Micro and Nanosystems - Volume 17, Issue 3, 2025

Artificial Intelligence (AI) combined with nanotechnology could detect oral cancer development in an earlier stage by using various advanced techniques such as biosensors, Raman scattering, bio-imaging, smartphones, and AI applications.

This study aimed to review the latest developments in sophisticated early oral cancer diagnosis using AI techniques combined with nanotechnologies such as Raman scattering and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) imaging models.

Machine learning includes Gabor filters, Resnet 50 for feature extraction, and nanotechnologies such as Raman scattering. An AI smartphone-based image module helped to detect oral cancers such as high-risk OSCC.

AI systems enhance oral cancer identification. Nano-biosensors and Raman scattering aid in precise detection. AI models, like Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), accurately classify oral lesions. Integrating AI, IoT, and smartphones enables remote screening in marginalized communities.

Artificial intelligence enhances machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) accuracy for oral cancer diagnosis. The hybrid Gabor filter, Resnet 50, and nano-based methods impact treatment.

Artificial intelligence and nano-based oral cancer detection, using ML and DL, offer precise diagnosis. These technological advancements enable early detection and improve treatment outcomes.

The objective of this review is to study the duodenal ulcer caused by Helicobacter pylori using experimental animal models.

Animal models play an important role in the screening of new drugs and compounds to establish their safety and effectiveness. Peptic ulcer (PU) is a heterogeneous multifactorial disorder of known and unknown etiologies and may be caused by the imbalance between the mucosal defensive forces (prostaglandin, bicarbonate, mucus) and the stomach aggressive factors (Helicobacter pylori, hydrochloric acid (HCL), and pepsin). Researchers used various in-vivo animal models to evaluate the therapeutic potential of test substances. Among these, ethanol-induced peptic ulcers, NSAID-induced peptic ulcers, and pylorus ligation-induced peptic ulcers are frequently used. In this review, we focused on the H. pylori-induced peptic ulcer, as we found in many published articles that most of the peptic ulcers are due to H. pylori infection. H. pylori enters into the host's stomach using urease to fight against the acidic environment. It colonizes the host's gastric epithelial cells and releases effector proteins and toxins. The stomach epithelium, which is the primary interface, secretes chemokines that trigger neutrophil activation and innate immunity and contribute to clinical illnesses like ulcers and gastritis.

We have discussed several animal models in detail, such as the cat model, mice model, Mongolian gerbil model, pig model, rat model, and rhesus monkey model for H. pylori-induced duodenal ulcer and gastritis.

Our efforts have been devoted to summarizing and explaining the mechanism of H. pylori-induced ulceration using different experimental animal models, which will help and prove to be an asset for future research.

The size effect on the quasi-static analysis of microbeams embedded with micro shape memory alloys (SMAs) has not been studied as per today. Therefore, in the present research, the nonlinear bending performance of the microbeam comprising SMA micro SMA wires is implemented considering the size effects regarding the coupled geometric and material nonlinearities for the first time. The SMA has different properties depending on the amount of strain at each point of the microbeam. Moreover, the amount of strain depends on the SMA properties. This mutual dependence between SMA properties and strain leads to increased complexity in the analysis.

In this research, the formulation presented by Lagoudas and Hernandez is used for modeling the phase transformation and capturing the size effects for the SMA microwires. Via the modified couple stress theory, the size effect of the matrix material is captured.

The nonlinear equations of motions are obtained by the principle of virtual work, using the von Karman strains and, Timoshenko beam theory for different boundary conditions. Then the return mapping scheme and also iterative nonlinear finite element methods were used for solving the governing equations. The results are presented according to the distribution of martensitic volume fraction (MVF), transverse deflection, distribution of strain, stress-strain graph, and variations of the elasticity modulus of the embedded micro SMA wires. A comparison of some obtained results with available references indicates the present work’s validity.

One of the most important findings of this work is that increasing the value of the length-scale factor as well as increasing the diameter of the micro SMA wires will reduce the maximum transverse deflection of the microbeam.

In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using Lavandula angustifolia Sevtopolis (LA Sevtapolis) plant extract without using any reducing or stabilizing agent.

The morphologies, optical properties, and crystallinities of the prepared AgNPs were determined using scanning electron microscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction.

The antibacterial activities of the synthesized AgNPs against some gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial species were investigated. The lowest effect was observed against the Gram-positive B. cereus ATCC 11778 with a concentration of 0.0375 µg/mL. Additionally, the toxic effect on the human normal cell line HEK-293T and the antiproliferative activity against the prostate (PC3) cancer cell line were examined. The IC50 values of AgNPs against PC3 and HEK-293T cells were found to be 4.72 µL/mL and 6.838 µL/mL, respectively.

