Current Analytical Chemistry - Volume 21, Issue 7, 2025
Volume 21, Issue 7, 2025
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Concerns and Safety Evaluation Indicators for Compatibility Study of Injections with Prefilled Syringe
Authors: Chao Chen, Yuqi Jin, Zhiwei Cai, Shasha Fu, Peixi Zhu and Laurent RuhlmannPrefilled syringe is a multi-component injector drug packaging system in which liquid drugs are directly loaded for direct use by patients. It has two functions, drug storage and regular injection, which belongs to high-risk pharmaceutical packaging containers. In recent years, more and more injections have been packaged with prefilled syringes worldwide. However, no guidelines about compatibility of chemical injections and prefilled syringes was set up. In current review, studies related to the compatibility study was summarized. Structural composition, material composition and production technology are analyzed first. After that, extraction test, interaction study and safety study are summarized. Glass components, plastic components, seal elastomer components, other components and materials, adsorption test and physical properties are the main focusing points. Based on the studies mentioned above, together with the results of extraction test, migration test and adsorption test, safety evaluation indexes could be formed. The current review aims to provide strategies for the setting up of compatibility study guidelines.
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A Review on Nanomaterial-based Point-of-care Devices: Emphasis on Cardiovascular Diseases
BackgroundThe subject of medical and biological research using nanotechnology, which blends nanoscience with biology and biomedicine, is currently gaining a lot of attention. Nanomaterials come in a wide range of sizes, shapes, and compositions and are widely used in various applications. Their stimulating potentials mainly enhance our capacity to identify naturally occurring processes.
MethodsMoreover, point-of-care (POC) methods offer quick and easy medication analysis at home, in a physician's office, or anywhere else. The pregnancy test and the blood glucose test are the two most well-known examples. From a more global standpoint, they offer the enticing prospect of saving lives from incurable illnesses: their rapid, sometimes instantaneous data significantly minimize analysis times, and their more economical variants make them accessible to healthcare facilities, individuals worldwide, and even in developing countries. Determining biomarkers in disease analysis, such as enzymes, proteins, circulating tumor cells, tiny compounds, and DNA/RNA in biological examples, including full serum, blood, saliva, plasma, fluid, cerebral spinal, and urine, may also be included in applications.
ResultsGlobally, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the primary cause of death. Finding cardiac biomarkers is crucial for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. By giving vital information about a patient's cardiac health, these indications help doctors make the best decisions and give the best care. The efficiency, promptness, and patient-centeredness of cardiac treatment are significantly enhanced by POC methods for cardiac biomarker identification, which improves patient outcomes and healthcare delivery. For this reason, the primary emphasis of this investigation was on POC instruments and sensors that are now available commercially and have been published within the previous five years for the assessment of cardiac biomarkers. We discuss the POC devices that have been developed recently using a variety of cutting-edge technologies, sophisticated materials, and analytical methods.
ConclusionThe current study also includes an overview of several companies and the products they sell for cardiac function monitoring and rapid, precise heart failure diagnosis. Ultimately, important conclusions are reached about POC devices for medical applications, namely for CVDs. The global market values and potential directions for POC device development are also taken into consideration.
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Chromatography Chronicles: Unveiling the Power of Reversed-phase High-performance Thin Layer Chromatography in Pharmaceutical Analysis
Authors: Hetvi Pandya, Dev Devaliya, Akshi Shah and Rajendra KotadiyaPharmaceutical analysis is critical in ensuring the quality and safety of drug substances and formulations. High-performance thin-layer Chromatography (HPTLC) has emerged as a powerful analytical technique in the pharmaceutical industry due to its numerous advantages, including high separation efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and ease of sample preparation. One of its variants, Reversed-Phase High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (RP-HPTLC), has gained immense popularity for analyzing nonpolar and slightly polar compounds, including drugs and their metabolites. This review paper draws attention to history and the recent developments in RP-HPTLC for pharmaceutical analysis. It highlights the advantages and limitations of RP-HPTLC, discussing its applications in drug analysis, impurity determination, stability-indicating assays, and more. In this study, recent advances in RP-HPTLC instrumentation and techniques were reviewed, including hyphenated methods, such as Reversed-Phase High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry and Reversed-Phase High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography coupled with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Through this comprehensive analysis, the authors aim to underscore the potential of RP-HPTLC as a reliable and efficient analytical technique in the pharmaceutical industry and shed light on future trends in this field.
