Technology
Enhancing Tribological Characteristics of Titanium Grade-5 Alloy through HVOF Thermal-Sprayed WC-Co Nano Coatings by TOPSIS and Golden Jack Optimization Algorithm
Thermal spray coatings have emerged as a pivotal technology in materials engineering primarily for augmenting the characteristics related to wear and tribology of metallic substrates.
This study aims to develop into applying High-Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) thermal-sprayed WC-Co nanocoatings on Titanium Grade-5 alloy (Ti64). The coating process utilizing nano-sized WC-Co powder undergoes systematic optimization of HVOF parameters encompassing the flow rate of carrier gas powder feed rate and nozzle distance. Experimental assessments via Pin-on-Disc (PoD) tests encompass Loss of Wear (WL) Friction Coefficient (CoF) and Frictional Force (FF). Later an exhaustive optimization of responses is conducted using the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method and the golden jack optimization algorithm (GJOA).
Outcomes show a substantial increase in WL CoF and FF with a rise in the carrier gas and powder feed rate. However with increasing spraying distance of powder the WL CoF and FF tend to lower due to higher bonding which leads to increased wear resistance. The ideal parametric settings achieved from TOPSIS and GJOA are 245 mm of spray distance 30 gpm rate of powder feed and 11 lpm of carrier gas flow rate. The powder feed rate contributes 88.99% to the control action as seen from ANOVA.
The confirmation experiment presents that the WL CoF and FF output responses are 42.33 27.97 and 9.38% less than the mean of experimental data. These results highlight the HVOF process in spraying WC-Co nanocoatings to fortify the durability and performance of Ti64 alloy that can be patented for diverse engineering applications.
Improved Thermal Performance and Distillate of Conventional Solar Still via Copper Plate, Phase Change Material and CuO Nanoparticles
The world is currently facing a growing concern regarding freshwater scarcity which has arisen as a result of a complex interplay of various factors. Renewable energy-powered water desalination is a feasible solution to address freshwater scarcity.
This patent study presents a comprehensive investigation of the performance of a conventional solar still (CSS) and its modified versions such as a still with copper plates a still with PCM and a still with PCM and 3 wt% CuO nanoparticles blend. The experiments were carried out concurrently under identical circumstances for the CSS and the proposed stills. Prior to usage the CuO nanoparticles and their blend with PCM were characterized through various analyses.
The investigation showcased the copper plate attached solar still with 3 wt% CuO nanoparticles blended with PCM significantly improved the distillate production achieving approximately 6.85 kg/m2/day. This represents an increment of approximately 23.42% compared to the still with copper plate and PCM and 69.14% related to the CSS.
Moreover the solar still with 3 wt% CuO nanoparticles blended with PCM demonstrated a thermal efficiency of 74.23% and an exergy efficiency of 9.75%. The production cost of distillate for all four stills remained at $0.03 per kg. These findings highlight the effectiveness of the proposed copper plate attached solar still with 3 wt% CuO nanoparticles blended with PCM as a viable method for producing potable water.
A Detailed Study on using Novel LM 25 Aluminium Alloy Hybrid Metal Matrix Nanocomposite for Nuclear Applications
This article describes the use of graphite (Gr) and boron carbide (B4C) as multiple nanoparticle reinforcements in LM25 aluminum alloy. Because boron carbide naturally absorbs neutron radiation aluminium alloy reinforced with boron carbide metal matrix composite has gained interest in nuclear shielding applications. The primary goal of the endeavor is to create composite materials with high wear resistance high microhardness and high ultimate tensile strength for use in nuclear applications. Patents on Gr and B4C can cover a wide range of subjects including the synthesis and production methods of structural armor materials abrasives and nuclear shielding.
Science and Technology have brought a vast change to human life. The human burden has been minimized by the use of innovation in developing new and innovative technologies. To improve the quality of human life fresh lightweight and creative materials are being used which play a vital role in science and technology and reduce the human workload. Composite materials made of metal are being used because they are lightweight. Neutron absorption high ultimate strength high wear resistance high microhardness high thermal and electrical conductivity high vacuum environmental resistance and low coefficient of thermal expansion under static and dynamic conditions are all demands for the hybrid metal matrix composites utilized in nuclear applications.
Stir casting is used to create the novel LM 25 aluminum alloy/graphite and boron carbide hybrid nanocomposites. The mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile strength yield strength percentage of elongation microhardness and wear behavior are calculated. Three analyses are performed: microstructure worn surface analysis and fracture analysis of the tensile specimen.
