Chemistry
Characterization and Identification of Oleaginous Microalgae Isolated from Fresh Water for Biodiesel Production
Developing sustainable biodiesel production relies on investigating local microalgal populations to detect neutral lipid accumulation via high throughput screening. This study evaluates the efficacy of using various isolation strategies for maximizing microalgal strain collection from low-abundance water samples. The study resulted in the isolation of twenty-five algal strains of which 3 oleaginous strains were identified as Chlorococcum aquaticum BB607 Chlorococcum sp. BB601 and Spongiosarcinopsis limneus BG607 were selected. Isolate C. aquaticum BB607 exhibited substantial lipid content of 456.45 ± 2.40 µg/mL lipid productivity of 38.04 ± 0.20 µg/mL/day biomass yield of 4.23 ± 0.06 mg/mL and maximum percentage C16-C18 fatty acid profile compared to the other two isolates. Further the FAMEs produced from this isolate exhibited high CN (60.384) low iodine value (97.33 g I2/100 g) and negative cold filter plugging point (-2.28°C). This demonstrates the potential of C. aquaticum strain BB607 as a feedstock biodiesel production.
Current Progress in Visible Light-induced Synthesis and Functionalization of N- and S-Heterocycles: A Sustainable Perspective
Heterocycles are of much importance as the majority of the existing drugs contain one or more heterocyclic units in their structures. Among all the heterocycles nitrogen and sulphur-containing ones occupy major space and they have special properties which make them suitable for the textile cosmetic and paint industries other than pharmaceutical. Recently visible light has emerged as a powerful tool for performing various reactions at ambient temperatures and mild conditions and thus it has been used for the key step in the synthesis of many molecules. In addition visible light assisted methods are usually cost and time effective. Thus this review highlighted the recent developments in visible light induced methods for the synthesis of some selected biologically active N- and S- containing heterocycles such as benzothiazoles indoles and triazoles and their functionalization. The advantages green aspects and limitations of these methods have also been discussed.
Design and Development of Magnetically Retrievable Nanohybrid Catalyst for the Green Synthesis of Paracetamol
Paracetamol is one of the most prescribed drugs which requires a global production of over 200000 tons/year. The production of paracetamol at the industrial level still relies on multistep methodologies utilizing stoichiometric amounts of oxidizing and reducing agents and corrosive reagents which demands a sustainable protocol for the synthesis of paracetamol. In this article we aimed to develop a magnetically retrievable nanohybrid catalyst for the synthesis of paracetamol under mild and green reaction conditions for up to five cycles. Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized and Pd(0) particles were embedded into the nanoparticle so that it could be used as a magnetically retrievable catalyst. This hybrid catalyst was successfully utilized in the synthesis of paracetamol in a one-pot reaction with high yield and efficacy within a short time demonstrating that the nanohybrid catalyst offers advantages in the synthesis of drug leads for industrial purposes.
Novel Approaches to Decomposing Hydrocarbon Pollutants from the Environment
In the modern era petrochemical industries' production of hydrocarbon pollution is a significant environmental problem that causes biodiversity loss. Alkanes constitute a substantial proportion of crude oil and refined fuels are found in small amounts in various uncontaminated environments. They are prevalent in underground fossil fuel reserves and shallow subsurface habitats polluted with hydrocarbons such as aquifers. Using microorganisms to break down alkane hydrocarbon pollutants in environmental areas has great potential. Considerable advancements have been achieved in identifying microorganisms and metabolic processes responsible for the breakdown of alkanes in both oxygen-free and oxygen-rich conditions in the last two decades. A wide range of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms have been identified and observed to possess the ability to utilize various carbon and energy sources as substrates. Bioremediation is essential for environmental safety and management; various methods have been established for petroleum hydrocarbon bioremediation. Numerous microbial species have been employed to investigate the bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons highlighting the crucial functions of varied microbial communities. Phytoremediation is an environmentally sustainable method that may effectively rehabilitate heavy metal-contaminated soil cost-efficiently. This manuscript provides an overview of prevalent alkane hydrocarbon pollutants microorganisms capable of degrading hydrocarbons key pathways and enzymes involved in hydrocarbon degradation factors influencing hydrocarbon degradation and various strategies employed to harness the degrading capabilities of microbes for remedial purposes.
