There is an urgent need to investigate viable alternatives to address the significant environmental concerns created by the widespread use of non-biodegradable and non-recyclable synthetic plastics. Bioresource-based polymers from natural materials such as starch cellulose chitosan lignin and agricultural waste have shown great promise. These biodegradable cost-effective and environmentally benign materials address major concerns about the environmental and health effects of petroleum-based polyolefin plastics which are widely utilized in the packaging automotive medical and agricultural sectors. This review focuses on recent advances in bio-based polymers blends and composites reinforced with natural fibers and fillers demonstrating their potential to replace traditional plastics. It also tackles the difficulties of cost reduction performance improvement and processing efficiency. Bioresource-based polymers have the potential to reduce plastic pollution and promote a more sustainable future by prioritizing innovation in material selection and manufacturing techniques.

The growing demand for sustainable energy alternatives has highlighted biofuel as a promising substitute for fossil fuels. Coconut husk a byproduct of the coconut industry remains an underused but abundant biomass resource with significant potential in biofuel production. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current technologies challenges and strategic opportunities in utilizing coconut husks for biofuel generation. It looks at thermochemical processes like pyrolysis gasification and combustion as well as biochemical processes like anaerobic digestion fermentation and transesterification focusing on how well they work how much they can produce and how they affect the environment. While coconut husk offers advantages in terms of biomass availability and calorific value various technical economic and regulatory barriers must be addressed to unlock its full potential. Key challenges include feedstock processing cost-effective conversion technologies and regulatory and market limitations. Additionally the review compares coconut husk to other biomass feedstocks highlighting its sustainability and yield benefits. Case studies of regional programs in major coconut-producing areas provide insights into real-world applications and outcomes. The review also identifies critical research gaps in life cycle assessment environmental impact and policy development. Future directions emphasize technological advancements and policy measures to enhance the viability of coconut husks as biofuel sources. Overall this review underscores coconut husk's potential as a sustainable biofuel feedstock advocating for coordinated efforts to address existing challenges and advance renewable energy adoption.

Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's Parkinson's and Huntington's are an increasing health concern worldwide due to their progressive nature and limited therapeutic choices. In search of innovative treatment techniques herbal plants have received considerable attention due to their possible neuroprotective characteristics. For the literature review several databases are used like Science Direct PubMed Springer Frontiers MDPI Wiley and Elsevier. This article offers a complete assessment of the neuroprotective properties of several herbal plants in preclinical and clinical research. This article discussed the active components modes of action and therapeutic potential of selected medicinal plants including Ginkgo biloba Bacopa monnieri Curcuma longa Panax ginseng and Withania somnifera. These plants have a variety of neuroprotective properties including antioxidant anti-inflammatory anti-apoptotic and neurogenesis-promoting properties. Additionally this review emphasizes the synergistic benefits reported when employing mixtures of these plants or combining them with conventional therapies. Despite encouraging results existing research is sometimes restricted by small sample numbers diversity in study designs and lack of uniform dosing. Future studies should overcome these limitations through well-designed clinical studies and standardized extraction processes to fully understand the neuroprotective potential of these herbal plants. This review emphasizes the importance of incorporating herbal medicines into the development of novel treatments for neurodegenerative illnesses.

Triazine compounds have become crucial entities in the pharmaceutical field due to their remarkable structural diversity and wide range of biological activities. This review explores their prominent role in drug discovery and development focusing on their efficacy as potent anticancer antiviral antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. Recent advances in synthetic methodologies using various starting materials such as nitrile biguanide bromoester arylamine and cyanide chloride are reviewed along with their implications for improved pharmacological properties including anticancer antibacterial antioxidant anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. In addition the structure-activity relationship of triazine derivatives is explored offering insight into the key structural features that contribute to their therapeutic potential. This relationship plays an essential role in optimizing their efficacy as therapeutic agents helping to guide the development of more effective drugs with improved pharmacological profiles.