(1) Stir casting process. (2) Tensile hardness wear test. (3) Materials characterization – FESEM optical microscopy EDS.
The mechanical properties values are 308.76 MPa 293.51 MPa 7.8 169.2 VHN and 0.01854 mm3/m intended for ultimate tensile strength yield strength percentage of elongation microhardness and wear behavior respectively. This implies that the synthesized composite may be used in nuclear applications successfully.
The subsequent explanation was drawn from this investigative work: The LM 25/B4C/Gr hybrid nanocomposite was successfully manufactured by employing the stir casting technique. For nuclear shielding applications these composites were prepared with three different weight percentages of nanoparticle reinforcements in 246% Boron carbide and constant 4 wt.% graphite. The microhardness values of the three-hybrid nanocomposite fabricated castings were determined to be 143.4VHN 156.7VHN and 169.2VHN respectively. The hybrid nano composite's microstructure revealed that the underlying LM 25 aluminum alloy matrix's fine-grained evenly dispersed nanoparticles of graphite and boron carbide were present. The microtensile test was carried out and it was found that the ultimate tensile strength yield strength and percentage of elongation values are 281.35MPa 296.52MPa 308.76MPa 269.43 274.69 293.51 and 3.4 5.7 7.8 respectively. Deformation caused the hybrid LM 25/B4C/Gr nanocomposite to fracture in ductile mode. Dimples and cavities are seen in the fracture because of the nanoparticle reinforcements and the matrix's tight connection. The wear loss of nanocomposite based on the input parameter applied load sliding velocity and sliding distance values are 0.02456 0.02189 0.01854 0.02892 0.02586 0.02315 and 0.02682 0.02254 0.02015 mm3/m respectively. The LM 25 alloy's elemental analysis displays the aluminum alloy phase as the largest peak and the remaining elements as smaller peaks; also the spectral analysis reveals the presence of boron (B) graphite (C) silicon and ferrous in the aluminum alloy LM 25. Through worn surface FESEM investigation it was shown that under sliding and high load situations debris delamination and groove develop. Further rupture fine and continuous grooves were seen when low stress and sliding circumstances were applied to the LM 25/B4C/Gr and stir cast specimen. This result implies the presence of mild adhesive and delamination wear processes.
Two-phase Hybrid Thermal Interface Alkali-treated E-Glass Fiber/MWCNT/Graphene/Copper Oxide Nanocomposites for Electronic Gadgets
Two-phase hybrid mode thermal interface materials were created and characterized for mechanical properties thermal conductivity and wear behaviour. Therefore the ultimate goal of this current research was to use alkali-treated glass fibre and other allotropes to produce high-performance two-phase thermal interface materials that can be patented for engineering applications.
Three different polymer composites were prepared to contain 20 vol.% alkalies (NaOH) treated e-glass fibre (E) and epoxy as a matrix with varying proportions of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) graphene (G) copper oxide (C). The one-phase material contained epoxy+20%e-glass+1%MWCNT (EMGC1) the two-phase hybrid composite contained epoxy+20%e-glass+1%MWCNT+1%graphene+1%CuO (EMGC2) and two-phase material contained epoxy+20%e-glass+1%graphene+1%CuO (EMGC3). Vacuum bagging method was used for fabricating the composites.
The higher thermal conductivity observed was 0.3466 W/mK for EMGC2 the alkali-treated glass fibre/hybrid mode nanofillers epoxy matrix composite was mechanically tougher than the other two composites (EMGC1 & EMGC3). Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed the fine filler dispersion and homogenous interaction with the glass fibre/epoxy resin composite of the upper and lower zone which also revealed the defective zone fibre elongation fibre/filler breakages and filler leached surfaces.
Finally it was concluded that the hybrid mode two-phased structure EMGC2 epoxy matrix composite replicated the maximum thermal conductivity mechanical properties and wear properties of the other two specimens.
A Patent Analysis on Nano Drug Delivery Systems
A nano drug delivery system is an effective tool for drug delivery and controlled release which is used for a variety of medical applications. In recent decades nano drug delivery systems have been significantly developed with the emergence of new nanomaterials and nanotechnologies.
This article aimed to provide insight into the technological development of nano drug delivery systems through patent analysis.
3708 patent documents were used for patent analysis after retrieval from the Incopat patent database.
