Skip to content
2000
Volume 18, Issue 5
  • ISSN: 2212-7976
  • E-ISSN: 1874-477X

Abstract

Background

Dual-fuel diesel engines using hydrogen as a secondary fuel source are a promising technology for reducing emissions while maintaining engine performance. However, optimizing these engines for all three aspects (performance, emissions, and vibration) simultaneously presents a challenge.

Objective

This study aimed to address this challenge by employing Response Surface Methodology, a statistical technique used to optimize multi-variable processes. The goal was to find the ideal combination of engine load, hydrogen flow rate, and compression ratio that would maximize Brake Thermal Efficiency while minimizing Brake-Specific Fuel Consumption, Nitrogen Oxide emissions, and engine vibration.

Methods

A Box-Behnken design, a specific type of design optimization with three factors and three levels, was employed. The experiment evaluated the impact of three key factors: engine load (ranging from 0 - 12 kg), hydrogen flow rate (0-15 L/min), and compression ratio (16 to 18:1). The effects of these factors on performance, emissions, and vibration were measured.

Results

The results revealed a trade-off between achieving optimal performance and minimizing emissions. The highest Brake Thermal Efficiency and lowest Brake-Specific Fuel Consumption were achieved at a high compression ratio (18:1), maximum hydrogen flow rate (15 L/min), and under full engine load (12 kg), corresponding to a brake power of 3.5 kW. However, these conditions also resulted in higher NO emissions and vibration levels. Conversely, minimizing NO and vibration occurred at a lower compression ratio (16:1), with the same maximum hydrogen flow rate (15 L/min), but at a significantly reduced engine load (3 kg), resulting in a much lower brake power of 0.875 kW.

Conclusion

These findings highlight the complex relationship between performance, emissions, and vibration in a hydrogen-diesel dual-fuel engine optimized using Response Surface Methodology. While optimal conditions were identified for specific goals, achieving all desired characteristics simultaneously across the entire operating range remains a challenge.

© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/meng/10.2174/0122127976322070240621095449
2024-07-05
2025-11-14

