Heterocyclic chemistry is an essential area of study in organic chemistry especially due to the biological and pharmacological importance of heterocyclic compounds. Developing sustainable heterogeneous catalysts for the efficient eco-friendly synthesis of pyrano[23-c]pyrazole scaffolds is a key objective in modern synthesis. These N/O-containing fused five-six membered rings have unique structures and bioactivities that make them promising candidates for use in antimicrobial and anticancer drug development. This review explores the role of heterogeneous catalysis in synthesizing bio-active pyrano[23-c]pyrazoles through one-pot cyclocondensation and multi-component reactions emphasizing their significance in drug development.

Heterocycles are of much importance as the majority of the existing drugs contain one or more heterocyclic units in their structures. Among all the heterocycles nitrogen and sulphur-containing ones occupy major space and they have special properties which make them suitable for the textile cosmetic and paint industries other than pharmaceutical. Recently visible light has emerged as a powerful tool for performing various reactions at ambient temperatures and mild conditions and thus it has been used for the key step in the synthesis of many molecules. In addition visible light assisted methods are usually cost and time effective. Thus this review highlighted the recent developments in visible light induced methods for the synthesis of some selected biologically active N- and S- containing heterocycles such as benzothiazoles indoles and triazoles and their functionalization. The advantages green aspects and limitations of these methods have also been discussed.

In the modern era petrochemical industries' production of hydrocarbon pollution is a significant environmental problem that causes biodiversity loss. Alkanes constitute a substantial proportion of crude oil and refined fuels are found in small amounts in various uncontaminated environments. They are prevalent in underground fossil fuel reserves and shallow subsurface habitats polluted with hydrocarbons such as aquifers. Using microorganisms to break down alkane hydrocarbon pollutants in environmental areas has great potential. Considerable advancements have been achieved in identifying microorganisms and metabolic processes responsible for the breakdown of alkanes in both oxygen-free and oxygen-rich conditions in the last two decades. A wide range of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms have been identified and observed to possess the ability to utilize various carbon and energy sources as substrates. Bioremediation is essential for environmental safety and management; various methods have been established for petroleum hydrocarbon bioremediation. Numerous microbial species have been employed to investigate the bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons highlighting the crucial functions of varied microbial communities. Phytoremediation is an environmentally sustainable method that may effectively rehabilitate heavy metal-contaminated soil cost-efficiently. This manuscript provides an overview of prevalent alkane hydrocarbon pollutants microorganisms capable of degrading hydrocarbons key pathways and enzymes involved in hydrocarbon degradation factors influencing hydrocarbon degradation and various strategies employed to harness the degrading capabilities of microbes for remedial purposes.

Clean and safe drinking water is one of the most important basic needs of human beings. The modern lifestyle and vast industrial evolution caused freshwater pollution. To purify and supply clean water research on wastewater treatment is a high priority. Various types of carbon materials such as activated carbon mesoporous carbon carbon nanotubes graphene and graphene oxide materials are widely elaborated as the adsorbents for the purification of the water. The activated carbon-based nanostructures are ideal for this goal. These materials are highly capable of adsorbing the poisonous heavy metals and organic dyes from the wastewater. Herein we have summarized the last six-year total of thirty literature reports focusing on the applications of biowaste-based activated carbon nanomaterials in the field of water and wastewater treatment. We strongly believe that this review will help the new researchers in this field to get detailed insights into the recent advances in biowaste-based activated carbon nanomaterials for water treatment.

Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the Earth’s crust and is the principal constituent of many common minerals. Taking advantage of its higher abundance and lower costs and toxicity compared with more traditional transition metals this main group metal has emerged as a green metal of high potential and utility in organic synthesis. While many racemic aluminum catalysts have been early applied as Lewis acids to promote various reactions such as Friedel-Crafts acylations Alder-ene reactions and polymerizations chiral aluminum counterparts have been developed only since the 1990s in asymmetric catalysis. Indeed the possibility of tuning the Lewis acidity of aluminum by making use of appropriate chiral ligands allows to control the stereoselectivity in a wide diversity of catalytic enantioselective reactions. For example various types of ligands have been chelated to aluminum such as salens BINOL and VANOL derivatives TADDOL-derived ligands cinchona alkaloids and NN’-dioxides. In the last decade a wide variety of highly enantioselective aluminum-catalyzed transformations have been developed spanning from basic reactions such as cyanations of carbonyl compounds aldol reactions reductions cycloadditions cyclizations α-alkylations of aldehydes Michael additions acyloin rearrangements copolymerization etc. to more challenging and modern processes such as domino and tandem reactions. The goal of this review is to collect the recent developments in enantioselective aluminum-catalyzed reactions of all types published since the beginning of 2015. It shows that asymmetric aluminum catalysis which suits the growing demand for greener processes offers a real opportunity to replace toxic and expensive metals soon.