The number of patents on nano drug delivery systems has shown a rapid growth trend in the past two decades. At present China and the United States have obvious contributions to the number of patents. According to the patent data the nanomaterials used in nano drug delivery system are mainly inorganic nanomaterials lipid-based nanomaterials and macromolecules. In recent years the highly cited patents (≥14) for nano drug delivery systems mainly involve lipid-based nanomaterials indicating that their technology is mature and widely used. The inorganic nanomaterials in drug delivery have received increasing attention and the number of related patents has increased significantly after 2016. The number of highly cited patents in the United States is 250 which is much higher than in other countries.
Even after decades of development nano drug delivery systems remain a hot topic for researchers. The significant increase in patents since 2016 can be attributed to the large number of new patents from China. However according to the proportion of highly cited patents in total China's patented technologies in nano drug delivery systems are not advanced enough compared to developed countries including the United States Canada Germany and France. In the future research on emerging nanomaterials for nano drug delivery systems such as inorganic nanomaterials may focus on developing new materials and optimising their properties. The lipid-based and polymer-based nanomaterials can be continuously improved for the development of new nanomedicines.
Nano-Rutin: A Promising Solution for Alleviating Various Disorders
Rutin often known as vitamin P is a natural flavonoid compound which offers a broad spectrum of therapeutic potentials. Rutin is metabolised to different compounds by the gut bacteria after consumption therefore very little is absorbed. Higher plants contribute to rutin synthesis in large quantities and it may also be found in many fruits and fruity rinds particularly citrus fruits and berries.
The present paper highlights several studies and patents conducted on rutin along with its nanoformulations regarding its broad spectrum of therapeutic potentials.
Numerous electronic databases including Springer PubMed Science Direct Pubchem Google Patents etc. were searched to extract relevant published literature demonstrating rutin effectiveness in various ailments.
The reviewed literature showed that rutin and related flavonoids possess a variety of physiological properties that protects human beings plants and animals. Antioxidant anti-inflammatory anti-allergic cytoprotective vasoprotective anticarcinogenic neuroprotective cardioprotective antibacterial antiviral antiprotozoal antitumor anti-hypertensive antiplatelet antispasmodic and hypolipidemic activities. Nanotechnology has been implemented for the improvement of the bioavailability of rutin using novel drug-delivery carriers.
The study concludes that the development of rutin nanoformulations for multiple therapeutic approaches contributes towards enhanced aqueous solubility as well as tailored pharmacokinetics compared to conventional delivery of rutin. However more investigations should be conducted to confirm the improved bioavailability of the rutin nanoformulations.
Critical Review on the Effect and Mechanism of Realgar Nanoparticles on Lymphoma: State of the Art on In-vitro Biomedical Studies
Lymphoma is a malignant tumor caused by abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes in the lymphatic system. Conventional treatments for lymphoma often have limitations and new therapeutic strategies need to be explored. Realgar is an ancient Chinese medicine that has been used for centuries to treat a variety of ailments due to its therapeutic potential for various diseases including cancer. However it is a time-consuming waste and has a low absorption rate in the gastrointestinal tract so it has the disadvantages of oral dose potential toxicity and low bioavailability. Recently the development of nanotechnology has promoted the nanization of realgar particles which have better physicochemical properties and higher bioavailability. The antitumor activity of Realgar nanoparticles against lymphoma has been demonstrated in preclinical studies. Realgar nanoparticles exhibit cytotoxic effects by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting the growth and proliferation of lymphoma cells. Moreover these nanoparticles exert immunomodulatory effects by enhancing the activity of immune cells and promoting the cytotoxicity of T lymphocytes against lymphoma cells. Additionally realgar nanoparticles have been shown to inhibit tumor angiogenesis thereby restricting the blood supply and nutrient availability to lymphoma cells as exhibited in this patent comprehensive review. Despite promising preclinical data further research on the role and mechanism of realgar nanoparticles in the treatment of lymphoma remains to be studied. Moreover the translation of these findings into clinical practice requires rigorous evaluation through well-designed clinical trials. Realgar nanoparticles hold great potential as a novel therapeutic approach for lymphoma and their development may contribute to the advancement of precision medicine in the field of oncology.
