Chemistry
Recent Advances in Fluorometric Detection of Carcinogenic Heavy Metal Ions Using Fluorogenic Chemosensors: An Overview
In recent years a significant focus has been directed toward fluorogenic chemosensors for the optical detection of heavy metal ions due to their detrimental effects on both the environment and human health. Methods combining fluorometry and colorimetry have been widely utilized for sensing heavy metal ions because they are straightforward lucrative easy to use and enable rapid on-site analysis. As a result numerous research groups have dedicated extensive efforts to developing versatile fluorometric and colorimetric sensors for heavy metals. The development of innovative highly selective and sensitive chromogenic fluorosensors along with their detection capabilities remains a captivating area within supramolecular chemistry. This review outlines key aspects of the detection process including spectroscopic changes selectivity sensitivity visible colour shifts and potential in vivo recognition of heavy metal ions. It also emphasizes recent progress over the past decade in the fluorometric and colorimetric detection of heavy metal cations such as Hg2+ Cd2+ As3+/As5+ and Pb2+ using chromogenic and fluorogenic chemical receptors.
Indane-1,3-dione as a Versatile Intermediate for the Synthesis of 4-azafluorenones
Indane-13-dione is a reactive cyclic β-diketone that could be employed for preparing various molecular systems of potential biological applications. Among these 4-azafluorenones (also known as indeno[12-b]pyridines) represent one of the most promising classes of carbocyclic systems. Indeno-fused pyridines possess a wide range of medicinal properties including anti-proliferative activity and DNA topoisomerase Iα/Iiα inhibitory activity. In this review we presented all reports from 2000 to 2024 that cover the synthesis of indeno[12-b]pyridines and diindeno[12-b:2'1'-e]pyridines starting from indane-13-dione. The review is classified according to the type of reaction conditions that were applied. Additionally the reports that are related to the new trends in preparing indenopyridines are indexed in separate sections including the use of ionic liquids heterogeneous catalysts and microwave- and ultrasonic-assisted synthetic routes. Some complex synthetic routes are explained by plausible mechanisms.
Synthetic Approaches and Reactivity of 3-Aminothieno[2,3-b]pyridine Derivatives A Review
The synthesis and chemical reactivity of 3-aminothieno[23-b]pyridine derivatives have been extensively studied due to their importance in medicinal chemistry and material sciences. This review focuses on the various synthetic strategies employed for their preparation including reactions involving 12-dihydro-2-thioxopyridine-3-carbonitrile derivatives phase-transfer catalysis and Thorpe-Ziegler cyclization. Additionally the chemical reactivity of these compounds is explored highlighting transformations such as cyclizations functional group modifications and coupling reactions. These advancements underline the versatility of 3-aminothieno[23-b]pyridines as valuable intermediates in organic synthesis and their potential for further functionalization in diverse chemical frameworks.
Triazine Derivatives: Their Synthesis and Biological Properties - A Review
Triazine compounds have become crucial entities in the pharmaceutical field due to their remarkable structural diversity and wide range of biological activities. This review explores their prominent role in drug discovery and development focusing on their efficacy as potent anticancer antiviral antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. Recent advances in synthetic methodologies using various starting materials such as nitrile biguanide bromoester arylamine and cyanide chloride are reviewed along with their implications for improved pharmacological properties including anticancer antibacterial antioxidant anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. In addition the structure-activity relationship of triazine derivatives is explored offering insight into the key structural features that contribute to their therapeutic potential. This relationship plays an essential role in optimizing their efficacy as therapeutic agents helping to guide the development of more effective drugs with improved pharmacological profiles.
Biotechnological Advancements in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Removal: Sustainable Solutions for Pharmaceutical Wastewater Treatment
The increasing manufacture and use of medications has created a huge environmental challenge: water pollution with) These toxins endanger aquatic ecosystems and human health necessitating the implementation of effective and long-term wastewater treatment technologies. Traditional treatment procedures such as chemical oxidation and adsorption frequently fail to remove APIs while emitting secondary contaminants entirely. Biotechnological breakthroughs have emerged as a possible alternative enabling environmentally friendly and effective API elimination solutions. This study focuses on current advances in biotechnological techniques such as enzymatic degradation microbial bioreactors and genetically modified microbes designed to remove API. The potential of improved biofilms and immobilized enzyme systems for improving the breakdown efficiency of resistant medicines is highlighted. Additionally combining biotechnological technologies with conventional treatment procedures such as membrane bioreactors (MBRs) and hybrid systems is being investigated for synergistic results. Furthermore this study underlines the importance of omics technologies such as genomics proteomics and metabolomics in understanding microbial pathways and improving bioprocesses for targeted API breakdown. Operational scalability legal restrictions and the environmental effect of biotechnology treatments are all addressed. This study seeks to educate academics policymakers and industry stakeholders on cutting-edge solutions that are consistent with environmental sustainability goals by giving a thorough overview of sustainable biotechnological technologies for API removal. The findings provided herein highlight biotechnology's potential to transform pharmaceutical wastewater treatment while reducing its environmental impact.