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/meng/10.2174/0122127976322070240621095449
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. RaoC. Ignition control of advanced combustion engines: A patent landscape.Recent Pat. Mech. Eng.20092215416410.2174/2212797610902020154
     [Google Scholar]
  2. PaparaoJ. MuruganS. Dual-fuel diesel engine run with injected pilot biodiesel-diesel fuel blend with inducted oxy-hydrogen (HHO) gas.Int. J. Hydrogen Energy20224740177881780710.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.03.235
     [Google Scholar]
  3. SatsangiD.P. TiwariN. Experimental investigation on combustion, noise, vibrations, performance and emissions characteristics of diesel/n-butanol blends driven genset engine.Fuel2018221446010.1016/j.fuel.2018.02.060
     [Google Scholar]
  4. KumarD.V. KumarP.R. KumariM.S. Prediction of performance and emissions of a biodiesel fueled lanthanum zirconate coated direct injection diesel engine using artificial neural networks.Procedia Eng.201364993100210.1016/j.proeng.2013.09.176
     [Google Scholar]
  5. DuanX. XuL. XuL. Performance analysis and comparison of the spark ignition engine fuelled with industrial by-product hydrogen and gasoline.J. Clean. Prod.202342413889910.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138899
     [Google Scholar]
  6. MilojevićS. SavićS. MarićD. StopkaO. KrstićB. StojanovićB. Correlation between emission and combustion characteristics with the compression ratio and fuel injection timing in tribologically optimized diesel engine.Teh. Vjesn.202229412101219
     [Google Scholar]
  7. MilojevićS. GlišovićJ. SavićS. BoškovićG. BukvićM. StojanovićB. Particulate matter emission and air pollution reduction by applying variable systems in tribologically optimized diesel engines for vehicles in road traffic.Atmosphere202415218410.3390/atmos15020184
     [Google Scholar]
  8. MilojevićS. SkrucanyT. MiloševićH. StanojevićD. PantićM. StojanovićB. Alternative drive systems and environmentaly friendly public passengers transport.J. Eng. Appl. Sci.20183310511310.18485/aeletters.2018.3.3.4
     [Google Scholar]
  9. MilojevićS.S. SlobodanM. DejanK. KrstićB. StojanovicB. Solving the problem of friction and wear in auxiliary devices of internal combustion engines on the example of reciprocating air compressor for vehicles.Technical Gazette20233012213010.17559/TV‑20220414105757
     [Google Scholar]
  10. BukvićM. GajevićS. SkulićA. SavićS. AšonjaA. StojanovićB. Tribological application of nanocomposite additives in industrial oils.Lubricants2023121610.3390/lubricants12010006
     [Google Scholar]
  11. PaparaoJ. MuruganS. Oxy-hydrogen gas as an alternative fuel for heat and power generation applications: A review.Int. J. Hydrogen Energy20214676377053773510.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.09.069
     [Google Scholar]
  12. DonepudiJ. PuliR. MurthyM. The effect of supercharging on performance and emission characteristics of C.I. Engine with diesel-ethanol-ester blends.Therm. Sci.20111541165117410.2298/TSCI100513042D
     [Google Scholar]
  13. OmarF.K. SelimM.Y.E. EmamS.A. Time and frequency analyses of dual-fuel engine block vibration.Fuel201720388489310.1016/j.fuel.2017.05.034
     [Google Scholar]
  14. WongchaiB. VisuwanP. ChuepengS. The vibration analysis of diesel engine with hydrogen-diesel dual fuel.Am. J. Appl. Sci.201310181410.3844/ajassp.2013.8.14
     [Google Scholar]
  15. ChintalaV. SubramanianK.A. A comprehensive review on utilization of hydrogen in a compression ignition engine under dual fuel mode.Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.20177047249110.1016/j.rser.2016.11.247
     [Google Scholar]
  16. VerhelstS. WallnerT. Hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines.Pror. Energy Combust. Sci.200935649052710.1016/j.pecs.2009.08.001
     [Google Scholar]
  17. CecrleE. DepcikC. GuoJ. PeltierE. Analysis of the effects of reformate (hydrogen/carbon monoxide) as an assistive fuel on the performance and emissions of used canola-oil biodiesel.Int. J. Hydrogen Energy20123743510352710.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.11.026
     [Google Scholar]
