Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology - Volume 26, Issue 16, 2025

This review aims to explore the advances in the study of SIRT3 and liver disease and review possible mechanisms. Natural and chemical activators of SIRT3 are also discussed. The role of SIRT3 in the pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of liver disease is summarized by reviewing Pubmed. SIRT3 alleviates liver diseases by regulating fatty acid metabolism, mitochondrial function, and immune-inflammatory response. Meanwhile, Withaferin A, lipoic acid, major royal jelly proteins, and berberine can activate SIRT3 or upregulate its expression, thereby alleviating liver damage. SIRT3 can effectively slow down the progression of liver disease and protect the liver from further damage. The use of SIRT3 as a pharmacological target for the treatment of liver disease is a potential therapeutic approach.

This study aimed to explore the effects of Jiangu Recipe (JGR) on chondrocyte responses under tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP)-induced oxidative stress, specifically focusing on apoptosis and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation.

Chondrocytes were treated with varying JGR concentrations, and cell viability was assessed. The impact of JGR on TBHP-induced apoptosis and protein expression levels of apoptosis-related molecules (Bcl-2, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3) and ECM components (Collagen II, Aggrecan, MMP-13) was evaluated.

JGR exhibited protective effects against oxidative stress in chondrocytes. Moreover, it maintained cell viability under tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) induction, suppressing apoptosis (Bax, cleaved caspase-3) and enhancing anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. JGR also attenuated extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, promoting Collagen II and Aggrecan while reducing MMP-13 expression. Investigating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, it was found that JGR downregulated TBHP-induced GRP78, CHOP, ATF4, p-PERK, and p-eIF2α, thus indicating ER stress modulation. SIRT1 played a key role, as JGR upregulated SIRT1, mitigating TBHP-induced downregulation. SIRT1 knockdown reversed JGR's protective effects, highlighting its crucial role in JGR-mediated responses.

Our findings suggest that JGR mitigated TBHP-induced chondrocyte apoptosis and ECM degradation, highlighting its potential therapeutic application in osteoarthritis. Mechanistically, our study highlights that SIRT1 plays a crucial role in mediating the protective effects of JGR against ER stress-induced chondrocyte apoptosis and ECM degradation, providing a foundation for further clinical exploration in managing osteoarthritic conditions.

Docetaxel (DTX) is a chemotherapeutic drug that has high toxicity and low bioavailability. To solve these problems, PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) were loaded with DTX and coated with mucoadhesive polymers; chitosan (CS), carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS), or glycol chitosan (GCS). The NPs were characterized for size, charge, and polydispersity.

The particles were explored using SEM, FTIR, DSC, and XRD. In vitro studies were performed to evaluate the mucoadhesive properties of the NPs and the drug release.

The results validated the successful formation of spherical and monodispersed DTX NPs. The coated NPs exhibited highly positive charges, reaching +44.30±0.21 mV, whereas the uncoated NPs were almost neutral. The formulations demonstrated excellent encapsulation efficiency (>98%) and loading capacity (>45%). All polymers used in the coating process enhanced the mucoadhesive properties of PLGA NPs and sustained DTX release. Both the mucoadhesiveness and release were related to the used coating polymer and its concentration. The formulations were stable for up to three months in the refrigerator.

In conclusion, loading DTX in PLGA NPs and coating them with CS, CMCS, or GCS provides a promising strategy to increase the NPs' residence time on mucosal surfaces, which is expected to decrease the required dose of DTX and reduce its side effects.

Liposomes were extensively used for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals due to their versatility, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, as well as the ability to encapsulate water-soluble and fat-soluble substances. However, some challenges remain unsolved, including poor stability, complex preparation process, limited encapsulation efficiencies (EE%) and drug loading capacity (DLC%).

We herein prepared universal liquid proliposomes by rotary evaporation method and optimized formulations with different pH, glycerol content, ethanol content and preparation process.

The EE% of water-soluble substances was above 85%, and the maximum DLC% was 37.5%. In 7 different conditions, the optimal formulation of the proliposomes remained stable over 60 days. The excellent stability of proliposomes and nicotinamide liposomes and their essence, when applied to cosmetic formulations, was confirmed by the Turbiscan stability analyzer.

The proposed universal liquid proliposomes can form liposomes encapsulating a variety of water-soluble substances rapidly, making them an accessible and versatile tool for improving the stability and applicability of water-soluble raw materials.

T-cell exhaustion (TEX) is one reason for immunotherapy resistance among cancers, but the specific mechanism and influencing factors of TEX in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) are not fully understood. This study aimed to establish a TEX signature for predicting the prognosis of DLBCL and investigate the immune characteristics related to the TEX signature.

The gene expression data of DLBCL were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases. Prognostic TEX related genes were selected by Cox regression analysis for prognostic signature (TEX score) construction. The correlation of risk grouping with immune cell infiltration was analyzed by CIBERSORT and ssGSEA. Molecular mechanisms between high and low TEX score groups were explored by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA).

A total of 115 differentially expressed TEX-related genes were selected, and 12 were prognosis-related after Cox regression. Following Ninesignature genes, including TRIM6, BIRC3, CTSC, GBP3, IRF3, TRIM22, IFI30, TRIM25 and BAG4 were identified to construct a TEX score. The receiver operator characteristic curve curves suggested that the model presented high predictive precision. A nomogram was established, which also had good prediction performance in survival prognosis. The composition of immune cells in the two risk groups was significantly different. GSEA identified 33 hallmarks between two risk groups, which were associated with immune cells infiltration and inflammation.

The TEX score has prognosis-predicting value for DLBCL and might be a valuable biomarker to guide clinical decision‐making for patients with DLBCL.

Multiple organisms infect the host simultaneously in the case of co-infection. This study intended to determine the prevalence of viral hepatitis B in HIV/Asymptomatic VL co-infected patients and to identify the HBV genotype circulating in these patients in Bihar, India.

There were 96 archived samples with co-infection with HIV and asymptomatic VL-positivity included in this study. A real-time PCR test was performed to measure the load of HBV DNA, and a chemiluminescent immunoassay was performed to determine the level of HBsAg.

Our study evaluated HIV and AVL co-infected patients with two coexisting genotypes of HBV and observed the expression of the B, C, and D genotypes. HBsAg levels correlated directly with HBV DNA levels in almost every case.

For a better understanding of this disease, authors need approaches and strategies for improving the current diagnostic techniques, as well as studies focusing on vector control procedures and other operational tools.