Harnessing Hydroxyapatite: A Review on Synthesis and Green Solution for Cadmium and Lead Contamination in Wastewater
Wastewater management has emerged as a critical global challenge in the contemporary era. Several contaminants like textile dyes heavy metals non-metals various organic compounds etc. are discharged into water sources causing a significant threat to the ecosystem. With the limited availability of water resources it is required to adopt green and sustainable wastewater treatment methods aligning with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 6 7 and 13. This review paper draws insights on Hydroxyapatite (HAP) a versatile sustainable material derived from waste sources both biological and non-biological sources as a promising candidate for sustainable wastewater treatment. The study described the innovations using wastes for the synthesis of HAP by diverse methods like wet dry high-temperature and hybrid methods offering flexibility and adaptability in tailoring HAP material to particular applications. Additionally the potential to fabricate HAP in various nanoscale structures like nanoribbons nanoflakes and nanocomposites further exalts its ability for effective contaminant removal. Cadmium and Lead are the key heavy metals of significant interest have detrimental effects on various environmental factors and their presence necessitates effective removal strategies. HAP with its innate properties like high stability swift kinetics good adsorption capacity and availability has emerged as a promising waste-derived adsorbent for the removal of hazardous Cd and Lead ions. This review paper provides insights on a comprehensive overview of research works on HAP-based wastewater treatment extending its potential to address the issue of heavy metal contamination and highlighting the universal principle ‘One Health’- the health of the ecosystem and its parts.
Green Energy Revolution: Production of Environmentally Friendly Sustainable Biofuels using Yeasts with the Help of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has made significant advancements in recent years in the development and genetic editing of living organisms especially yeasts which play a key role in producing biofuels. This article examines how AI contributes to accelerating the growth of yeast strains for biofuel production and progress toward sustainable development. In this review extensive searches were conducted using keywords such as artificial intelligence yeast biofuel and fermentation to find articles relevant to the research objective. The results revealed that using AI-modified yeasts to create alcohol allows for higher yield production heavy metal absorption and conversion more efficient use of bioplastics and lactic acid synthesis. This turns them into a reliable and environmentally friendly alternative to fossil fuels. Thus Artificial Intelligence plays a significant role in advancing yeasts for biofuel production. These advancements lead to the development of yeast strains with higher biofuel production yields and a reduction in biological pollution.
Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Magnetic Ionic Liquids: An Overview
Ionic fluids known as magnetic ionic liquids are paramagnetic at room temperature and do not require the addition of magnetic particles. Magnetic ionic liquids (MILs) exhibit unique and configurable physicochemical properties of ionic liquids as well as a significant response to external magnetic fields. MILs as opposed to ferrofluids are transparent particle-free magnetic liquids. Since their discovery major work has been done on finding the perfect applications of MILs and since the last decade it has been established that MILs could replace conventional toxic solvents and become the suitable green solvents that can be used for a wide range of analytical experiments. MILs have been used extensively in analytical procedures like catalytic reactions and sample preparation and a large amount of discoveries have been made in their applications for a variety of extraction procedures. Along with these MILs have been used not only in analytical procedures but also in bioanalytical and biomedical procedures. MILs are being used in biological/biomedical applications because of their non-toxicity ability to mould themselves according to the usage and generally easy-to-handle properties. This review aims to share these biomedical applications of MILs along with describing how the synthesis of MILs occurs and the important characteristics that these MILs should have.