Graphene Oxide, a Prominent Nanocarrier to Reduce the Toxicity of Alzheimer’s Proteins: A Revolution in Treatment
Graphene oxide a derivative of graphene has recently emerged as a promising nanomaterial in the biomedical field due to its unique properties. Its potential as a nanocarrier in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease represents a significant advancement. This abstract outlines a study focused on utilizing graphene oxide to reduce the toxicity of Alzheimer's proteins marking a revolutionary approach in treatment strategies. The pathological features of Alzheimer’s disease primarily focusing on the accumulation and toxicity of amyloid-beta proteins have been described in this review. These proteins are known to form plaques in the brain leading to neuronal damage and the progression of Alzheimer's disease. The current therapeutic strategies and their limitations are briefly reviewed highlighting the need for innovative approaches. Graphene oxide with its high surface area biocompatibility and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier is introduced as a novel nanocarrier. The methodology involves functionalizing graphene oxide sheets with specific ligands that target amyloid-beta proteins. This functionalization facilitates the binding and removal of these toxic proteins from the brain potentially alleviating the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Preliminary findings indicate a significant reduction in amyloid-beta toxicity in neuronal cell cultures treated with graphene oxide nanocarriers. The study also explores the biocompatibility and safety profile of graphene oxide in biological systems ensuring its suitability for clinical applications. It calls for further research and filing patents for its translational potential and benefits of this nanotechnology paying the way for a new era in neurodegenerative therapy.
Investigation of TiO2 Nanoparticles Influence on Tensile Properties and Thermal Stability of Dry and Wet Luffa-Epoxy Nanocomposites
Recently progress has been made toward understanding the efficiency of polymer composites with natural fibres. With the hope of enhancing the characteristics of polymer composites supplemented with natural fibres in a watery environment TiO2 nanoparticles have been used to improve their performance in the field.
These nanoparticles were filled in luffa-epoxy components at 1 3 and 5% volume fractions. A combination of çx-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was utilized to conduct the structural examinations. The nanoparticle spread was captured by field emission scanning electron microscopy.
Results show that dry nanocomposite's tensile strength and modulus have increased by 74% and 13% 137% and 50% compared with epoxy and 40 vol% luffa-epoxy (E/L) composites respectively. In wet nanocomposites maximum reduction in tensile strength and modulus were observed as 27.4% and 16.54% respectively. The diminished water absorption and thickness swelling percentage of nanocomposites were recorded as 98% and 91.8% respectively. The onset temperature of these nanocomposites was scattered in the range of 379-393°C with a maximum char residue of 38%.
The increase in the percentage of residue indicates the effectiveness of epoxy's flame retardant improved thermal stability diminished water absorption (approximately 2%) and 95% retention of wet composites' tensile properties. These results provided data support for improving the application of nanocomposites in the automobile field and to develop possible patents on the new material development.
Copper Electrodes Modified with Gold Nanoparticles Detect Two Hazardous Contaminants (As, Cd) in Raw Milk
Milk contamination has been a longstanding global concern with Heavy Metals (HM) like lead (Pb) mercury (Hg) arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) posing significant risks. These contaminants often infiltrate milk through contaminated water sources or during pasteurization. This petent introduces a novel approach to detecting milk contaminants by analyzing the current–voltage (I-V) characteristics of copper (Cu) electrodes modified with gold nanoparticle (AuNPs).
Leveraging the exceptional conductivity of metal nanoparticles electrons freely traverse the surface facilitating electron movement across the copper substrate. Additionally the nanoparticles serve as binding agents aiding in the comparative detection of contaminants. This method enables the preliminary detection of two HM (As Cd) by evaluating their current gains in milk supernatant samples at varying concentrations.
AuNPs deposited on Cu electrodes exhibited a linear I-V trend with a significant increase in current compared to bare electrodes. Spiked milk supernatant drop cast on the electrode system displayed a current gain which was evaluated towards sensing application of HM ions in milk. The synthesized AuNPs underwent initial characterization using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer revealing a prominent plasmonic peak around 520 nm confirming nanoparticle formation. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the Face-Centred Cubic (FCC) crystal structure.
Notably different concentrations (1 and 10 ppm) and types of HM (As Cd Hg and Pb) in milk supernatant yielded varying current gains providing insights specifically targeting As and Cd contamination.