Innovative Applications of Rotary Evaporators in Vacuum-assisted Synthesis for Sustainable Chemistry
In recent years the pursuit of sustainable and efficient methods for organic synthesis has gained significant momentum. Among the emerging strategies vacuum-assisted organic synthesis is a promising approach offering the potential to expedite reactions boost yields and minimize waste generation. This review delves into the innovative utilization of rotary evaporators as a reactor for vacuum-assisted organic synthesis showcasing their unique advantages and potential. The advantages of this approach and the recent examples of vacuum-accelerated reactions carried out in rotary evaporators are discussed demonstrating their versatility and potential for green catalysis. By exploring the untapped potential of rotary evaporators as reactors we aim to stimulate further research in this burgeoning field and contribute to the ongoing endeavour to transform organic synthesis into a more sustainable and efficient practice.
A Review on Recent Advances in Biowaste-based Activated Carbon Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment
Clean and safe drinking water is one of the most important basic needs of human beings. The modern lifestyle and vast industrial evolution caused freshwater pollution. To purify and supply clean water research on wastewater treatment is a high priority. Various types of carbon materials such as activated carbon mesoporous carbon carbon nanotubes graphene and graphene oxide materials are widely elaborated as the adsorbents for the purification of the water. The activated carbon-based nanostructures are ideal for this goal. These materials are highly capable of adsorbing the poisonous heavy metals and organic dyes from the wastewater. Herein we have summarized the last six-year total of thirty literature reports focusing on the applications of biowaste-based activated carbon nanomaterials in the field of water and wastewater treatment. We strongly believe that this review will help the new researchers in this field to get detailed insights into the recent advances in biowaste-based activated carbon nanomaterials for water treatment.
Progress in the Transition-metal-free Approaches to Access Chiral Silicon-containing Molecules
Biological evolution has omitted organic silicon from the Earth's scab which forms approximately 28% of the Earth's crust. However there is a growing interest in organosilicon compounds due to their widespread use in organic synthesis material science agrochemistry and medical research. Recently there have been many applications of silicon-stereogenic organosilanes in syntheses medicinal chemistry and functional materials making them an important topic for research. However in silicon it is possible for the stereogenic center to be racemized as it can form more than four covalent bonds. By overcoming this issue transition-metal-catalyzed transformations have achieved significant progress in the synthesis of silicon-stereogenic silanes over the last decade. However transition metal-free approaches are quite challenging with respect to the stability of the chiral centers. This study will comprehensively summarize the advances in the transition-metal-free asymmetric synthesis of chiral silicon-containing molecules. The mild reaction conditions and environmentally friendly reagents that are used in these organocatalytic methods make the process significant for the advancement of green chemistry.
Sustainable Heterogeneous Catalyst Exert for Synthesis of Bio-active Pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole Scaffolds as an Anticancer and Antimicrobial Drug Agents
Heterocyclic chemistry is an essential area of study in organic chemistry especially due to the biological and pharmacological importance of heterocyclic compounds. Developing sustainable heterogeneous catalysts for the efficient eco-friendly synthesis of pyrano[23-c]pyrazole scaffolds is a key objective in modern synthesis. These N/O-containing fused five-six membered rings have unique structures and bioactivities that make them promising candidates for use in antimicrobial and anticancer drug development. This review explores the role of heterogeneous catalysis in synthesizing bio-active pyrano[23-c]pyrazoles through one-pot cyclocondensation and multi-component reactions emphasizing their significance in drug development.