Indane-13-dione is a reactive cyclic β-diketone that could be employed for preparing various molecular systems of potential biological applications. Among these 4-azafluorenones (also known as indeno[12-b]pyridines) represent one of the most promising classes of carbocyclic systems. Indeno-fused pyridines possess a wide range of medicinal properties including anti-proliferative activity and DNA topoisomerase Iα/Iiα inhibitory activity. In this review we presented all reports from 2000 to 2024 that cover the synthesis of indeno[12-b]pyridines and diindeno[12-b:2'1'-e]pyridines starting from indane-13-dione. The review is classified according to the type of reaction conditions that were applied. Additionally the reports that are related to the new trends in preparing indenopyridines are indexed in separate sections including the use of ionic liquids heterogeneous catalysts and microwave- and ultrasonic-assisted synthetic routes. Some complex synthetic routes are explained by plausible mechanisms.

Dimroth rearrangement is a type of molecular rearrangement involving the interconversion of triazoles under acidic or basic conditions. It is particularly significant in heterocyclic chemistry and it involves the migration of substituents around the nitrogen atoms in the ring system. This review concerns the formation of fused five-membered 124-triazolo[43-c]pyrimidines from their corresponding 4-hydrazinopyrimidine derivatives. Additionally it discusses their Dimroth-type rearrangement into the thermodynamically more stable 124-triazolo[15-c]pyrimidine isomers under various reaction conditions. Moreover it was observed that the presence of an acid base and aliphatic substituents in C3 and C5 of triazolo[43-c]pyrimidine structure facilitates the Dimroth-type rearrangement. In general the two isomeric series differ significantly in their melting points proton NMR chemical shift positions and UV absorption wavelengths.

The alarming rise in life-threatening infections caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria has become a significant global health concern urging the scientific community to explore new therapeutic solutions. Among heterocyclic compounds the quinoline nucleus has emerged as a versatile scaffold with diverse pharmacological properties. Naturally occurring quinoline-based compounds provide a foundation for designing novel semi-synthetic and synthetic derivatives with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Quinoline-fused derivatives have shown potent anticancer effects by targeting critical enzymes and proteins including topoisomerase I telomerase farnesyl transferase Src tyrosine kinase and protein kinase CK-II. Additionally these compounds exhibit antitubercular anticonvulsant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Their potential as cardiovascular agents acting as calcium-channel blockers and cAMP phosphodiesterase III inhibitors further highlights their pharmacological significance. The fusion of quinoline with other heterocyclic systems such as indoles pyridines triazoles imidazoles and pyrazoles presents a promising strategy for drug discovery. Such combinations leverage the individual activities of each moiety producing synergistic effects and enhancing therapeutic potential. These advances underscore the need for continued exploration of quinoline derivatives to identify novel lead compounds with improved efficacy and broadened activity spectra. This paradigm not only offers a pathway to address pressing antimicrobial resistance but also opens new opportunities for synthetic chemistry and the development of multifunctional therapeutic agents.

This article provides a review of the paramount lipase-catalyzed strategies employed in the preparation of (2R3S)-3-amino-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionic acid several of its derivatives and precursor 2-azetidinones through β-lactam ring opening OAc hydrolysis COOEt hydrolysis O-acylation and sequential kinetic resolution through a two-step cascade reaction. It involves OAc hydrolysis followed by β-lactam ring opening and β-lactam ring opening followed by hydroxymethyl group degradation of the corresponding racemic compounds reported over the last 15 years. A brief introduction describes the pharmaceutical and chemical importance of the Taxol molecule as well as various synthetic methods involving its side chain and it delineates the key objectives of this mini-review. The strategies are classified on the basis of reaction types and are presented in chronological order discussing kinetic and sequential kinetic resolutions in the main text. These reactions yield the intended products exhibiting excellent enantiomeric excess values.

The relentless rise in cancer incidence has sparked an urgent quest for a treatment. For centuries natural product resources have been the bedrock of medicinal and pharmaceutical industries capturing the interests of researchers to explore more on the potential of natural products to treat illnesses. Above all β-carbolines derived from alkaloids are well-known for their various biological and pharmacological properties. In this work we review the methodologies to synthesize 39-disubstituted β-carbolines framework through Pictet–Spengler metal-catalysed cross-coupling and multicomponent reactions. In addition this study aims to investigate how the structural modifications affect their biological activities with an emphasis on anticancer and antibacterial properties. Besides the modifications at the C-3 and N-9 positions were evaluated for efficiency and selectivity towards 39-disubstituted β-carbolines. This article also highlighted the adaptability of 39-disubstituted β-carbolines scaffolds for further use in drug development.