolidinones and their 5-ene derivatives have become pivotal in organic and medicinal chemistry due to their diverse pharmacological potential. These compounds have been widely explored for their therapeutic applications with thiazolidine-based frameworks yielding numerous biologically active molecules. This review consolidates various synthetic approaches to thiazolidinone and 5-ene derivatives including core modifications one-pot or multistage syntheses and transformations of related heterocycles. The manuscript highlights key pharmacological targets of thiazolidinones ranging from initial hit compounds to fully developed drugs. Specifically thiazolidinone-rhodanines often appear as frequent hitters or pan-assay interference compounds in high-throughput screens. Studies have shown that modifications at the C5 carbon particularly through the addition of a 5-ene fraction enhance the pharmacological profile of these compounds. Additionally the review addresses substitutions at the C5 and N3 positions including 5-ene and carboxyl groups and discusses the biological utility of these modifications. Integrating pharmacologically active groups within a heterocyclic system often results in enhanced bioactivity. The review highlights innovative synthetic strategies for thiazolidinone derivatives emphasizing the potential of these compounds to explore a broad spectrum of biological activities through structural diversity and targeted modifications.
Microwave-Assisted Green Synthesis and Biological Significance of Triazine Derivatives
The microwave-assisted synthesis of 135-triaizne (246-trichloro-135-triazine) also known as TCT analogs is described in this review article. The reactions of TCT with different compounds that have amine functional groups or hydroxy-substituted functional groups under microwave irradiation to produce the triazine derivatives are the main topic of this review article. The microwave irradiation technique has countless benefits over the heating method such as fast reactions reduced reaction time from hours to minutes fewer by-products improved or high yields wide temperature instability range regioselective products and greater energy efficiency.
Progress in the Production of Phenyltrichlorosilane via Gas Phase Condensation Method
Phenyltrichlorosilane is an important organosilicon compound and its synthesis technology is a key research focus in the field of organosilicon chemistry. This article introduces the three main techniques for synthesizing phenyltrichlorosilane: the Grignard reagent method the direct method and the vapor phase condensation method along with their respective advantages and disadvantages. It demonstrates that the vapor phase condensation method has become the dominant process due to its simple reaction apparatus and the feasibility of achieving continuous production. However this method faces significant challenges including low yield and the formation of carbon deposits within production pipelines. The process conditions of the vapor phase condensation method are summarized including the reaction conditions of chlorobenzene and trichlorosilane at 540-680°C which achieves a product yield of up to 65%. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the decomposition mechanism of trichlorosilane and chlorobenzene under high-temperature vapor-phase conditions emphasizing the synthesis mechanism of phenyltrichlorosilane and analyzing the role of free radical initiators and their impact on enhancing the yield of phenyltrichlorosilane. Future research should focus on the development of new catalysts and initiators process optimization and the expansion of phenyltrichlorosilane's application fields.
A Novel Perchlorinated Cyclohexasilane Salt with Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding and its Application in the Synthesis of Cyclohexasilane
Ionic compounds of tetradecachlorocyclohexasilane a critical precursor for cyclohexasilane and its derivatives have been synthesized using various methods. However these approaches are often hindered by low yields high costs and environmental concerns. In this study a novel perchlorinated cyclohexasilane salt [(i-Pr2EtNH)2Cl+]2[Si6Cl142-] was synthesized by the cyclization of trichlorohydrosilanes with diisopropylethylamine. The compound differs from previously reported six-membered silicocyclic ionic compounds. Notably the chlorine atom in the cation does not form a direct covalent bond with the surrounding atoms. Instead it forms a hydrogen bond a feature not observed in the cationic components of other tetradecachlorocyclohexasilane dianion compounds. The structure was confirmed through single-crystal X-ray diffraction NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The perchlorinated cyclohexasilane salt was subsequently reduced to cyclohexasilane using metal hydrides achieving an overall yield of 44.2% across the two-step process. This method offers several advantages including cost-effectiveness high yields simple purification and mild reaction conditions. The results demonstrate the utility of this approach for synthesizing cyclohexasilane and advancing its applications as feedstocks for silicon deposition in the development of micro- and nano-silicon materials.
Synthesis of Hybrid Thiohemicucurbiturils via Acid-Catalyzed Conversion
Thiocrown ethers thiocalixarenes and thiocyclodextrins as important host macrocycles have been synthesized as crown ether calixarene and cyclodextrin derivatives respectively. They have shown special properties compared with their prototypes. Hemicucurbiturils as a subset of cucurbiturils are yet to have their thio-derivatives. In this article methods for the synthesis of hybrid thiohemicucurbiturils were proposed and several hybrid thiohemicucurbiturils were formed. The mono ethylene thiourea-substituted hemicucurbituril was formed by simply mixing ethylene thiourea and ethylene urea with formaldehyde in an HCl aqueous solution. The synthesis of more ethylene thioureas-substituted hemicucurbituril by acid-catalyzed conversion of an ethylene thiourea-substituted hemicucurbituril has been presented which differs from the traditional method for synthesizing hemicucurbituril derivatives. These methods provide alternatives for the synthesis of novel hybrid hemicucurbiturils with more complex structures.
Recent Advances in Natural Products with Heterocyclic Scaffolds as Potential Cancer-Combating Agents
Abrupt increase in the cancerous cells conventional therapies including radiation and chemotherapy often exhibit limited efficacy due to the heterogeneous nature of tumours which can result in collateral damage to normal cells severe haematological toxicities and the development of drug resistance ultimately compromising treatment outcomes and patient compliance. On the other hand naturally sourced heterocyclic compounds can trigger functional versatility and play critical roles in various biochemical processes within living cells enhancing their potential as therapeutic leads. Their ability to modulate multiple oncogenic signalling pathways influences key processes such as apoptosis cell proliferation migration angiogenesis and metastasis thereby positioning them as promising candidates for improving chemotherapy efficacy especially in resistant cases. With the rising costs of conventional treatments and the increasing cancer burden there is an urgent demand for low-cost and sustainable alternatives. In view of that natural heterocyclic bioactive compounds pave substantial advantages including a broad chemical range with minimal toxicity and enhanced safety making them compelling substitutes for synthetic drugs. This review illuminates the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer properties of significant heterocyclic structures from natural sources emphasizing their potential to advance therapeutic strategies and emerging future clinical applications over the period of fifteen years.