There is an urgent need to investigate viable alternatives to address the significant environmental concerns created by the widespread use of non-biodegradable and non-recyclable synthetic plastics. Bioresource-based polymers from natural materials such as starch cellulose chitosan lignin and agricultural waste have shown great promise. These biodegradable cost-effective and environmentally benign materials address major concerns about the environmental and health effects of petroleum-based polyolefin plastics which are widely utilized in the packaging automotive medical and agricultural sectors. This review focuses on recent advances in bio-based polymers blends and composites reinforced with natural fibers and fillers demonstrating their potential to replace traditional plastics. It also tackles the difficulties of cost reduction performance improvement and processing efficiency. Bioresource-based polymers have the potential to reduce plastic pollution and promote a more sustainable future by prioritizing innovation in material selection and manufacturing techniques.

The growing demand for sustainable energy alternatives has highlighted biofuel as a promising substitute for fossil fuels. Coconut husk a byproduct of the coconut industry remains an underused but abundant biomass resource with significant potential in biofuel production. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current technologies challenges and strategic opportunities in utilizing coconut husks for biofuel generation. It looks at thermochemical processes like pyrolysis gasification and combustion as well as biochemical processes like anaerobic digestion fermentation and transesterification focusing on how well they work how much they can produce and how they affect the environment. While coconut husk offers advantages in terms of biomass availability and calorific value various technical economic and regulatory barriers must be addressed to unlock its full potential. Key challenges include feedstock processing cost-effective conversion technologies and regulatory and market limitations. Additionally the review compares coconut husk to other biomass feedstocks highlighting its sustainability and yield benefits. Case studies of regional programs in major coconut-producing areas provide insights into real-world applications and outcomes. The review also identifies critical research gaps in life cycle assessment environmental impact and policy development. Future directions emphasize technological advancements and policy measures to enhance the viability of coconut husks as biofuel sources. Overall this review underscores coconut husk's potential as a sustainable biofuel feedstock advocating for coordinated efforts to address existing challenges and advance renewable energy adoption.

Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's Parkinson's and Huntington's are an increasing health concern worldwide due to their progressive nature and limited therapeutic choices. In search of innovative treatment techniques herbal plants have received considerable attention due to their possible neuroprotective characteristics. For the literature review several databases are used like Science Direct PubMed Springer Frontiers MDPI Wiley and Elsevier. This article offers a complete assessment of the neuroprotective properties of several herbal plants in preclinical and clinical research. This article discussed the active components modes of action and therapeutic potential of selected medicinal plants including Ginkgo biloba Bacopa monnieri Curcuma longa Panax ginseng and Withania somnifera. These plants have a variety of neuroprotective properties including antioxidant anti-inflammatory anti-apoptotic and neurogenesis-promoting properties. Additionally this review emphasizes the synergistic benefits reported when employing mixtures of these plants or combining them with conventional therapies. Despite encouraging results existing research is sometimes restricted by small sample numbers diversity in study designs and lack of uniform dosing. Future studies should overcome these limitations through well-designed clinical studies and standardized extraction processes to fully understand the neuroprotective potential of these herbal plants. This review emphasizes the importance of incorporating herbal medicines into the development of novel treatments for neurodegenerative illnesses.

Nitrogen-containing heterocycles play a crucial role in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery as several anticancer FDA-approved medicines are based on these compounds. Their structural and biological properties significantly impact their anticancer activity. Pyrazole and pyrimidine scaffolds show great anticancer potential. This review summarizes the synthesis and anticancer activity of several pyrazole and pyrimidine-based compounds which exhibit great potential as cancer treatment candidates. The structural and biological characteristics of pyrazole and pyrimidine rings make them suitable scaffolds for designing novel anticancer agents. This review describes various synthetic routes for the preparation of pyrazole and pyrimidine derivatives as well as their mechanisms of action in cancer therapy. These compounds exhibit potent cytotoxicity against breast lung and colon cancer cell lines. A detailed synthesis scheme shows how to incorporate pyrazole and pyrimidine scaffolds into medicinal compounds. Recent studies suggest that these derivatives exhibit substantial antitumor effects supporting their development as targeted cancer therapies. Through the detailed description of synthesis mechanisms of action and anticancer activity this review provides useful information on pyrazole and pyrimidine derivatives as potential future anticancer agents highlighting their therapeutic potential in cancer treatment.

Indole derivatives possess a wide range of biological activities including antibacterial anti-inflammatory analgesic and anticancer properties. The Nenitzescu reaction is a valuable approach for their synthesis; however there are challenges such as the limited availability of dinitro derivatives and complex workup procedures which necessitate optimization and improvement in practical efficiency. The Nenitzescu reaction is a versatile method for synthesizing hydroxyindoles particularly 5-hydroxyindoles. 5-Hydroxyindoles play a crucial role as fundamental components in a wide range of natural chemicals and pharmaceuticals. This reaction has the potential to be applied in the fields of medicinal chemistry and natural product synthesis. The selection of catalysts solvents and temperature is a crucial factor in maximizing yields. Scientists have examined different solvents catalysts and reaction conditions in order to improve the output and effectiveness of the Nenitzescu process. The objective of this study is to examine the requirements for producing 5-hydroxyindoles by the Nenitzescu reaction. The study investigates the influence of catalysts solvents and reaction temperatures on the yield of the reaction. The main emphasis is on the Nenitzescu reaction with the objective of enhancing its practicality and environmental friendliness. Several trials using various solvents and catalysts are conducted. Nitromethane and acetic acid serve as effective solvents. The cyclization of hydroxy indoles is enhanced by zinc halides specifically ZnCl2 or ZnI2.

