Current Indian Science - Volume 3, Issue 1, 2025

Cancer is a complex disorder characterized by the unregulated proliferation of cells that have the potential to invade other regions of the body. It stems from genetic alterations in various cell types, resulting in tumor formation. These growths are classified as benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Unlike benign tumors, which typically remain localized, malignant tumors can spread, infiltrate nearby tissues, and establish secondary growth in organs far from the original site. The treatment approach depends on the specific type and progression of cancer, encompassing options such as surgical intervention, radiation-based therapies, drug-based treatments, immune system-boosting techniques, and therapies targeting particular cellular mechanisms. Skin cancer is a common occurrence among various cancer types, especially in populations with lighter skin tones. Skin cancer is a prevalent form of cancer, particularly in the Caucasian population. The most common skin cancers are basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and melanoma. BCCs, which arise from the basal layer of the epidermis, are often treated with surgery, topical therapies, or cryotherapy depending on their risk and location. Mohs micrographic surgery is effective for high-risk or recurrent BCCs, whereas topical treatments such as 5-fluorouracil and imiquimod are used for superficial BCCs. Early diagnosis through biopsy and various imaging techniques is crucial for effective management. Advances in treatment, including targeted therapies and improved surgical techniques, continue to enhance patient outcomes and reduce recurrence rates. Understanding these diverse aspects of cancer and skin cancer will help devise effective treatment strategies and improve patient prognosis.

Northeastern India, recognized as a significant biodiversity hotspot, has a long-standing ethnomedicine tradition. The present study investigated the plant species employed by indigenous populations within the region for wound healing. Through comprehensive field surveys in conjunction with literature reviews, we identified 20 distinct plant species across 15 families utilized by different tribes for wound treatment. This includes communities such as the Garos from Garo Hills, the Nyishi and Wancho from Arunachal Pradesh, and the Kuki and Ahom and Karbi from Karbi Anglong.

Conventional healing practitioners use different parts of these botanical samples, such as leaves, roots, and stems, in various formulations, such as pastes, extracts, and decoctions. This study investigated the different preparation methods and application techniques associated with each plant species. We also evaluated the bioactive compounds in these plants, including flavonoids, tannins, and asiaticoside, that contribute to their wound-healing properties.

This research further stresses the possibility of combining traditional knowledge with modern medical practices to innovate wound-healing therapies. We discuss the use of botanical gels, such as Cresilon Traumagel, which harness the biological activities of Centella asiatica for therapeutic purposes. Such an approach is thus promising for developing safe, accessible, and productive solutions in wound care.

This paper contributes to preserving traditional knowledge by documenting and analysing these ethnomedical practices, which can provide valuable insights for developing innovative wound-healing strategies. These findings highlight the need for exploration of the rich flora of Northeast India for potential therapeutic agents and the integration of traditional wisdom with modern technology for better wound care.

Neurocysticercosis (NCC), caused by the larval stage of Taenia solium, is a leading cause of acquired epilepsy, contributing to 30–50% of seizure cases in endemic regions like Latin America and Southeast Asia. Infection occurs via ingestion of T. solium eggs, leading to CNS cyst formation. Symptoms include seizures, headaches, hydrocephalus, and neuropsychiatric disorders, influenced by cyst location and stage. Diagnosis involves neuroimaging (MRI, CT), serological tests (EITB), and molecular methods (PCR). Treatment combines antiparasitic agents (albendazole, praziquantel) with corticosteroids, achieving up to 85% cyst resolution. Antiepileptic drugs and surgical interventions address seizures and complications like hydrocephalus. Preventive strategies, including sanitation, pig farming control, and education, are vital. Emerging therapies, such as immunomodulators and novel antiparasitic drugs, offer potential for overcoming treatment challenges. This review emphasizes advancements in NCC management and the need for integrated global efforts to mitigate its burden.