In conclusion, due to their antiproliferative and antibacterial activities, AgNPs synthesized using LA Sevtopolis extract were found to have potential applications in various biomedical fields.

Emerging technologies aim to enhance processor speed, reduce chip sizes, and minimize power consumption in various electronic devices, including Smartphone’s.

The demand for improved battery life and low power consumption is indeed a significant challenge in the industry. Carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNTFETs) are one of the potential solutions being explored to address these challenges. The implementation of a full adder using CNTFETs can potentially leverage the benefits of these nanoscale devices. This paper introduces a novel approach to designing a 1-bit full adder cell with a focus on low voltage and low power requirements.

The proposed design combines pass transistor and transmission gate logic in a hybrid multiplexer-based configuration. The proposed full adder circuit utilizes a total of 14 transistors, resulting in a compact and efficient design.

For +0.9 V supply voltage at 32-nm CNTFET technology, the power consumption is 0.0537 μW was found to be extremely low with lower propagation delay 8.7543 Ps and power-delay product (PDP) of 0.4701 aJ by the deliberate use of CMOS inverter and strong transmission gates. The performance analysis of different existing 1-bit full adder designs was compared concerning the newly proposed design in terms of power, delay, and power-delay product (PDP).

The implementation of an N-bit ripple carry adder utilizing the proposed full adder is finally presented. The results obtained from this analysis provide valuable insights into the power efficiency, speed, and overall performance of the proposed design. The performance of the proposed 1-bit full adder circuit was examined with 32-nm CNTFET technology at +0.9 V single-ended supply voltage using the Mentor Graphics Schematic Design Composer CAD tool.

The slot type of photonic waveguide is commonly used in designing sensors based on the evanescent field because of its high evanescent field characteristics.

In this study, we introduced multiple uniform strips to improve the performance of the waveguide, aiming for a higher evanescent field ratio and reduced propagation loss to optimize the effectiveness of the sensor. The inclusion of uniform strips enhances the overall capabilities of the waveguide for evanescent field-based sensing applications.

The investigation showed that the one-strip and three-strip design structures achieved maximum evanescent field values of 0.43 and 0.38, respectively, indicating significant levels. However, the three-strip design structure exhibited the minimum propagation loss, recorded at 9.1 dB/cm. Considering the variations in Evanescent Field Ratio (EFR) and propagation loss, the slot waveguide with three strips emerges as a potentially optimal design structure.

This conclusion is particularly relevant in the context of brain cancer applications, where heightened sensitivity is crucial. Therefore, the three-strip configuration shows promise for superior performance in detecting and addressing the complexities of brain cancer.

The current study set out to formulate, Design, and assess Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) loaded with Gentamicin sulfate.

Glyceryl monostearate (GMS) was used as the lipid matrix in the formulation of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) loaded Gentamicin sulfate through solvent evaporation and ultrasonication. To maximize the SLNs, a 32-level full factorial design was applied. The two independent variables selected were lipid concentration and sonication time. The dependent variables were PDI and particle size. The two dependent variables were particle size and % entrapment efficiency. The optimized formulation was subjected to various evaluation parameters like particle size, % entrapment efficiency, PDI, zeta potential, TEM analysis, pH, drug content, in vitro drug release, release kinetics, ex-vivo drug permeation, sterility test, isotonicity test, in vitro ocular irritation study and ex vivo corneal histopathology studies.

The optimized formulation showed a particle size of 178.2 nm, entrapment efficiency of 93.095%, and PDI of 0.246, where all these results were within ± 5% limits of predicted results suggested by software and statistically significant at 95% of the confidence interval. The optimized formulation showed sustained drug release with a maximum of 82.11 ± 0.34 till 8 hrs following the Higuchi drug release kinetics mechanism. The sterility test and isotonicity test confirmed that the formulation was sterile and isotonic with human blood. HET-CAM test proved that the optimized formulation exhibited neither irritability nor toxicity for ocular administration. A histopathology study confirmed that the formulation didn’t affect the structure of the cornea and hence the formulation was found to be safe for ocular administration.

Based on the obtained results, the study concluded that Gentamicin sulfate-loaded SLNs could be a promising novel formulation approach to address the limitations of commercial eye drops for treating ophthalmic bacterial conjunctivitis.