Current Green Chemistry - Volume 13, Issue 1, 2026

Late-stage functionalization of pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one at pyrimidine ring structure is crucial to design pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and materials for sustainable development. 4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-ones skeleton, a potent privileged scaffold, ubiquitously exists in numerous bioactive natural and pharmacologic products. Scope of different synthetic methods including their synthetic application to design new materials and biological activity of differently substituted 4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-ones are of main interest. Researchers are relentlessly working to develop more efficient and ecofriendly methods for their synthesis. This review provides, a comprehensive discussion of the recent advancements in the field of synthesis and application of 3-hetero-substituted 4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one for sustainable development.

Spiroheterocycles are widely distributed among the naturally occurring bioactive compounds. Various spiroheterocycles have gained significant attention in drug design and discovery as a number of commercially available drug molecules consist of spiroheterocyclic skeletons. Many synthetic structurally diverse spiroheterocycles reported to possess a broad range of biological efficacies. A large number of methods have been reported for the synthesis of a wide variety of spiroheterocycles under conventional methods. These reported methods definitely have some merits but on many occasions suffered from some common demerits like harsh reaction conditions, longer reaction times, use of toxic organic solvents and catalysts, strong oxidizing or reducing agents etc. Involvement of electrochemically induced pathways helped a lot to overcome these drawbacks. Thus electrochemically induced methods are more environments friendly and sustainable. In this review article we have summarized a large number of recently reported electrochemically induced methods for the synthesis of structurally diverse spiroheterocycles. The plausible mechanisms of these transformations are also discussed in this review.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has made significant advancements in recent years in the development and genetic editing of living organisms, especially yeasts, which play a key role in producing biofuels. This article examines how AI contributes to accelerating the growth of yeast strains for biofuel production and progress toward sustainable development. In this review, extensive searches were conducted using keywords such as artificial intelligence, yeast, biofuel, and fermentation to find articles relevant to the research objective. The results revealed that using AI-modified yeasts to create alcohol allows for higher yield production, heavy metal absorption and conversion, more efficient use of bioplastics, and lactic acid synthesis. This turns them into a reliable and environmentally friendly alternative to fossil fuels. Thus, Artificial Intelligence plays a significant role in advancing yeasts for biofuel production. These advancements lead to the development of yeast strains with higher biofuel production yields and a reduction in biological pollution.

Wastewater management has emerged as a critical global challenge in the contemporary era. Several contaminants, like textile dyes, heavy metals, non-metals, various organic compounds, etc., are discharged into water sources, causing a significant threat to the ecosystem. With the limited availability of water resources, it is required to adopt green and sustainable wastewater treatment methods aligning with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 6, 7, and 13. This review paper draws insights on Hydroxyapatite (HAP), a versatile sustainable material derived from waste sources, both biological and non-biological sources, as a promising candidate for sustainable wastewater treatment. The study described the innovations using wastes for the synthesis of HAP by diverse methods like wet, dry, high-temperature, and hybrid methods, offering flexibility and adaptability in tailoring HAP material to particular applications. Additionally, the potential to fabricate HAP in various nanoscale structures, like nanoribbons, nanoflakes, and nanocomposites, further exalts its ability for effective contaminant removal. Cadmium and Lead are the key heavy metals of significant interest, have detrimental effects on various environmental factors, and their presence necessitates effective removal strategies. HAP, with its innate properties like high stability, swift kinetics, good adsorption capacity, and availability, has emerged as a promising waste-derived adsorbent for the removal of hazardous Cd and Lead ions. This review paper provides insights on a comprehensive overview of research works on HAP-based wastewater treatment, extending its potential to address the issue of heavy metal contamination and highlighting the universal principle ‘One Health’- the health of the ecosystem and its parts.

Ionic fluids, known as magnetic ionic liquids, are paramagnetic at room temperature and do not require the addition of magnetic particles. Magnetic ionic liquids (MILs) exhibit unique and configurable physicochemical properties of ionic liquids as well as a significant response to external magnetic fields. MILs, as opposed to ferrofluids, are transparent, particle-free magnetic liquids. Since their discovery, major work has been done on finding the perfect applications of MILs, and since the last decade, it has been established that MILs could replace conventional, toxic solvents and become the suitable green solvents that can be used for a wide range of analytical experiments. MILs have been used extensively in analytical procedures like catalytic reactions and sample preparation, and a large amount of discoveries have been made in their applications for a variety of extraction procedures. Along with these, MILs have been used not only in analytical procedures but also in bioanalytical and biomedical procedures. MILs are being used in biological/biomedical applications because of their non-toxicity, ability to mould themselves according to the usage and generally easy-to-handle properties. This review aims to share these biomedical applications of MILs along with describing how the synthesis of MILs occurs and the important characteristics that these MILs should have.

aaStarch is an essential component of the human diet worldwide and is also an important energy source. Along with its calorie count, starch accounts for a few health hazards as well. However, resistant starch (RS) has been receiving a lot of attention in food research and development sectors for its functional food properties and its related health benefits. Apart from the health benefits it has been found to improve the quality of processed food as well. Resistant starch has better swelling capacity, water-binding capacity, and rheology which improves the texture and quality of the finished products. Resistant starch can be obtained from conventional sources like corn, potato, yam, sago, rice, and wheat but there are several unconventional sources as well. This review aims to discuss the types of resistant starches, unconventional sources, the health benefits they confer, and their food applications.

The increasing manufacture and use of medications has created a huge environmental challenge: water pollution with) These toxins endanger aquatic ecosystems and human health, necessitating the implementation of effective and long-term wastewater treatment technologies. Traditional treatment procedures, such as chemical oxidation and adsorption, frequently fail to remove APIs while emitting secondary contaminants entirely. Biotechnological breakthroughs have emerged as a possible alternative, enabling environmentally friendly and effective API elimination solutions. This study focuses on current advances in biotechnological techniques, such as enzymatic degradation, microbial bioreactors, and genetically modified microbes designed to remove API. The potential of improved biofilms and immobilized enzyme systems for improving the breakdown efficiency of resistant medicines is highlighted. Additionally, combining biotechnological technologies with conventional treatment procedures, such as membrane bioreactors (MBRs) and hybrid systems, is being investigated for synergistic results. Furthermore, this study underlines the importance of omics technologies, such as genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, in understanding microbial pathways and improving bioprocesses for targeted API breakdown. Operational scalability, legal restrictions, and the environmental effect of biotechnology treatments are all addressed. This study seeks to educate academics, policymakers, and industry stakeholders on cutting-edge solutions that are consistent with environmental sustainability goals by giving a thorough overview of sustainable biotechnological technologies for API removal. The findings provided herein highlight biotechnology's potential to transform pharmaceutical wastewater treatment while reducing its environmental impact.