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Ion Exchange Chromatography: A Versatile Technique for Comprehensive Characterization of Therapeutic Proteins and Peptides
Authors: Akhilesh Kumar Kuril, Selvaraja Elumalai and Praveen Kumar SubbappaIon Exchange Chromatography (IEX) is an efficient and widely employed technique for the comprehensive characterization of therapeutic proteins and peptides. IEX separates biomolecules based on differences in their surface charge arising from amino acid composition and Post-Translational Modifications (PTMs). As a non-denaturing method, IEX is particularly valuable for resolving and quantifying charge variants like deamidation, oxidation, glycosylation, and terminal truncations in monoclonal antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, and other biotherapeutics. The review provides insights into the principles, advantages, applications, recent advances, and limitations of using IEX (cation and anion exchange modes) for detailed analysis of proteins and peptides.
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Investigation of Voltametric Behavior and Antioxidant Activity of Vanillin-based Chalcone Compound
BackgroundChalcone-type molecules are significant compounds due to their biocompatible properties. This study aimed to examine the electrochemical properties of vanillin chalcone monomer (VC) and its polymer (PANI-VC), as well as to investigate the antioxidant properties of the vanillin chalcone monomer.
MethodsVC and PANI-VC were synthesized and characterized using FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The electrochemical properties of both compounds were investigated using cyclic voltammetry. The antioxidant activity of the monomer was assessed using the DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay.
ResultsTwo oxidation peaks and one reduction peak were observed for both the monomer and polymer at pH 3 using cyclic voltammetry in Britton-Robinson buffer solution. The electrochemical oxidation mechanisms of the monomer and polymer were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, and the effects of pH and scan rate were also studied. The electrochemical oxidation mechanism was further evaluated using density functional theory (DFT) computations, revealing that the electrochemical process is adsorption-controlled. The antioxidant activity of VC was assessed using the DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method.
ConclusionChalcone-type compounds are known for their potential antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antimalarial, and neuroprotective effects. In this study, the electrochemical properties of the synthesized vanillin chalcone monomer and its polymer were examined, and their electrochemical mechanisms were evaluated through DFT calculations. The antioxidant properties of the monomer were compared to those of ascorbic acid using the DPPH method, revealing that the vanillin chalcone monomer possesses significant antioxidant activity.
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Novel Chiral HPLC Method for Accurate Identification and Quantification of R&S Enantiomers in Ropivacaine on Immobilized Chiral Stationary Phase: Development and Validation
PurposeRopivacaine is a widely used local anesthetic for managing postoperative pain, particularly in procedures such as caesarean sections. While historically used as a racemate, its structural similarity to mepivacaine and bupivacaine within the pipecoloxylidide group is notable. Both enantiomers of ropivacaine exhibit similar nerve-blocking properties, but the R enantiomer is associated with increased cardiotoxicity compared to the S-Ropivacaine, like bupivacaine. This study aimed to develop and validate precise and rapid chiral chromatographic techniques for quantifying potential (R&S enantiomers).
MethodsWe used normal phase chromatography with a (3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) immobilized-type polysaccharide stationary phase to quantify R&S enantiomers. The method followed ICH Q2(R1) guidelines, employing CHIRAL ART Amylose-SA for determining S-Ropivacaine enantiomeric purity in pharmaceutical drugs. The validation included accuracy and LOQ (limit of quantification) profiles, with measurement error assessments. Linear regression of accuracy profiles post square root transformations set acceptance limits at ±10%.
ResultsThe method accurately quantified R&S enantiomers, adhering to ICH Q2(R1) guidelines. Validation showed high accuracy and precise LOQ profiles. Measurement error assessments confirmed reliability. Linear regression of accuracy profiles stayed within ±10% acceptance limits, confirming the method's suitability for determining S-Ropivacaine enantiomeric purity.
ConclusionThe developed chiral chromatographic method provides an effective means of quantifying the enantiomeric purity of S-Ropivacaine in pharmaceutical drugs. Its adherence to ICH Q2(R1) guidelines ensures reliability and accuracy in measurement. This method enables precise determination of S-Ropivacaine content, which is crucial for optimizing therapeutic outcomes while minimizing the risk of cardiotoxicity associated with the R enantiomer.
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Enzymeless Gabapentin Sensor Based on Prussian Blue-modified Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes for Sensing Gabapentin in Capsules
Authors: Wael Alshitari and Waleed A. El-SaidBackgroundIn this study, we reported on developing a susceptible, accurate, simple, and economical electrochemical sensor for gabapentin determination in capsules.
MethodsThe ITO electrode was modified with a layer of Prussian blue nanoparticles and then used as the working electrode. Gabapentin was extracted from commercial capsules, and a series of concentrations of gabapentin were prepared for studying the efficacy of the proposed sensor. The electrochemical measurements were performed using cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry techniques.
ResultsThe sensitivity and selectivity of the developed electrode toward gabapentin in different interferences, including citric acid, glucose, and urea, were investigated. The modified electrode showed detection and quantification limits of 31.58 and 94.74 nM, respectively, over a dynamic range of concentrations from 100 nM to 3 µM.