Synthesis of Biologically Promising Spiroheterocycles through Electrolysis
Spiroheterocycles are widely distributed among the naturally occurring bioactive compounds. Various spiroheterocycles have gained significant attention in drug design and discovery as a number of commercially available drug molecules consist of spiroheterocyclic skeletons. Many synthetic structurally diverse spiroheterocycles reported to possess a broad range of biological efficacies. A large number of methods have been reported for the synthesis of a wide variety of spiroheterocycles under conventional methods. These reported methods definitely have some merits but on many occasions suffered from some common demerits like harsh reaction conditions longer reaction times use of toxic organic solvents and catalysts strong oxidizing or reducing agents etc. Involvement of electrochemically induced pathways helped a lot to overcome these drawbacks. Thus electrochemically induced methods are more environments friendly and sustainable. In this review article we have summarized a large number of recently reported electrochemically induced methods for the synthesis of structurally diverse spiroheterocycles. The plausible mechanisms of these transformations are also discussed in this review.
Recent Advances in 3-Hetero-substituted 4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one: A Mini-Review
Late-stage functionalization of pyrido[12-a]pyrimidin-4-one at pyrimidine ring structure is crucial to design pharmaceuticals agrochemicals and materials for sustainable development. 4H-pyrido[12-a]pyrimidin-4-ones skeleton a potent privileged scaffold ubiquitously exists in numerous bioactive natural and pharmacologic products. Scope of different synthetic methods including their synthetic application to design new materials and biological activity of differently substituted 4H-pyrido[12-a]pyrimidin-4-ones are of main interest. Researchers are relentlessly working to develop more efficient and ecofriendly methods for their synthesis. This review provides a comprehensive discussion of the recent advancements in the field of synthesis and application of 3-hetero-substituted 4H-pyrido[12-a]pyrimidin-4-one for sustainable development.
Potentials of Resistant Starch from Unconventional Sources: A Review
aaStarch is an essential component of the human diet worldwide and is also an important energy source. Along with its calorie count starch accounts for a few health hazards as well. However resistant starch (RS) has been receiving a lot of attention in food research and development sectors for its functional food properties and its related health benefits. Apart from the health benefits it has been found to improve the quality of processed food as well. Resistant starch has better swelling capacity water-binding capacity and rheology which improves the texture and quality of the finished products. Resistant starch can be obtained from conventional sources like corn potato yam sago rice and wheat but there are several unconventional sources as well. This review aims to discuss the types of resistant starches unconventional sources the health benefits they confer and their food applications.
Indolo[2,3-b]quinoxaline (IQ) Derivatives: Synthesis, Pharmacological Properties, and Applications in Organic Electronics and Sensors
Quinoxaline and indoline-23-dione as heterocyclic scaffolds provide significant features as crucial components for material science and the construction of new pharmacological drugs. Several interesting biological and technical characteristics have been established by their combination in indolo[23-b]quinoxaline (IQs) moieties. The synthesis therapeutic chemistry and technical application of indolo[23-b]quinoxalin ring systems (IQs) have been the focus of numerous studies of research in recent years. This review presents the synthesis of these derivatives by the condensation of aryl-12-diamines with indoline-23-diones (isatins) in boiling acetic acid or through microwave-assisted approaches. Additionally the review highlights the usage of IQs in several electronic applications including organic transistors deep-red OLEDs electron-transporting layers chemical sensors and emitting layers. These synthetic approaches and technical usage of IQs enable the efficient building of these scaffolds accelerating further discovery and examination of their medicinal and technical potential.
Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Chalcones Containing Thiophene Moiety: A Review
Thiophene is an important class of heterocyclic compounds in organic chemistry. The unique framework of chalcone containing thiophene is associated with numerous encouraging biological properties such as antifungal antibacterial anti-oxidant and antitubercular. Researchers have documented various approaches using diverse catalysts for the synthesis of chalcones bearing a thiophene moiety. Optimizing reaction conditions and catalysts has enhanced efficiency but there are some issues such as low yields long reaction times and harsh conditions that continue to hinder sustainability and the efficiency of current synthetic methods. While conventional methods dominate the literature green and environmentally friendly alternatives have received less consideration. So research and development of enhanced methodologies for synthesizing thiophene chalcone are still in progress. Here we review synthetic routes that are available to thiophene chalcone derivatives such as the Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction and Suzuki coupling reaction without emphasizing green pathways. This review intends to elucidate the current progress in the synthesis of thiophene chalcones with a specific focus on the most recent research articles published between 2015 and 2024.
