Current Cell Science - Current Issue

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting the elderly, characterized by cognitive decline and memory impairment. The accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, particularly Aβ42, into neurotoxic plaques is a key pathological hallmark, leading to neuronal damage and cognitive dysfunction. Given the limited efficacy of existing treatments, targeting Aβ aggregation presents a promising therapeutic approach. This review explores the potential of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) synthesized via pulsed laser ablation (PLA) and functionalized with targeting agents for disrupting Aβ aggregation and mitigating AD pathology. Selenium-doped CQDs (SeCQDs) and aptamer-functionalized CQDs (Apta@CQDs) demonstrate specific interactions with Aβ42, reducing cytotoxicity and enhancing biocompatibility. CQDs exert neuroprotective effects by minimizing oxidative stress and modulating Aβ aggregation through red-light-responsive phototherapy. In vitro studies confirm their ability to inhibit β-sheet formation and prevent Aβ-induced toxicity, while in vivo models, including Caenorhabditis elegans and 5xFAD mice, show reduced Aβ deposition, improved cognitive function, and enhanced neuronal survival. CQDs offer a multimodal therapeutic strategy for AD by disrupting Aβ aggregation, reducing oxidative stress, and enhancing neuroprotection. Their unique physicochemical properties highlight their potential as innovative, non-invasive nanodrugs for AD treatment, warranting further exploration in clinical applications.

Cancer is a fatal disease with different hallmarks and pathogenesis pathways. Personalized oncology (PO) or precision medicine (PM) serves as a platform for maximizing therapeutic efficacy by enabling rapid drug selection and combination based on the analysis of oncogenic hallmarks and pathogenesis in the clinical setting.

In a long developing history (six-decades similar and unique pharmacology and medical framework), personalized therapies have been broadening into various platforms and disciplines. The advantages and limitations of these methodologies are addressed. The next generation of PO will integrate information on pharmacology (drug sensitivity or drug combination) and oncology (sequencing, multi-omics profiling, computation, and drug response score analysis) and avoid undesired side effects (suitable organ delivery, dose-ranging prediction, and drug optimization).

Unlimited technical advances can drive the overall cancer treatment progress of different platforms and disciplines in medical knowledge. Greater therapeutic benefits are anticipated from the widespread development of drug selection and combination approaches using cutting-edge technologies, such as artificial intelligence and computational algorithms.

A combination of different techniques and disciplines takes a leading role in advancing cancer treatments and clinical pharmacology through the development of the next generation of PO strategies. Useful, cost-effective, and integrative algorithms and platforms will be innovated by the promotion of biomedical, mathematical, and clinical cancer treatment studies.

Routines and techniques of various PO are formalized according to specific cancer targets, mechanisms, and high-throughput drug sensitivity selection from a greater number of anticancer drugs.

Neoplasm metastasis is a multi-step process with a high rate of cancer mortality (>60%). Several complex pathogenesis pathways and key therapeutic targets are unclear to us now. To change this scenario, effective drug targets and underlying mechanisms should be found, and high-quality metastasis treatment should be supported. Aberrant tumor sialylation was proposed as a putative drug target candidate to bridge the gaps between metastatic spread and drug responses (genetic, molecular, and animal models). More recently, several promising therapeutic mechanisms and benefits against neoplasm metastasis have been observed by potential association for the target of higher levels and diverse forms of sialic acids (sia) analogues, antigens, glycan, sialylation enzymes, and conjugates. Subsequently, sia-related pathophysiology in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic responses has been reviewed. New algorithms, computation, experimental evaluations, and modern technology might see breakthroughs in therapeutic targets, responses, and immune regulation via sialylation enzymes, associated genes, different glycol conjugates, and other hallmarks of cancer.

Anticancer drug development is becoming complex and demanding because human cancer leads to 12% of global human mortality. Chemical and pharmacological breakthroughs play leading roles in updating drug evaluation and development for different types of tumors.

Chemical and pharmacological breakthroughs manifest in different facets. A large proportion of financial and workload increases in drug discovery must be paid off. In front of complexity, difficulties, and financial increase of drug development, evaluative promotion must go miniature-wise and single-cell-wise. Multi-omics knowledge and technology are greatly expanded and understood in depth. This type of technical trend is suitable for current experimental exploration and clinical occasions. Technical and pharmacologic advances are especially emphasized to address this trend.

Presently, the anticancer pharmaceutical study is multi-faceted and risk-taking. To keep up this momentum, multi-disciplinary drug evaluation, clinical selection, and combination principles should be discovered. Past and futuristic chemical and pharmacological interactions and breakthroughs are discussed.

In summary, the landscape of pharmaceutical investigation should be integrated with chemical and pharmacological knowledge in every facet of drug development and clinical personalization.

The favourable results of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy in the management of hematologic malignancies have heightened the formerly unparalleled enthusiasm for employing this novel strategy in the treatment of diverse types of human malignancies. Although there has been a lot of study on increasing the effectiveness of these cells in solid tumors, few studies have examined challenges and potential fixes. A number of the main challenges that CAR-T-cells face include confined trafficking and penetration into the tumour zone, hypoxic and immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME), antigen escape and heterogeneity, CAR-T-cell fatigue, and intense incurable toxicities. Beyond these constraints, CAR designs must expand their applicability to a wider variety of malignancies by surpassing the standard architectures. In order to overcome current obstacles and improve the efficacy and materiality of this therapeutic manner, investigators are combining many medicinal approaches with a broad range of engineering solutions.