Recent Developments in the Synthesis, Reactions, and Biological Activities of Pyrimido[4,5-c] Isoquinolines from Pyrimidine Derivatives (Part II)
Isoquinoline quinoline and pyrimidine are heterocyclic compounds with great potential for developing new drugs. When combined in isoquinoline-pyrimidine-inspired hybrids they demonstrate numerous beneficial biological properties. Recently many studies have focused on the synthesis and medicinal chemistry applications of pyrimido[45-c]isoquinoline ring systems (Py-isoQs45-c). This review offers a comprehensive overview of the synthesis of Py-isoQs45-c using pyrimidine 6-amino-13-dimethyl-pyrimidine-dione 6-amino-2-thioxopyrimidinone 5-chloro-dimethylpyrimidin-4-amine ethyl benzoate cyclohexane-dione cyclopentadiene benzoquinone naphthalene-dione dihydronaphthalenone isophthalonitrile dihydroxybenzaldehyde cyclo-heptanone furan-methanol dimethyl but-2-ynedioate and their derivatives. These compounds are synthesized through various chemical reactions including condensation cyclocondensation alkylation substitution one-pot three-component cross-coupling Vilsmeier Suzuki–Miyaura Diels-Alder reactions and Pictet–Spengler reactions. These synthetic approaches allow for the efficient construction of Py-isoQs45-c facilitating further exploration and investigation of their potential medicinal applications.
Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Oxadiazepine Derivatives: A Significant Leap in Synthetic Heterocycles and Biological Activity
The oxadiazepine moiety and its derivatives are crucial in developing new drugs. Combined with various compounds such as phthalazine imidazole pyrazole indole benzofuran and thiazolopyrimidine they exhibit beneficial biological properties. Recent studies have made significant progress in synthesizing oxadiazepine derivatives enhancing our understanding of their potential medicinal applications. This review offers a comprehensive overview of these advancements detailing the synthesis of various oxadiazepine derivatives and the chemical reactions involved. Here are some examples of the compounds discussed in this review: 36-di-nitro-136-oxadiazepane; 136-oxadiazepinodiphthalazine; 6-(136-oxadiazepane)-glycyl-L-alanine; benzoimidazo-136-oxadiazepine; azepino[12-c][136]oxadiazepine; dipyrazolo-136-oxadiazepine; sub-136-oxadiazepine-diindole; benzooxazino[34-b]benzo[56][14] oxazino[43-f][136]-oxadiazepine-68-diol and 2-(2-chloroethyl)-11-methyl-136-oxadiazepino[34-a]indole derivatives. These compounds are created through chemical reactions such as alkylation condensation cyclization coupling substitution oxidation reduction multi-component reactions intramolecular Mannich bases and hydrolysis. Considering the significant biological activity of oxadiazepine derivatives which are found in certain drugs such as staurosporine these synthetic methods facilitate the efficient production of these compounds thus encouraging further research into their potential pharmaceutical applications.
Synthetic Strategies of Imidazole Derivatives for Anticancer and Antimicrobial Agents: Comparative Studies
Imidazole a versatile heterocyclic compound first discovered in 1858 has garnered significant attention for its wide range of pharmacological properties. The synthesis of imidazole derivatives has evolved through various innovative techniques including condensation reactions metal-catalyzed methods and the use of nanoparticles as catalysts. Recent advancements such as green chemistry approaches and microwave-assisted synthesis have further highlighted its potential for sustainable and efficient drug development. Imidazole derivatives are known for their diverse therapeutic applications including anticancer antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the synthetic strategies for imidazole derivatives emphasizing their historical significance eco-friendly synthesis methods and promising pharmacological properties. By exploring these advancements we aim to underscore the critical role of imidazole in modern medicinal chemistry and its potential to inspire novel therapeutic solutions.
Advances in Ru-based Organic Frameworks: Complex Organo-Ruthenium Structures in Medicinal Chemistry over the Last Decades
Ruthenium and its complexes or its nano form are presently gaining a great deal of attention as essential reagents involved in lead discovery within the fields of medicinal pharmacological and biological chemistry. Similarly as compared to systems made entirely of metal nanoparticles have distinct and superior properties. As a powerful catalytic agent ruthenium has several applications due to its inherent characteristics in both metallic and elemental forms. Arguably ruthenium is the most important of the noble metals. From a variety of pharmacological perspectives this review compiles the research on ruthenium and its complexes highlighting their diversity and their potential beneficial effects in nanotechnology.