Carbazoloquinones possess a unique structural characteristic commonly found in natural compounds. Precisely these molecules have been integral to traditional medicine addressing various health concerns such as malaria cancer and neuronal protection. This review centers on the occurrence biological activity and asymmetric synthesis of bioactive carbazole-34-quinone alkaloids which demonstrate notable properties like neuronal cell protection and free radical scavenging. To date this is the first exclusive review focusing on carbazole-34-quinones. We delve into the asymmetric and enantioselective synthetic methods used to synthesise three families of naturally occurring carbazole-34-quinone molecules: carbazoquinocins (±)-carquinostatins and (±)-lavanduquinocins. Despite the existence of efficient synthetic strategies for some of these compounds there remain challenges and opportunities for developing new methods for carbazole-34-quinone natural products.

Polymer modification encompasses a diverse array of techniques aimed at enhancing the physical and chemical properties of polymers thereby expanding their applicability across various fields. Physical modification methods include self-assembled monolayers radiation-induced surface modifications UV irradiation γ-irradiation and laser-induced surface modifications. These techniques primarily focus on altering surface properties and enhancing characteristics such as strength toughness and thermal stability through non-chemical means. Chemical modification methods on the other hand involve reactions that change the polymer’s chemical structure. Common chemical reactions used in polymer modification include PEGylation conjugation wet chemical oxidation treatments and plasma treatments. These processes introduce new functional groups improve compatibility with other materials and tailor properties like solubility adhesion and biodegradability. Despite the significant advancements in polymer modification techniques challenges such as maintaining polymer integrity controlling modification precision and ensuring scalability persist. This review provides a comprehensive overview of both physical and chemical polymer modification methods discussing their mechanisms applications and the challenges involved thereby highlighting their critical role in the development of advanced materials for industrial biomedical and environmental applications.

Kingianins are complex pentacyclic natural products isolated from the bark of Endiandra kingiana. This article reviews synthetic routes for kingianins and their analogues. The reports of five research groups are grouped in biomimetic and non-biomimetic approaches featuring the use of Diels-Alder and [2+2] ketene cycloaddition reactions. The most recent research by Six Azmi et al. reported the utilisation of [2+2]-ketene cycloaddition of key precursors for the synthesis of bicyclo[4.2.0]octanes as key precursors of kingianins. This research demonstrates the advantages of ketene chemistry by synthesising precursors. With this achievement we look forward to extending this method to the synthesis of additional bicyclo[4.2.0]octane analogues to achieve the total synthesis of kingianins.

Ganoderma triterpenoids (GTs) are primarily extracted from the mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) with the main active components being ganoderic acid (GAs). They belong to the lanosterane type of tetracyclic triterpenoids and typically feature C30 and C26 skeletons. The diverse bioactivities of GTs are determined by various substituents at C-3 C-7 C-11 and C-15 on the tetracyclic skeleton as well as the C-17 β side chain. Recent studies have revealed the antitumor anti-inflammatory hepatoprotective hypoglycemic hypolipidemic proangiogenic antimalarial antituberculosis antibacterial antiviral and anti-aging properties of GTs. They demonstrate potential in treating and preventing a variety of conditions including cancers neurodegenerative diseases cardiovascular diseases hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia thus showcasing a broad spectrum of applications and research significance in the medical field. This paper provides a review of the bioactivity of GTs isolated from G. lucidum in recent years and discusses the regulation of GTs biosynthesis laying a foundation for the development of new drugs derived from G. lucidum.