ConclusionThe proposed sensor displayed a high sensitivity and selectivity for monitoring gabapentin in pharmaceutical drugs without a noticeable interference. Hence, the modified electrodes are great candidates for gabapentin routine analysis.
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Computational Analysis of Marburg Virus Envelope Glycoproteins: Insights from Bioinformatics and Genomics
Authors: Carlos Polanco, Alberto Huberman, Vladimir N. Uversky, Martha Rios Castro, Brayans Becerra-Luna, Enrique Hernández-Lemus, Claudia Pimentel-Hernández, Mireya Martínez-Garcia, Thomas Buhse, Cynthia Karen Gutierrez Juárez, Gilberto Vargas Alarcón, Gabriela Calvo-Leroux Corona, Francisco J. Roldan Gomez, Juan Luciano Díaz González, Raul Martínez-Memije and Pedro L Flores ChBackgroundMarburg virus (MARV), which is spread by one species of fruit bats, can cause deadly Marburg virus disease (MVD, also known as Marburg hemorrhagic fever, MHF), which is a severe form of viral hemorrhagic fever with symptoms similar to Ebola. MARV is considered to be very dangerous, and there are no approved vaccines or antiviral treatments for Marburg disease.
ObjectiveComputational studies were conducted to comprehend the envelope glycoproteins GP1 and GP2 expressed by the Marburg virus.
MethodsDetermination of the predicted intrinsic disorder predisposition of each glycoprotein sequence (PIDP) and the Polarity Index Method Profile 3.0v (PIM 3.0v) using genomics software and multiple computer algorithms, several of which have been specifically designed for this purpose.
ResultsThe PIM 3.0v and PIDP profiles showed different MARV envelope glycoprotein patterns. These patterns revealed structural and morphological commonalities.
ConclusionsOur computer systems were able to identify MARV envelope glycoprotein isolates using the PIM 3.0v profile, and they suggest that they can be used as a first-step filter for identifying them from databases or building synthetic proteins.
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Spectroscopic Analysis of Nigerian Gem-grade Yellow Garnet Varieties and their Color Differences
Authors: Ming Li, Kun Li, Lingxia Chen, Shengqiang Yu and Qian FangBackgroundResearch on yellow garnets of different shades regarding their varieties, colors, as well as chemical states, and contents of coloring ions is somewhat lacking. Spectroscopic analyses are expected to enrich the research methods and data on yellow garnets and explore a scientific path for enhancing their colors.
MethodsA series of analyses, such as X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electron microprobe analyses, have been performed on the garnet crystal samples.
ResultsX-ray diffraction analysis and infrared spectral analysis have shown yellow and tawny garnets to be spessartite garnets; UV-visible spectral analysis has shown the yellow sample to have stronger absorption peaks at 408, 421, and 430 nm than the tawny sample. Electron microprobe and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses have shown both spessartite garnet samples to contain the same elements, including Si, O, Al, Ca, Mn, and Fe. Among them, the coloring elements, Mn and Fe, have been found to be identical in terms of type, chemical state, lattice occupancy, and coordination environment, but with different mass percentages.
ConclusionThe color differences between yellow-shaded spessartite garnets from Nigeria have not been found to arise from differences in the types of coloring elements, their valance states, or coordination environments. Instead, the concentration of coloring ions Mn2+ and Fe2+ has been identified as the crucial factor. Controlling the concentrations is the key scientific direction for improving the colors of these yellow-toned spessartite garnets.
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The Long COVID: Further Advances in Our Understanding about the Role of Specific Chemokines (CCR5, CCR6, CCR9 and CCL3) in Pediatrics
Authors: Zohreh-Al-Sadat Ghoreshi, Emad Behboudi and Nasir ArefiniaIntroductionLong COVID, also known as post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS), is a condition where individuals continue to experience symptoms for weeks or months after recovering from COVID-19. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term effects of severe COVID-19 on promotor methylation and expression genes including CCR5, CCR6, CCR9 and CCL3 in children.
Material and MethodsClinical data and blood samples from 94 long COVID patients and 25 healthy subjects were collected. The control group was age-matched. Promotor methylation and mRNA expression of CCR5, CCR6, CCR9 and CCL3 genes in these patients and control group were assessed through methylation-specific PCR and Real-time PCR assay.
ResultsOur result indicated that promotor of CCR5 (p = 0.01) and CCL3 (p = 0.006) in long COVID children were hyper-methylated compared to healthy control group. Subsequently CCR5 and CCL3 transcript was decreased compared to control group (p = 0.01). In addition, CCL3 transcript in children with long COVID was decreased compared to control group (p = 0.008). On the other hand, we did not observe any significant modification in the transcript levels of CCR6 (p = 0.7) and CCR9 (p = 0.46) in children with long COVID in comparison to all control groups.