  18. AcarC. DincerI. The potential role of hydrogen as a sustainable transportation fuel to combat global warming.Int. J. Hydrogen Energy20204553396340610.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.10.149
     [Google Scholar]
  19. ZhuH. ZhangY. LiuF. WeiW. Effect of excess hydrogen on hydrogen fueled internal combustion engine under full load.Int. J. Hydrogen Energy20204539204192042510.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.12.022
     [Google Scholar]
  20. AkalD. A review of hydrogen usage in internal combustion engines (gasoline-Lpg-diesel) from combustion performance aspect.Int. J. Hydrogen Energy20204560352573526810.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.02.001
     [Google Scholar]
  21. GnanamoorthiV. VimalananthV.T. Effect of hydrogen fuel at higher flow rate under dual fuel mode in CRDI diesel engine.Int. J. Hydrogen Energy20204533168741688910.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.04.145
     [Google Scholar]
  22. MasjukiH.H. RuhulA.M. MustafiN.N. KalamM.A. ArbabM.I. Rizwanul FattahI.M. Study of production optimization and effect of hydroxyl gas on a CI engine performance and emission fueled with biodiesel blends.Int. J. Hydrogen Energy20164133145191452810.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.05.273
     [Google Scholar]
  23. JegadheesanC. SomasundaramP. MeenakshipriyaB. VigneshU.P. Investigation effect of hydrogen addition on the performance and exhaust emissions of Pongamia pinnata biodiesel fueled compression ignition engine.Int. J. Green Energy201714151256126810.1080/15435075.2017.1399134
     [Google Scholar]
  24. HosseiniS.E. ButlerB. An overview of development and challenges in hydrogen powered vehicles.Int. J. Green Energy2019133710.1080/15435075.2019.1685999
     [Google Scholar]
  25. NagS. SharmaP. GuptaA. DharA. Combustion, vibration and noise analysis of hydrogen-diesel dual fuelled engine.Fuel201924148849410.1016/j.fuel.2018.12.055
     [Google Scholar]
  26. HariharanN. SenthilV. KarthicS.V. KrishnamoorthiM. Influence of hydrogen enrichment on the combustion, efficiency and emissions of dual fuel engine.Energy Sources A Recovery Util. Environ. Effects20194537405742210.1080/15567036.2019.1675816
     [Google Scholar]
  27. RajakU. NashineP. VermaT.N. PugazhendhiA. Performance and emission analysis of a diesel engine using hydrogen enriched n-butanol, diethyl ester and Spirulina microalgae biodiesel.Fuel202027111764510.1016/j.fuel.2020.117645
     [Google Scholar]
  28. ZhangX. YangR. AnburajanP. Assessment of hydrogen and nanoparticles blended biodiesel on the diesel engine performance and emission characteristics.Fuel202230712178010.1016/j.fuel.2021.121780
     [Google Scholar]
  29. SubramanianB. ThangavelV. Experimental investigations on performance, emission and combustion characteristics of Diesel-Hydrogen and diesel-HHO gas in a dual fuel CI engine.Int. J. Hydrogen Energy20204546254792549210.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.06.280
     [Google Scholar]
  30. SharmaP. DharA. Effect of hydrogen supplementation on engine performance and emissions.Int. J. Hydrogen Energy201843157570758010.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.02.181
     [Google Scholar]
  31. SaravananN. NagarajanG. Performance and emission studies on port injection of hydrogen with varied flow rates with diesel as an ignition source.Appl. Energy20108772218222910.1016/j.apenergy.2010.01.014
     [Google Scholar]
  32. KumarR.S. LoganathanM. GunasekaranE.J. Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of CI engine fuelled with diesel and hydrogen.Front. Energy20159448649410.1007/s11708‑015‑0368‑4
     [Google Scholar]
  33. SinghYadavV Soni SL, Sharma D. Performance and emission studies of direct injection C.I. engine in duel fuel mode (hydrogen-diesel) with EGR.Int. J. Hydrogen Energy20123743807381710.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.04.163
     [Google Scholar]
  34. GangwarA. Emission and combustion characteristics of biodiesel (Jatropha Curcas) blends in a medium duty IDI transportation engine.ASME 2007 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference.October 14–17Charleston, South Carolina, USA,20071610.1115/ICEF2007‑1684
     [Google Scholar]
