Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry - Volume 22, Issue 6, 2025

The toxicity of systemic release in common drug delivery has irreversible effects on various tissues and organs of the body. The use of programmed biopolymers sensitive to the body's physiological conditions for targeted drug delivery has attracted extensive consideration. There are numerous benefits to this approach. The need for appropriate biopolymers for drug carriers suitable for programmed cargo delivery is a crucial challenge for biologists and physicists. Summarizing such materials can be very helpful in selecting the right materials. Extensive advances and many capabilities in the field of biopolymers have led to their increasing daily use, and among other materials, this research on biopolymers. In this study, the most important polymers for programmed drug delivery are introduced. We have tried to discuss the effective properties of materials in smart stimuli-sensitive drug delivery, their advantages and disadvantages, different forms, how to use them as a smart carrier, and their absorption mechanism.

Di-tert-butyl peroxide is a commonly used organoperoxide in many oxidation transformations. The primary factors contributing to the increasing usefulness of DTBP include its affordability, eco-friendliness, exceptional efficacy, and capacity to substitute harmful or rare heavy metal oxidants. In this decennial update, we thoroughly examined noteworthy C-C bond formation reactions promoted by DTBP from 2014 till the present. This review centers on the benefits and drawbacks of synthetic organic transformations using DTBP, as well as their extent and underlying mechanisms.

In recent years, photochemical organic conversion promoted by visible light has attracted the interest of many organic chemists. Compared with the traditional methods, visible light as the photocatalytic oxidation of renewable energy has been proved to be a mild and powerful tool that can promote the activation of organic molecules through the single electron transfer (SET) process. Katritzky salt has been widely used in organic synthesis and drug preparation due to its convenient synthesis, easy availability of raw materials and high stability. These large Katritzky salts derived from amines can easily generate carbon radicals and conduct various organic conversion reactions. At present, this research has become an important research field of organic synthesis. This paper reviews the research results of coupling reactions of Carbon-Carbon bond formation involving visible light promoted Katritzky salts since 2020, and discusses representative examples and reaction mechanisms.

The present review deals with different synthetic methods of isothiocyanates, including alcohols, aryl chlorides, primary amines, carboxylic acid or carboxylic acid derivatives, cleavage of heterocyclic compounds, and alkene derivatives as a starting material. Furthermore, the thermal rearrangement of thiocyanate, decomposition of thiourea derivatives, and natural isothiocyanates are discussed. It also includes the chemical reaction of isothiocyanates derivatives, such as reaction with alkenes and aromatic compounds, addition of water and amine derivatives, reaction with amino alcohol derivatives, reaction with amino acids and their derivatives, reaction with hydrazine and acid hydrazide derivatives, and miscellaneous reactions. In addition, this review summarizes different pharmaceutical applications of isothiocyanate derivatives, such as anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities.

The synthesis of imidazolines has gained significant attention due to their wide range of applications in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials science. Recent advancements in the use of transition metal catalysts have revolutionized the methodologies for synthesizing these heterocyclic compounds. This review highlights the latest developments in transition metal-catalyzed reactions, focusing on their efficiency, selectivity, and sustainability. Key breakthroughs include the utilization of palladium, nickel, and copper catalysts, which have demonstrated remarkable activity in various coupling and cyclization reactions. Additionally, the incorporation of green chemistry principles has led to more environmentally friendly processes. The mechanistic insights and practical applications discussed herein provide a comprehensive understanding of the current state and future prospects of transition metal-catalyzed imidazoline synthesis. This review highlights the literature from 2010 to 2024, focusing on various protocols involving transition metal catalysts for the synthesis of diverse imidazoline heterocyclic compounds.