Review on Carbon-Based Micro and Nano Electro-Mechanical Systems for Biotechnological Application
The combination of carbon-based nanoelectromechanical systems (C-NEMS) and carbon-based microelectromechanical systems (C-MEMS) has become a promising new direction in biotechnology with a wide range of applications that could significantly improve medical research and healthcare. These carbon-based materials which are highly suited for a variety of biotech applications include graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). They have special qualities including large surface area superior electrical conductivity and biocompatibility. The domain of medication delivery systems is where C-MEMS and C-NEMS are most prominently used. These materials address important issues with therapeutic effectiveness and patient comfort by providing a platform for targeted and regulated medication administration. Biosensors that use graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have become essential diagnostic instruments because they allow for the sensitive and real-time detection of analytes for biomarker monitoring and disease diagnosis. The incorporation of carbon-based materials into lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices has transformed biotech tests by providing portable and quick analysis. Neural interfaces drug screening wearable health monitoring diagnostics imaging tissue engineering and regenerative medicine diagnostic imaging diagnostic imaging and imaging have all benefited greatly from the use of carbon-based materials. These wide-ranging applications of C-MEMS and C-NEMS highlight their potential to propel developments in science medicine healthcare and patents.
A Study on Oxygen Vacancy Resistance Mechanism of V2O5
Due to its magnetic and semiconductor properties V2O5 has shown tremendous potential in resistive switching memory.
This paper investigates the resistive mechanism of oxygen vacancies in V2O5. The formation energies of different oxygen vacancies are calculated.
The results show that oxygen vacancies tend to form single-component conductive filaments. In mixed oxygen vacancies clusters the charge transfer characteristics and density of states of the V2O5-VO13 vacancies are the most significant which is consistent with the analysis of formation energy data.
The charge transfer of cluster oxygen vacancies was calculated showing that V atoms directly connected to oxygen vacancies tend to lose electrons while adjacent oxygen atoms are more likely to gain electrons. In V2O5-VO12 and V2O5-VO13 the number of electrons obtained by O2 and O16 exceeds the average by 36.4% and 33.2%. Thus the formation of oxygen vacancies effectively improves the resistance characteristics of the V2O5.
Nanoencapsulation as an Ally of the Bioactive Compound Carvacrol: A Review of 10 Years of Advances
Foodborne diseases (FBDs) are a major global public health problem causing millions of deaths annually and substantial economic losses. Antimicrobial treatment is increasingly challenged by bacterial resistance. Essential oils from herbs and spices such as carvacrol from thyme and oregano offer potential solutions due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. However its stability and its controlled release are affected by media and environmental conditions. Nanoencapsulation presents a promising alternative to address these challenges. This review analyzes 44 original papers and 21 patents concerning the recent advancements in the nanoencapsulation of carvacrol over the past decade focusing on natural matrices and their applications in food packaging and human health fields. Various encapsulation techniques and matrices have been explored demonstrating that nanoencapsulation can maintain the stability and antimicrobial efficacy of carvacrol. Moreover nanoencapsulated carvacrol shows promising applications in inhibiting biofilm formation and quorum sensing as well as exhibiting anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects. Patents related to nanoencapsulated carvacrol highlight its potential for intelligent packaging and healthcare. Nanoencapsulated carvacrol is a promising alternative to synthetic antimicrobials and as an adjuvant in inflammatory disease treatments and cancer offering enhanced efficacy and versatility in applications.
Nano Innovation: Enhancing Food Packaging through Nanotechnology
The utilization of nanotechnology in developing novel packaging components has grown significantly in recent years and it is anticipated to have a significant influence on the food industry shortly. It offers to produce food packaging with improved qualities that will assist food goods in lasting longer on the shelf. The present article comprehensively discusses the nanoparticles commonly used in food packaging the significant changes they bring to the qualities of the material and the commercially available packaging materials based on nanotechnology. This review primarily focuses on using nanotechnologies in food processing and packaging explicitly examining their impact on food quality and safety. To comprehend the function of enhanced active and antimicrobial packaging in food packaging. The utilization of nanotechnology in food products has experienced a significant surge in popularity in both developed and developing nations. The review was obtained from searches conducted on academic databases such as Sci-Hub Google Scholar PubMed etc. Collected data from many sources has been compiled and presented here to facilitate further research on the application of nanotechnology in food packaging. In the current review we also discussed the different organic and inorganic nanomaterials. The article also discusses consumer health and safety concerns highlighting the significance of thorough safety assessments and clear communication. Nanotechnology has numerous uses in diverse areas of food technology. This analysis examines the potential of nanotechnology to improve the quality and safety of packaged food. Nanotechnology in food packaging is highly encouraging providing substantial advantages in terms of food preservation safety and sustainability. This paper offers a thorough examination of present trends technological progress and future predictions to provide a full understanding of how nanotechnology can fundamentally transform food packaging. This transformation will enable the development of creative environmentally friendly and more secure food systems.