Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry - Online First

Polysaccharides like sodium alginate manifest numerous applications due to the characteristics of biocompatibility, low toxicity, adsorption benefits, nature of regenerating tissues, response to pH stimuli, and exemplary binding property with metal ions. Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) absorb and trap toxins/drugs/biosensors to speed mass transfer rates. Sodium alginate features accessible -COOH and -OH functional groups that allow for easy modification with various functional groups. Sodium alginate incorporated Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) significantly enhance its potential, unlocking numerous opportunities for diverse applications across fields such as drug delivery, sensors, and environmental remediation. This modification not only improves the material's functional properties but also reduces systemic toxicity. The film-forming nature with great biodegradability and biocompatibility of the SA@MOF system proves it an appropriate food packaging material with exceptional mechanical and antimicrobial properties, lessening toxicity by avoiding direct contact with food material, amplified water barrier property, and preservation longevity. The SA@MOF outperforms drug delivery, toxic adsorption, antibiotic sensing, food freshness, etc. The SA-MOF-based products like to depict itself as a research-based industry, as the source of innovative drugs, composite films, and toxin absorbents.

Due to their advantageous physicochemical properties, metabolic stability, and bioisosterism with carboxylic acid and amide groups, tetrazole derivatives represent a valuable class of heterocycles that play a crucial role in medicinal chemistry and drug development. Advances in chemistry have enabled the versatile synthesis of tetrazole-based compounds. Therefore, optimizing the potential of tetrazoles to produce lead compounds requires effective synthetic access to a wide range of derivatives. According to the published papers, there are several methods for preparing tetrazole and its mono- and disubstituted derivatives, including 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles, 2-substituted 1H-tetrazoles, 2,5- and 1,5-disubstituted, fused heterocycles, tetrazole derived hybrid azaheterocycles, etc. The use of tetrazoles as ligands, in bridging roles, in multiple tetrazole syntheses, and in other heterocyclic ring forms is also demonstrated. Alkylation, nucleophilic and electrophilic substitution in the side chain, electrophilic substitution at the ring carbon atom, and the effect of the reagents used are among the chemical characteristics of tetrazoles that are investigated. This mini-review also examines synthetic processes and discusses their benefits and drawbacks in this field of study.

The exploitation of visible light as a cheap and natural source of energy has enabled a renaissance of classical radical chemistry with the development of photoredox catalysis. This resurgence is driven by the emergence of versatile photoredox catalysts, including organocatalysts and transition metal catalysts. Especially, the merger of transition metal catalysis with photoredox catalysis, called metallaphotoredox catalysis by MacMillan, has received considerable attention in both photochemistry and organometallic chemistry in the past decade, impressively expanding the synthetic utility of visible-light photocatalysis. Along with many simple reactions, such as cross-couplings or C-H activations, metallaphotoredox catalysis is particularly suitable to the development of more complex domino processes. Indeed, this green and powerful strategy, evolving through the generation of radical species under especially mild conditions, has led to the discovery of many novel green domino reactions not achievable by using single-catalyst systems. This review collects for the first time the recent developments in the field of dual photoredox and metal-catalyzed domino reactions since 2015, illustrating the diversity of green radical domino reactions that can be performed under mild conditions using this emerging methodology. It demonstrates that these visible-light-driven photoreactions are blooming to become a cheaper, safer, and greener alternative in organic synthesis. These findings pave the way for more sustainable and versatile synthetic methodologies in both academic and industrial settings. Along with precedent reports dealing with metallaphotoredox catalysis, this review is the first to focus specifically on domino reactions. It is divided into five sections, treating successively nickel metallaphotocatalysis, copper metallaphotocatalysis, gold metallaphotocatalysis, cobalt metallaphotocatalysis, and palladium metallaphotocatalysis.

Thiazolidinones and their 5-ene derivatives have become pivotal in organic and medicinal chemistry due to their diverse pharmacological potential. These compounds have been widely explored for their therapeutic applications, with thiazolidine-based frameworks yielding numerous biologically active molecules. This review consolidates various synthetic approaches to thiazolidinone and 5-ene derivatives, including core modifications, one-pot or multistage syntheses, and transformations of related heterocycles. The manuscript highlights key pharmacological targets of thiazolidinones, ranging from initial hit compounds to fully developed drugs. Specifically, thiazolidinone-rhodanines often appear as frequent hitters or pan-assay interference compounds in high-throughput screens. Studies have shown that modifications at the C5 carbon, particularly through the addition of a 5-ene fraction, enhance the pharmacological profile of these compounds. Additionally, the review addresses substitutions at the C5 and N3 positions, including 5-ene and carboxyl groups, and discusses the biological utility of these modifications. Integrating pharmacologically active groups within a heterocyclic system often results in enhanced bioactivity. The review highlights innovative synthetic strategies for thiazolidinone derivatives, emphasizing the potential of these compounds to explore a broad spectrum of biological activities through structural diversity and targeted modifications.

As an efficient analytical method, mass spectrometry can identify the structure of alkaloid compounds, providing important support for drug development and clinical applications. In this manuscript, the basic principles and rules of alkaloid mass spectrometry analysis are reviewed, and the breakage modes and characteristic ions of different types of alkaloids in mass spectrometry are emphatically introduced. By discussing the fragmentation behavior of various alkaloids in negative ion mode and positive ion mode in detail, the mass spectrometry cleavage laws of various alkaloids are revealed, and the application of these laws in practical detection is summarized.

The oxadiazepine moiety and its derivatives are crucial in developing new drugs. Combined with various compounds such as phthalazine, imidazole, pyrazole, indole, benzofuran, and thiazolopyrimidine, they exhibit beneficial biological properties. Recent studies have made significant progress in synthesizing oxadiazepine derivatives, enhancing our understanding of their potential medicinal applications. This review offers a comprehensive overview of these advancements, detailing the synthesis of various oxadiazepine derivatives and the chemical reactions involved. Here are some examples of the compounds discussed in this review: 3,6-di-nitro-1,3,6-oxadiazepane; 1,3,6-oxadiazepinodiphthalazine; 6-(1,3,6-oxadiazepane)-glycyl-L-alanine; benzoimidazo-1,3,6-oxadiazepine; azepino[1,2-c][1,3,6]oxadiazepine; dipyrazolo-1,3,6-oxadiazepine; sub-1,3,6-oxadiazepine-diindole; benzooxazino[3,4-b]benzo[5,6][1,4] oxazino[4,3-f][1,3,6]-oxadiazepine-6,8-diol and 2-(2-chloroethyl)-11-methyl-1,3,6-oxadiazepino[3,4-a]indole derivatives. These compounds are created through chemical reactions such as alkylation, condensation, cyclization, coupling, substitution, oxidation, reduction, multi-component reactions, intramolecular Mannich bases, and hydrolysis. Considering the significant biological activity of oxadiazepine derivatives, which are found in certain drugs such as staurosporine, these synthetic methods facilitate the efficient production of these compounds, thus encouraging further research into their potential pharmaceutical applications.

Thiophene and pyranone are valuable heterocyclic compounds that play a crucial role in the development of new drug molecules. The combination of thiophene and pyranone moieties in hybrid structures has opened exciting possibilities for various applications, leading to the discovery of thienopyranones (Thpyns), such as 5H-thieno[3,2-b]pyran-5-one, 2H-thieno[2,3-b]pyran-2-one, 4H-thieno[3,2-c]pyran-4-one, 7H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7-one, all of which exhibit intriguing properties. This review offers an in-depth analysis of the preparation methods and chemical reactivity of thienopyranones