Green Methodologies for the Synthesis of Thiophene Chalcone Derivatives: A Review
Thiophene chalcone derivatives are synthesized using green synthetic methods which are compiled in this review. Chalcones and their derivatives possess a wide spectrum of biological and pharmacological applications which has led a lot of researchers to synthesize these compounds continuously which in the process leads to the generation of a lot of waste that affects the environment. This is how environmentally friendly synthetic processes are used to reduce the use and production of hazardous organic materials. The main point of this review is to show the newest non-traditional ways that scientists and researchers have been able to make chalcones with sulfur heterocycles specifically thiophene. The literature study on thiophene chalcone is valuable for researchers working on this heterocyclic compound synthesis providing valuable information on green synthetic methods.
Microwave-Assisted Green Synthesis and Biological Significance of Triazine Derivatives
The microwave-assisted synthesis of 135-triaizne (246-trichloro-135-triazine) also known as TCT analogs is described in this review article. The reactions of TCT with different compounds that have amine functional groups or hydroxy-substituted functional groups under microwave irradiation to produce the triazine derivatives are the main topic of this review article. The microwave irradiation technique has countless benefits over the heating method such as fast reactions reduced reaction time from hours to minutes fewer by-products improved or high yields wide temperature instability range regioselective products and greater energy efficiency.
Progress in the Production of Phenyltrichlorosilane via Gas Phase Condensation Method
Phenyltrichlorosilane is an important organosilicon compound and its synthesis technology is a key research focus in the field of organosilicon chemistry. This article introduces the three main techniques for synthesizing phenyltrichlorosilane: the Grignard reagent method the direct method and the vapor phase condensation method along with their respective advantages and disadvantages. It demonstrates that the vapor phase condensation method has become the dominant process due to its simple reaction apparatus and the feasibility of achieving continuous production. However this method faces significant challenges including low yield and the formation of carbon deposits within production pipelines. The process conditions of the vapor phase condensation method are summarized including the reaction conditions of chlorobenzene and trichlorosilane at 540-680°C which achieves a product yield of up to 65%. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the decomposition mechanism of trichlorosilane and chlorobenzene under high-temperature vapor-phase conditions emphasizing the synthesis mechanism of phenyltrichlorosilane and analyzing the role of free radical initiators and their impact on enhancing the yield of phenyltrichlorosilane. Future research should focus on the development of new catalysts and initiators process optimization and the expansion of phenyltrichlorosilane's application fields.
A Novel Perchlorinated Cyclohexasilane Salt with Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding and its Application in the Synthesis of Cyclohexasilane
Ionic compounds of tetradecachlorocyclohexasilane a critical precursor for cyclohexasilane and its derivatives have been synthesized using various methods. However these approaches are often hindered by low yields high costs and environmental concerns. In this study a novel perchlorinated cyclohexasilane salt [(i-Pr2EtNH)2Cl+]2[Si6Cl142-] was synthesized by the cyclization of trichlorohydrosilanes with diisopropylethylamine. The compound differs from previously reported six-membered silicocyclic ionic compounds. Notably the chlorine atom in the cation does not form a direct covalent bond with the surrounding atoms. Instead it forms a hydrogen bond a feature not observed in the cationic components of other tetradecachlorocyclohexasilane dianion compounds. The structure was confirmed through single-crystal X-ray diffraction NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The perchlorinated cyclohexasilane salt was subsequently reduced to cyclohexasilane using metal hydrides achieving an overall yield of 44.2% across the two-step process. This method offers several advantages including cost-effectiveness high yields simple purification and mild reaction conditions. The results demonstrate the utility of this approach for synthesizing cyclohexasilane and advancing its applications as feedstocks for silicon deposition in the development of micro- and nano-silicon materials.
Synthesis of Hybrid Thiohemicucurbiturils via Acid-Catalyzed Conversion
Thiocrown ethers thiocalixarenes and thiocyclodextrins as important host macrocycles have been synthesized as crown ether calixarene and cyclodextrin derivatives respectively. They have shown special properties compared with their prototypes. Hemicucurbiturils as a subset of cucurbiturils are yet to have their thio-derivatives. In this article methods for the synthesis of hybrid thiohemicucurbiturils were proposed and several hybrid thiohemicucurbiturils were formed. The mono ethylene thiourea-substituted hemicucurbituril was formed by simply mixing ethylene thiourea and ethylene urea with formaldehyde in an HCl aqueous solution. The synthesis of more ethylene thioureas-substituted hemicucurbituril by acid-catalyzed conversion of an ethylene thiourea-substituted hemicucurbituril has been presented which differs from the traditional method for synthesizing hemicucurbituril derivatives. These methods provide alternatives for the synthesis of novel hybrid hemicucurbiturils with more complex structures.