  35. KöseH. CinivizM. An experimental investigation of effect on diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions of addition at dual fuel mode of hydrogen.Fuel Process. Technol.2013114263410.1016/j.fuproc.2013.03.023
     [Google Scholar]
  36. BoseP.K. MajiD. An experimental investigation on engine performance and emissions of a single cylinder diesel engine using hydrogen as inducted fuel and diesel as injected fuel with exhaust gas recirculation.Int. J. Hydrogen Energy200934114847485410.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.10.077
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Taghizadeh-AlisaraeiA. GhobadianB. Tavakoli-HashjinT. MohtasebiS.S. Vibration analysis of a diesel engine using biodiesel and petrodiesel fuel blends.Fuel201210241442210.1016/j.fuel.2012.06.109
     [Google Scholar]
  38. UludamarE. TosunE. TüccarG. Evaluation of vibration characteristics of a hydroxyl (HHO) gas generator installed diesel engine fuelled with different diesel–biodiesel blends.Int. J. Hydrogen Energy20174236233522336010.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.01.192
     [Google Scholar]
  39. ÇalıkA. Determination of vibration characteristics of a compression ignition engine operated by hydrogen enriched diesel and biodiesel fuels.Fuel20182301535535810.1016/j.fuel.2018.05.053
     [Google Scholar]
  40. UludamarE. YıldızhanŞ. AydınK. ÖzcanlıM. Vibration, noise and exhaust emissions analyses of an unmodified compression ignition engine fuelled with low sulphur diesel and biodiesel blends with hydrogen addition.Int. J. Hydrogen Energy20164126114811149010.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.03.179
     [Google Scholar]
  41. ÇelebiK. UludamarE. ÖzcanlıM. Evaluation of fuel consumption and vibration characteristic of a compression ignition engine fuelled with high viscosity biodiesel and hydrogen addition.Int. J. Hydrogen Energy20174236233792338810.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.02.066
     [Google Scholar]
  42. PanayiotouG. KalogirouS. TassouS. Solar hydrogen production and storage techniques.Recent Pat. Mech. Eng.20103215415910.2174/2212797611003020154
     [Google Scholar]
  43. SaravananN. NagarajanG. DhanasekaranC. KalaiselvanK. Experimental investigation of hydrogen port fuel injection in DI diesel engine.Int. J. Hydrogen Energy200732164071408010.1016/j.ijhydene.2007.03.036
     [Google Scholar]
  44. SarıkoçS. ÜnalanS. Örsİ. Experimental study of hydrogen addition on waste cooking oil biodiesel-diesel-butanol fuel blends in a DI diesel engine.BioEnergy Res.201912244345610.1007/s12155‑019‑09980‑x
     [Google Scholar]
  45. TeohY.H. HowH.G. LeT.D. A review on production and implementation of hydrogen as a green fuel in internal combustion engines.Fuel202333312652510.1016/j.fuel.2022.126525
     [Google Scholar]
  46. KaragözY. SandalcıT. YüksekL. DalkılıçA.S. WongwisesS. Effect of hydrogen–diesel dual-fuel usage on performance, emissions and diesel combustion in diesel engines.Adv. Mech. Eng.20168810.1177/1687814016664458
     [Google Scholar]
  47. RoyM.M. TomitaE. KawaharaN. HaradaY. SakaneA. An experimental investigation on engine performance and emissions of a supercharged H2-diesel dual-fuel engine.Int. J. Hydrogen Energy201035284485310.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.11.009
     [Google Scholar]
  48. BorettiA. The hydrogen economy is complementary and synergetic to the electric economy.Int. J. Hydrogen Energy20214678389593896310.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.09.121
     [Google Scholar]
  49. QiangH. Li-LiL. Giron-PalomaresB. YongZ. An-LingL. The optimization design of lathe motorized spindle.Recent Pat. Mech. Eng.20158324925910.2174/2212797608666150821230741
     [Google Scholar]
  50. KaziciHC YilmazH ahanT YildizF Acomprehensive study of hydrogen productionammonia borane via PdCoAg/AC nanoparticles and anodiccurrent in alkaline medium: experimental design withresponse surface methodology. Front Energy2020143578e8910.1007/s11708‑020‑0808‑7
     [Google Scholar]
  51. MazarA.M. KalatehjariR. JafariS. Optimization of abrasive wear behavior of high chromium cast iron and hadfield steel.Recent Pat. Mech. Eng.20125211312810.2174/2212797611205020113
     [Google Scholar]