ConclusionThe CCR5 and CCL3 promoter region DNA methylation and the subsequent decrease in the expression of these genes were possibly correlated with long COVID occurrence in children. Our study revealed additional data on the SARS-CoV-2 mediated inflammatory response.
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Sensitive Electrochemical Sensing Properties for Cyanide Detection Using Polyaniline/Cu-Vanadate Nanobelt-modified Electrode
Authors: Yong Zhang, Qianmin Cong, Chenxu Feng, Zhengyu Cai and Lizhai PeiBackgroundCyanide is a toxic anion and may be discarded into the water environment, which is a serious threat to human beings and the environment. Hence, it is essential to explore a facile, sensitive method for cyanide detection. Polyaniline/Cu-vanadate nanobelts serve as electrode materials for sensitive cyanide determination.
MethodsPolyaniline/Cu-vanadate nanobelts were obtained by a simple route using polyaniline, Cu-vanadate nanobelts. The polyaniline/Cu-vanadate nanobelts were measured via electron microscopy, diffraction, infrared spectrum, and electrochemical methods.
ResultsAmorphous polyaniline nanoparticles with a particle size of about 100 nm were attached firmly to the surface of Cu-vanadate nanobelts. Electrochemical sensing properties for cyanide detection were analyzed using a cyclic voltammetry technique using the nanobelts-modified electrode. The cyclic voltammograms (CV) peaks centered at +0.64 V and +0.54 V were observed using the polyaniline/Cu-vanadate nanobelts in 0.1 M KCl solution with 2 mM cyanide. The proposed composite nanobelt-modified electrode possessed the detection range and detection limit of 0.001-2 mM and 0.22 μM, respectively.
ConclusionPolyaniline greatly enhances the electro-catalytic performance of the Cu-vanadate nanobelt-modified electrode for cyanide detection.
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Citrus Essential Oils as Potential Insecticides Against Thrips flavus
Authors: Tian-Hao Pei, Yu-Long Niu, Bin Liu, Ming Yuan, Ai-Guo Zhang, Xiao-Feng Li, Lian-Xia Wang, Meng-Lei Xu and Yu GaoBackgroundEssential oils (EOs) are recognized for their potent insecticidal activity and are widely considered promising agents for pest control.
MethodsThe insecticidal activity of seven commercial citrus EOs against the global phytophagous pest Thrips flavus was evaluated using bioassays conducted under laboratory conditions. Moreover, the chemical composition of these EOs was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
ResultsAmong the 45 identified compounds, the major constituents were d-limonene (23.77%–95.10%), methyl jasmonate (38.76%), and linalyl acetate (34.55%). Orange flower oil, sweet orange oil, tangerine peel oil, bergamot oil, lime oil, lemon oil, and grapefruit oil exhibited good insecticidal activity against T. flavus without demonstrating significant repellent activity. Orange flower oil and sweet orange oil showed higher insecticidal toxicity, with LC50 values of 0.20 g/L and 0.37 g/L, respectively. In pot experiments, the higher control efficacy against T. flavus was found after 7 days of treatment for orange flower oil (91.14±1.27% at 720.00 g a.i.·hm−2 and 100% at 900.00 g a.i.·hm−2), sweet orange oil (91.14±5.52% at 900.00 g a.i.·hm−2), tangerine peel oil (96.20±2.19% at 720 g a.i.·hm−2 and 100% at 900.00 g a.i.·hm−2), lemon oil (96.20±2.19% at 900 g a.i.·hm−2), and lime oil (97.47±2.53% at 900.00 g a.i.·hm−2).
ConclusionTaken together, orange flower oil and tangerine peel oil, which were found to contain d-limonene and methyl jasmonate, demonstrated rapid and more effective insecticidal activity compared to the other EOs tested, which makes these two EOs promising alternatives to chemical insecticides.
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Volumes & issues
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Volume 21 (2025)
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Volume 20 (2024)
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Volume 19 (2023)
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Volume 18 (2022)
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Volume 17 (2021)
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Volume 16 (2020)
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Volume 15 (2019)
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Volume 14 (2018)
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Volume 13 (2017)
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Volume 12 (2016)
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Volume 11 (2015)
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Volume 10 (2014)
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Volume 9 (2013)
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Volume 8 (2012)
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Volume 7 (2011)
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Volume 6 (2010)
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Volume 5 (2009)
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Volume 4 (2008)
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Volume 3 (2007)
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Volume 2 (2006)
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Volume 1 (2005)
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