The skin, constituting the largest organ of the human body, plays a multifaceted role essential for maintaining overall health and homeostasis. A wound can be defined as any injury that disrupts the integrity of the skin or underlying tissues, resulting in damage to the epidermis and potential exposure of deeper structures. Wound healing is a highly specialised, dynamic, multi-phase process that uses a complex mechanism to mend wounded or damaged tissues. A chronic condition is more prone to infections and aberrant scar development, which are the results of any disruption in the complex physiological healing process. Inflammation, tissue creation, and tissue remodelling are the three overlapping stages of wound healing. The role of the TIME principle has also been emphasized in the review, which stresses the importance of Tissue debridement, Inflammation/infection control, Moisture balance, and Edge advancement. Clotting, inflammation, granulation tissue creation, epithelialisation, neovascularisation, collagen synthesis, and wound contraction are the steps of this intricate and ever-changing sequence of events. Despite the advent of numerous therapy regimens, the intricate wound healing mechanism and meticulously long treatment requirements make wounds difficult to diagnose and treat clinically. The review deals with the complex pathways of wound healing, its pathophysiology, and cellular dynamics, along with innovations in skin regeneration and wound healing from scaffolds to biomaterials. The intricate role of flavonoids and antibiotics, along with the advancements in the healing of acute and chronic wounds, has also been discussed. The review also includes the latest strategies like nano-material bacterial fibers, keratin-based formulations, dermis regeneration template (DRT), 3D bioprinting, use of medical-grade honey (MGH), Steri-Strip orientation, and treatment based on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to manage the complications in healing, which have immense potential to change the wound care paradigm in the future.

Medical device-related adverse events can significantly impact public health by influencing patient safety and medical expenses. More adverse occurrences have been documented due to our growing dependence on medical technology. These incidents can have major repercussions for patients, such as death or serious damage that necessitates surgery. Prompt reporting of these adverse occurrences is crucial for the quick detection and correction of any device malfunctions, reducing patient risks, as stressed by medical specialists. The risk of adverse events is increased by the complexity of medical devices, which includes differences in user interactions, software dependability, and manufacturing quality. To guarantee that devices operate accurately and safely throughout their lives, effective risk management is essential.

Maintaining public health requires constant observation and reporting of unfavorable occurrences. By allowing regulatory bodies and healthcare practitioners to monitor device performance in actual environments, these procedures guarantee that problems are resolved before they become more serious public health emergencies. The Materiovigilance Program in India (MvPI) was created to track adverse occurrences linked to medical devices, produce safety statistics, and promote the best practices to improve patient safety. When medical equipment violates regulations or poses possible threats to patient safety, recalls are essential measures that must be performed. These programs promote accountability and openness in the healthcare system by evaluating recall and adverse event data, which helps guide regulatory choices and raises the general caliber of medical devices on the market. Although precise statistics on the types of adverse events reported to the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) are not made public, this article cites typical difficulties, including potentially harmful device malfunctions, incorrect device operation, and unpleasant interactions between the device and the patient.

This review examines India's environmental and business compliance regulations together with other global standards to perform a critical analysis of their differences. The article demonstrates that Indian environmental legislation remains challenging because it includes two key regulations, such as the Environment Protection Act (1986) and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act (1981). These elaborate frameworks face law enforcement challenges because they lack sufficient resources, multiple legal domains create overlap, and there is insufficient robust tracking infrastructure. The Companies Act (2013) imposes a Corporate Social Responsibility requirement on companies but provides ambiguous definitions alongside limited reporting standards.

International norms, including the Paris Agreement and Environmental Directives of the European Union, together with the UN Global Compact, demand active governance systems that have clear accountability and track environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance metrics closely. These frameworks present improved regulatory enforcement methods that use new technologies, including AI and blockchain systems. The frameworks offer India opportunities to develop transparent guidelines that everyone can understand. India's processes encounter major challenges because of reduced public engagement alongside economic disparities and its typical reactive policy development style. The study demonstrates India's capability to eliminate these gaps through the adoption of worldwide best practices and technological tracking systems with public-private-citizen relationship development.

The research proposes modifications to Indian legal systems that will synchronize with global standards for sustaining long-term development and strengthening government capabilities while raising international competitiveness. Participatory government, together with the circular economy, enables India to resolve environmental and business compliance issues smartly. The country will become both more responsible and resilient through these efforts.

