Current Nanomedicine - Volume 15, Issue 5, 2025

Although garlic oil is well known for its medicinal benefits, its low solubility and lipophilic characteristics result in restricted bioavailability. The goal of this work was to create a stable nanoemulsion technology that would increase the anti-inflammatory properties of garlic oil. Particle size, stability, zeta potential, and polydispersity index were used to characterize the nanoemulsion. in vitro and in vivo models were used to assess the formulated nanoemulsion's anti-inflammatory properties. The findings showed that, in comparison to refined oil, the garlic oil nanoemulsion had a noticeably stronger anti-inflammatory effect. The nanoemulsion showed less gastrointestinal discomfort, extended activity, and enhanced absorption. According to these results, garlic oil nanoemulsion shows promise as a possible treatment for inflammatory diseases. By creating a nanoemulsion using essential oil of garlic (GEO), the volatile components of garlic oil have been effectively encapsulated and protected by experts. The components in garlic oil are more stable because of this encapsulation process, which also increases the ability of the body to absorb and use them. For people taking garlic oil as a supplement or functional ingredient, the enhanced bioavailability of garlic oil constituents through nanoemulsion may result in greater effectiveness and health advantages. This improved stability helps keep the components in garlic oil from oxidizing and degrading, guaranteeing their quality and effectiveness throughout time. Nanoemulsion provides a workable way to add garlic oil to a variety of goods without sacrificing its efficacy by prolonging the shelf life of garlic oil constituents. Garlic oil nanoemulsion has prospective uses in the food, pharmaceutical, and agricultural sectors, among others.

Nanocrystals, composed of a few hundred to tens of thousands of atoms, coalesce to form crystalline clusters, revolutionizing the landscape of pharmaceutical compounds. These clusters, often referred to as “clusters,” serve as crystalline structures that wield significant influence over the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of diverse pharmacological agents. Employed for various applications, nanocrystals play a pivotal role in safeguarding drug entities during systemic circulation within the body. The production of nanocrystals employs diverse methodologies, including spray drying, top-down approaches, bottom-up strategies, and innovative techniques. The formulation of nanocrystals yields a spectrum of advantages, such as augmenting oral bioavailability, optimizing dose proportionality, mitigating food-related effects, ensuring suitability for administration through diverse routes, and enabling sterile filtration due to a more confined particle size range. The selection of the appropriate method is contingent upon the specific target sites and the drug's capacity to reach the intended site of action consistently and at a controlled rate. This exploration delves into several facets of nanocrystals in drug delivery, shedding light on their multifaceted uses within the pharmaceutical realm.

The review article highlights the development of nano-formulations like solid lipid nanocarriers and nanostructured lipid carriers and their applicability in different drug delivery systems. In order to get around some of the drawbacks of traditional formulations, lipid base delivery save received increased interest in recent years. These lipidic carriers are created to get around the drawbacks of other colloidal carriers, including polymeric nanoparticles, emulsions, and liposomes, which have the advantages of great physical stability, a favorable release profile, and tailored drug delivery. Nanostructured lipid carriers are an up-and-coming type of nano-carrier that can be used to develop highly effective and customized treatments for cancer chemotherapy. Changing their surface can help target specific areas and make them work better while lowering the side effects of high doses, which is essential for dealing with drug resistance in cancer chemotherapy.

Herbal medicine and its active phytochemicals have been used since ancient times to cure, mitigate, and treat various health issues, such as inflammation, wounds, fever, cough, cold, diabetes, viral diseases, cancers, etc. Different databases, such as Scopus, Google Scholar, Pubmed, Pubchem, and ScienceDirect, were searched exhaustively to find potent herbal leads and their novel carrier systems. Literature was collected from these databases for the last twenty years. Various research articles, review articles, books, and patents were referred for screening of the herbal bioactives. In the recent past, herbal medicine-derived bioactives like curcumin, paclitaxel, catechin, betulinic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, rutin, quercetin, resveratrol, glycyrrhizin, silybin, berberine and many more have been reported for several pharmacological activities, including anticancer, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, antimicrobial, etc. However, they have limitations like low aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability, which restrict their therapeutic efficacy and clinical use. In this context, Novel Carrier Systems (NCSs) are promising to overcome the problems of herbal bioactives. NCSs, such as liposomes, nanoparticles, nanocapsules, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, dendrimers, nanoemulsions, phytosomes, transfersomes, ethosomes, etc., have been utilized to encapsulate the bioactives and drugs to enhance their solubility, permeability, elimination half-life, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic efficacy. Moreover, they protect the drugs/herbal bioactive from the gastric environment and minimize the dose-associated toxicity. Recent advances in the various approaches, including new methodology, analytical techniques, delivery mechanism, materials, loading capacity, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro and in vivo models, were considered in the compilation of this review article. It was found that NCSs are pioneering in drug delivery and targeting. The present study highlights the importance of herbal bioactives, advanced NCSs, patents, and their clinical trial status.