Peptidomimetics as Emerging Inhibitor Against Mpro of SARS-CoV-2
SARS-CoV-2 infection was first spotted in Wuhan China and rapidly spread over the globe causing an emergency pandemic situation. COVID-19 infection affected 773449299 individuals resulting in the unfortunate loss of 6991842 lives. Despite the rapid development of various vaccines there remains a significant need for antiviral drugs to effectively lower the viral load. While Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) has been identified as a potential drug target against SARS-CoV-2 the main obstacle lies in the rapid mutation of the RBD in the spike protein. The main Protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 plays a crucial role in the replication of the virus and serves as a promising drug target due to its resistance to mutation. Peptidomimetics are excellent candidates to target the main protease through the covalent attachment with its active site thus acting as a potential inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2. This review article includes the designed principles and inhibition mechanism of the reported peptidomimetics against Mpro of SARS-CoV-2.
A Mechanistic Review on the Anti-inflammatory Effects of β-caryophyllene
Beta(β)-caryophyllene (BCP) is a naturally occurring bicyclic sesquiterpene widely present in essential oils from various spices fruits and both medicinal and ornamental plants. This mini-review primarily covers research progress over the past 20 years (2004-2024) regarding the anti-inflammatory activities and mechanisms of BCP focusing on its antioxidant immunomodulatory analgesic and neuroprotective properties. Experimental studies have documented a variety of pharmacological activities associated with BCP including anti-inflammatory antioxidant analgesic immunomodulatory cardioprotective intestinal protective neuroprotective and nephroprotective effects. BCP has shown significant therapeutic potential in treating diabetes cardiovascular diseases inflammatory bowel diseases ischemia/reperfusion injury inflammatory disorders and neurodegenerative diseases.
Transforming Polymers: Innovative Physical and Chemical Modification Techniques for Advanced Functional Applications
Polymer modification encompasses a diverse array of techniques aimed at enhancing the physical and chemical properties of polymers thereby expanding their applicability across various fields. Physical modification methods include self-assembled monolayers radiation-induced surface modifications UV irradiation γ-irradiation and laser-induced surface modifications. These techniques primarily focus on altering surface properties and enhancing characteristics such as strength toughness and thermal stability through non-chemical means. Chemical modification methods on the other hand involve reactions that change the polymer’s chemical structure. Common chemical reactions used in polymer modification include PEGylation conjugation wet chemical oxidation treatments and plasma treatments. These processes introduce new functional groups improve compatibility with other materials and tailor properties like solubility adhesion and biodegradability. Despite the significant advancements in polymer modification techniques challenges such as maintaining polymer integrity controlling modification precision and ensuring scalability persist. This review provides a comprehensive overview of both physical and chemical polymer modification methods discussing their mechanisms applications and the challenges involved thereby highlighting their critical role in the development of advanced materials for industrial biomedical and environmental applications.
Synthetic Development of 3-Functionalized Benzanthrone as a Fluorophore for Various Uses
This review comprehensively explores the synthetic development photophysical properties and diverse applications of 3-substituted benzanthrone derivatives. These derivatives functionalized at the C-3 position exhibit exceptional fluorescence photostability and tunability making them highly versatile in fields such as organic electronics dye chemistry and photodynamic therapy. Benzanthrone-based compounds are pivotal in the development of advanced materials including organic semiconductors for flexible electronics and daylight fluorescent pigments. This review highlights innovative synthetic methodologies from traditional approaches to eco-friendly techniques emphasizing their impact on the efficiency and environmental sustainability of these compounds. The discussion extends to the potential of benzanthrone derivatives as photodegradation inhibitors and their promising role in next-generation laser dye technologies. By integrating these derivatives into various applications this review underscores their critical importance in advancing material science and technology paving the way for future innovations.
Strategy to Synthesize Kingianin: Biomimetic and Non-Biomimetic Approaches
Kingianins are complex pentacyclic natural products isolated from the bark of Endiandra kingiana. This article reviews synthetic routes for kingianins and their analogues. The reports of five research groups are grouped in biomimetic and non-biomimetic approaches featuring the use of Diels-Alder and [2+2] ketene cycloaddition reactions. The most recent research by Six Azmi et al. reported the utilisation of [2+2]-ketene cycloaddition of key precursors for the synthesis of bicyclo[4.2.0]octanes as key precursors of kingianins. This research demonstrates the advantages of ketene chemistry by synthesising precursors. With this achievement we look forward to extending this method to the synthesis of additional bicyclo[4.2.0]octane analogues to achieve the total synthesis of kingianins.