Ferroptosis, a unique form of programmed cell death characterized by lipid peroxidation and iron accumulation, has emerged as a critical factor in the development and progression of metabolic disorders. This review explores the role of ferroptosis in various pathological conditions, including obesity, type-2 diabetes, renal and adrenal injury, and cardiometabolic complications. The interplay between oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, and ferroptosis highlights its contribution to cellular dysfunction and tissue damage in these metabolic disorders. Furthermore, the potential of nutritional and pharmacological interventions to modulate ferroptosis pathways is examined, with a focus on antioxidants, iron chelators, and diet-based strategies. Understanding the mechanism and therapeutic implications of ferroptosis provides a foundation for an innovative approach to combat metabolic disorders. Future research is essential to uncover biomarkers, refine therapeutic strategies, and translate these findings into clinical practice.

Delafossite materials have excellent properties, making them highly sought after for next-generation solar cells. They are based on abundant and non-toxic elements. Since environmental and economic factors are crucial in the pursuit of discovering a new solar energy harvester, extensive research has been conducted. This paper reviews various synthesis methods, crystal structure, and opto-electronic properties of delafossite materials. The calculated solar cell parameters, such as short-circuit current (Jsc), open-circuit voltage (Voc), and efficiency (η) of solar cells fabricated under diverse conditions, are reported. The findings indicate that these materials are ideal for use in solar cells, as they can function as photocathodes or photoanodes in p-type Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) and also serve effectively in absorber layers and hole-transport layers. Their unique crystal structure, with a tunable band gap, allows for maximizing power conversion efficiency. However, there are still limitations in synthesizing nanoparticle structures to achieve desired properties, and improvements in various aspects and higher efficiency are still required.

One of the biggest risks to humans’ social progress is global warming. It is a classic example of how the climate is changing globally and has had a significant impact on social life and production in numerous ways. Since agriculture is the basis of human survival, it is especially susceptible to weather change, such as changing temperature, precipitation, wind speed, and other environmental factors. In addition, crop yield cycles, the frequency of severe climate events, and the patterns of pest sickness have an impact on harvest production and quality. By altering temperature regimes, rainfall patterns, and the frequency of extreme climate events, global climate change has had a significant impact on agricultural production. The possible outcomes of these changes are reduced harvest, increased insects and diseases, and disruption in the water supply. According to research, high temperatures lead to shortening of agricultural growth cycles, while erratic rainfall tends to push planting back and reduce harvests. The development of climate-resilient crop cultivars, effective water management techniques, such as drip irrigation, and diversification strategies, like intercropping, are just a few of the adaptive strategies that have been employed in response to these challenges. All of these strategies have demonstrated promise in stabilizing yields under changing climate conditions. This paper has examined the most recent developments in this field, providing an overview of how agricultural practices contribute to global climate change and their influence on it, and suggested potential solutions.

The pyrrole ring, mainly 3,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole, is present in several pharmacologically active substances and naturally occurring medications. The specific methyl group substitution patterns of 3,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole affect how it interacts with and reacts to biological targets, making it a unique and useful compound in several research fields.

However, new initiatives are still required to synthesise such molecules with their enhanced potency as effective drug molecules. They are usually synthesized via multicomponent methodologies, and recent developments in this specific field of study are highlighted in this overview.

Restoring tissue integrity is the outcome of the intricate biological process known as wound healing. Haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and tissue remodeling are the four main stages that make up its physiological makeup. In order to restore tissue integrity, a number of cellular and extracellular pathways are triggered at the site of a wound in a highly controlled and coordinated manner. This process can be hampered by various reasons, which can lead to poor cosmetic results, increased patient morbidity and mortality, and delayed wound healing. This current review aims to summarize the pathogenesis, risk factors, current approaches, nanotechnology, and major phytochemicals for wound management. It is commonly known that malnutrition poses a risk to the healing process, and extensive research has validated the role that nutrition plays in the healing process. The requirement for calories and proteins rises during the healing process of wounds, resulting in an increased need for vital amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, fatty acids, and other micronutrients. While providing the right nutrients and assessing the nutritional state and phases of wound healing, nutritional evaluation is still required during the healing process. Natural products have components that are anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, antioxidant, and these properties play a major role in the treatment of wound healing. The use of topical phytochemicals to improve acute and chronic wound healing has been increasingly supported by research in recent years. In addition, the nonmaterial created by combining several disciplines has been employed in the domains of medicine and has been widely used in wound healing due to its great adsorption capacity, drug loading, and antibacterial characteristics, leading to the rapid development of Nanotechnology.