In recent years the indole core has emerged as a highly favored scaffold in drug research. Although indole was first shown to be an anticancer agent in vinca alkaloids it also continued to exhibit many activities with various mechanisms in other diseases such as diabetes HIV Alzheimer's and hyperlipidemia. Indole derivatives have proved that they deserve researchers’ attention due to their biochemical diversity in plenty of plants bacteria animals marine organisms and humans as well as the fact that they are used to synthesize several FDA-approved drugs. The main review’s objective is to compile a comprehensive listing of almost all reported pharmacological activities from 2011 to 2025 with the structure-activity relationship of potentially active compounds. It also highlights several green approaches and recent indole and indole derivative synthesis trends.

Chisocheton is a genus of woody trees in the family Meliaceae. Due to the appearance of numerous bioactive compounds it was widely used in traditional medicines. The current research aims to provide an extensive overview of phytochemical and pharmacological values. To find the English references a thorough search of numerous electronic data sources such as Web of Science PubMed Google Scholar and Science Direct was conducted. The “Sci-Finder” was used to confirm chemical structures and references. Documents that have been cited date back to the 1970s. The best keywords for the collection of articles are “Chisocheton” “phytochemistry” and “pharmacology”. Phytochemical investigations of Chisocheton extracts led to the separation of more than 270 secondary metabolites. They included limonoids triterpenoids sesquiterpenoids phytosterols chirol-inositols flavonoids and others. Various compounds were new in the literature. Chisocheton constituents possessed various pharmacological activities including cytotoxicity anti-inflammatory antioxidative antidiabetic anti-obesity antibacterial antimalarial tyrosinase inhibitory mosquito larvicidal and neuroprotective activities. Some compounds are better than standard agents in biological experiments. Apoptosis is the main pathway of Chisocheton anticancer compounds whereas cytokine inhibition may be attributed to their anti-inflammatory actions. The studied genus Chisocheton is a good source of limonoids terpenoids and phytosterols with various pharmacological potentials.

The synthesis and chemical reactivity of 3-aminothieno[23-b]pyridine derivatives have been extensively studied due to their importance in medicinal chemistry and material sciences. This review focuses on the various synthetic strategies employed for their preparation including reactions involving 12-dihydro-2-thioxopyridine-3-carbonitrile derivatives phase-transfer catalysis and Thorpe-Ziegler cyclization. Additionally the chemical reactivity of these compounds is explored highlighting transformations such as cyclizations functional group modifications and coupling reactions. These advancements underline the versatility of 3-aminothieno[23-b]pyridines as valuable intermediates in organic synthesis and their potential for further functionalization in diverse chemical frameworks.

In recent years a significant focus has been directed toward fluorogenic chemosensors for the optical detection of heavy metal ions due to their detrimental effects on both the environment and human health. Methods combining fluorometry and colorimetry have been widely utilized for sensing heavy metal ions because they are straightforward lucrative easy to use and enable rapid on-site analysis. As a result numerous research groups have dedicated extensive efforts to developing versatile fluorometric and colorimetric sensors for heavy metals. The development of innovative highly selective and sensitive chromogenic fluorosensors along with their detection capabilities remains a captivating area within supramolecular chemistry. This review outlines key aspects of the detection process including spectroscopic changes selectivity sensitivity visible colour shifts and potential in vivo recognition of heavy metal ions. It also emphasizes recent progress over the past decade in the fluorometric and colorimetric detection of heavy metal cations such as Hg²⁺ Cd²⁺ As³⁺/As⁵⁺ and Pb²⁺ using chromogenic and fluorogenic chemical receptors.

Many parasitic diseases elicit significant immune responses although these responses can sometimes be excessive or dysregulated contributing to immunopathology. Moreover the emergence of parasite clones and gene mutations has led to clinical resistance to widely used antiparasitic drugs resulting in treatment failures and reduced drug efficacy. Consequently there is an urgent need for new and alternative antiprotozoal therapies including the enhancement of existing drug structures. Triazole-based compounds known for their excellent pharmacological profiles have shown promise in treating a variety of parasitic infections. The combination of triazoles with other nitrogen/oxygen/sulfur-based heterocyclic compounds presents a promising strategy for the effective clinical management of parasitic diseases. This review highlights recent advancements in the development of triazole hybrids and their structure-activity relationships providing valuable insights for the design of more potent antiparasitic drugs.