  52. ErinçU.C. Optimization of exhaust emissions, vibration, and noise of a hydrogen enriched fuelled diesel engine.Int. J. Hydrogen Energy20224787370903710510.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.08.257
     [Google Scholar]
  53. ElkelawyM. BastawissiH.A.E. EsmaeilK.K. Maximization of biodiesel production from sunflower and soybean oils and prediction of diesel engine performance and emission characteristics through response surface methodology.Fuel202026611707210.1016/j.fuel.2020.117072
     [Google Scholar]
  54. SuhelA. AbdulR.N. AbdulR.M.R. BinA.K.A. Improve direct injection compression ignition engine behavior using magnetite nano-fuel and hydrogen induction: A dual fuel approach.Energy Sources A Recovery Util. Environ. Effects202111810.1080/15567036.2021.1946216
     [Google Scholar]
  55. MalekA. Chimie douce hydrogen production from Hg contaminated water, with desirable throughput, and simultaneous Hg-removal.Int. J. Hydrogen Energy20174224157241573010.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.05.082
     [Google Scholar]
  56. SubaniS. KumarD.V. Combustion, performance and emission characteristics of CI engine fueled with diesel and hydrogen based reactor.Mat Tod Proc202310.1016/j.matpr.2023.04.566
     [Google Scholar]
  57. SkF. VinayK.D. Optimization of performance and exhaust emissions of a PFI SI engine operated with iso-stoichiometric GEM blends using response surface methodology.Jord J MechanIndust Eng2021152199207
     [Google Scholar]
  58. SaravananN. NagarajanG. An experimental investigation of hydrogen-enriched air induction in a diesel engine system.Int. J. Hydrogen Energy20083361769177510.1016/j.ijhydene.2007.12.065
     [Google Scholar]
  59. SagariJ.K. Sukhvinder KaurB. VadapalliS. DadiV.T. GuddantiS.S. LakkojuS.K. Comprehensive performance, combustion, emission, and vibration parameters assessment of diesel engine fuelled with a hybrid of niger seed oil biodiesel and hydrogen: Response surface methodology approach.SN Appl. Sci.202029150810.1007/s42452‑020‑03304‑x
     [Google Scholar]
  60. WamankarA.K. SatapathyA.K. MuruganS. Experimental investigation of the effect of compression ratio, injection timing and pressure in a DI (direct injection) diesel engine running on carbon black-water-diesel emulsion.Energy201593151152010.1016/j.energy.2015.09.068
     [Google Scholar]
  61. PaulA. An experimental investigation of performance-emission trade off characteristics of a CI engine using hydrogen as dual fuel.Energy201588974410.1016/j.energy.2015.06.005
     [Google Scholar]
  62. JaikumarS. BhattiS.K. SrinivasV. Experimental explorations of dual fuel CI engine operating with Guizotia abyssinica methyl ester–diesel blend (B20) and hydrogen at different compression ratios.Arab. J. Sci. Eng.20194412101951020510.1007/s13369‑019‑04033‑z
     [Google Scholar]
  63. TüccarG. Effect of hydroxy gas enrichment on vibration, noise and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with Foeniculum vulgare oil biodiesel and diesel fuel.Energy Sources A Recovery Util. Environ. Effects201840101257126510.1080/15567036.2018.1476622
     [Google Scholar]
  64. MasoodM. MehdiS.N. Ram ReddyP. Experimental investigations on a hydrogen-diesel dual fuel engine at different compression ratios.J. Eng. Gas Turbines. Power2007129257257810.1115/1.2227418
     [Google Scholar]
  65. JaikumarS. BhattiS.K. SrinivasV. RajasekharM. Vibration and noise characteristics of CI engine fueled with Niger seed oil methyl ester blends and hydrogen.Int. J. Eng. Sci. Technol.20201715291536
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/meng/10.2174/0122127976322070240621095449
Loading
Optimization of Performance, Emissions, and Vibration in a Hydrogen-Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine Using Response Surface Methodology
Recent Patents on Mechanical Engineering 18, 567 (2025); https://doi.org/10.2174/0122127976322070240621095449
/content/journals/meng/10.2174/0122127976322070240621095449
/content/journals/meng/10.2174/0122127976322070240621095449
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Research Article
Keyword(s): dual fuel engine; Hydrogen reactor; optimization; response surface methodology; torque; vibration

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test