Precision medicine has emerged as a promising approach for personalized healthcare, particularly in the field of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Diagnostic approach in early basis plays a crucial impact in improving patient outcomes, as it permits timely intervention and tailored treatment strategies. Nanosensors, with their unique properties and capabilities, offer groundbreaking opportunities for detection in the primary phase and as well as disease monitoring. The basic fundamental principles of Nanosensors are important to understand the mechanism of working and utilization of the technique. Cardiac diseases are the foremost origin of illness and mortality all over the globe. The physical, biological and pathophysiology of CVDs can be precisely identified by appropriate and exact detection of pertinent biomarkers and function limits. Nanosensors basically incorporate the benefit of Nanomaterials for detection methods. Nanosensors generally exposed a great possible approach for speedy detection of CVDs, specifically in primary prophecy. Advancement of current therapy in Nanosensors for recognition of cardiac disease are briefed, including different types of sensors such as optical, electrochemical, paper-based and pressure Nanosensors. Though Nanoparticles raise the impact on health, there are some limitations in scalability, and standardization of the Nanosensor having good selectivity, efficacy, sensitivity, biocompatibility and limit of detection as compared to the conventional way. Project tactics for various Nanosensors via conforming identifying Nanomaterials, with their mechanistic approach, highlight the potential of precision medicine as well as Nanosensor.

Peptides represent a rapidly expanding class of novel treatments with distinct pharmacokinetic properties when compared to macromolecular proteins or small-molecule medications. Peptides are polymers with a molecular mass of less than 10 kDa. Protein-protein interactions have been the primary goal of oral delivery of peptide drugs for the last two decades. Recent trends suggest the possibility of mechanistically targeting challenging binding interfaces with the right binding affinity and specificity for molecules like peptides that bring conformational flexibility. Over 80 peptide medications have received regulatory approval to treat a range of conditions, from human immunodeficiency infection caused by viruses to fatal diseases like cancer. This review covers the need for peptide delivery via the oral route and offers insights to overcome the challenges. For successful translation to the clinic, oral delivery of therapeutic peptides coupled with nanoformulation strategies has gained increased attention in recent years. The role of permeation boosters, and digestive enzyme inhibitors to overcome major hurdles such as degradation in the gastrointestinal tract and low intestinal permeability are presented here. Alteration of physicochemical characteristics of peptide molecules, the addition of functional excipients to specifically designed drug delivery systems, nanoformulation approaches, amongst other recent methodologies, to increase the oral bioavailability of peptide medications, are also presented herein. Numerous peptide candidates, both approved and under clinical trials, are included in this review.

Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, arises from the buildup of beta-amyloid plaques within the intricate neural networks of the brain. A lasting remedy for Alzheimer's disease remains elusive, as current pharmaceutical options merely offer the potential to decelerate its advancement. Nevertheless, nanotechnology has demonstrated its efficacy in the realm of medical interventions. Nanotechnology holds immense promise for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, particularly in the realms of disease detection and providing alternative therapeutic approaches. With its demonstrated superiority in medical applications, nanotechnology emerges as a potent tool with significant potential in addressing the complexities of Alzheimer's disease, offering enhanced diagnostics and novel treatment strategies. This feat is achieved by augmenting the efficacy of drug administration through the penetration and surmounting of the BBB.

Nonetheless, it is crucial to thoroughly investigate and explore the limitations at hand, aiming to minimize undesired side effects and potential toxicity while enhancing medication absorption, thereby optimizing the overall therapeutic outcome. Cutting-edge breakthroughs in Alzheimer's disease treatment utilizing nanotechnology encompass a spectrum of remarkable advancements, including stem cell regeneration, nanomedicine, and neuroprotection. The present investigation delves into the remarkable strides made in nanotechnology, specifically examining its pivotal role in detecting and treating neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's while shedding light on the challenges ahead.

The complexity of the management of cancerous conditions requires innovative strategies, including the pharmacotechnical optimization of treatments. The improvement of galenic forms, or more generally of drug delivery, represents a rapidly developing area of research, particularly in oncology, in order to remedy side effects and drug resistance remains a worrying problem. Carbon nanotubes CNTs consist of thin sheets of benzene carbons coiled into a seamless tubular structure. These CNTs have remarkable size and surface properties that make them the ideal vehicle for targeted and selective drug delivery. Different in vitro and in vivo experiments have proven that these particles can be easily modified in such a way that the chemical drug can be delivered directly to the tumor site. Additionally, different types of ligands can be loaded on the surface of CNTs to improve selectivity or modulate drug release. On the other hand, advances in carbon nanotubes could well lead to a more effective understanding of biological and physicochemical processes. This will make it possible to find compounds more compatible with carbon nanotube technology and facilitate their use.

Skin cancer is one of the most common types of cancer globally, with melanoma and non-melanoma being the two primary forms. Melanoma tends to be less frequent but more dangerous, while non-melanoma types, including squamous and basal cell carcinoma, are more prevalent. Caucasian populations are at a higher risk of developing skin cancer due to their skin's susceptibility to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. According to recent data, skin cancer ranks as the seventeenth most common cancer worldwide. An emerging approach to treating skin conditions, including skin cancer, is using niosomes, an advanced drug delivery system. Niosomes are vesicles made from non-ionic surfactants, stabilized by cholesterol, that encapsulate drugs. They have gained prominence because they address several issues related to traditional topical treatments, such as poor solubility, instability, low bioavailability, and rapid drug breakdown. This review article focuses on the use of niosomes in dermatology, particularly for drug delivery through the skin. Niosomes offer several distinct advantages, making them an ideal choice for topical drug delivery. Their unique structure allows them to transport both water-soluble and fat-soluble drugs effectively. Additionally, they enhance drug permeation through the skin, improve drug stability, and allow for extended drug release. These properties make niosomes a valuable tool in clinical settings, providing potential benefits for a range of skin-related therapies. With their growing popularity, niosomes are shaping the future of innovative and more efficient topical drug delivery methods.