Skip to content
2000
image of 
Unlocking the Potential of Ethosomes in Dermatological Treatments

Abstract

In recent times, Ethosome has become a new promising pharmaceutical nano-carrier for the development of innovative dermal and transdermal therapies that help in the treatment of various skin diseases like skin allergies, urticaria, melisma, eczema, melanoma, and other skin disease. Ethosome is a non-invasive, modified phospholipid-based elastic, soft vesicular nano-carrier with high ethanol content. Ethanol in this formulation facilitates rapid penetration of the drug into the skin accelerating cell membrane lipid fluidity. After permeation into the skin, those get fused with the cell membrane lipids and release the loaded drug. BCS III & IV drugs, having low permeability, can be developed with ethosomal systems. Histamine is one of the responsible biogenic factors for itching, skin wheals, allergies, other skin disorders, ., so incorporation of low permeable antihistaminic drugs in ethosome is an emerging prospect in the field of dermatology and cosmetology. Ethosomes reflect positive insights to overcome side effects associated with conventional oral therapy, quick onset of action, and targeted drug delivery to inflamed skin. The concept of ethosome is considered advantageous over liposome to be more penetrable to the skin. Besides the need for further pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics studies on ethosome, it seems to significantly hold a great contemplation for the delivery of medicaments in the skin through different pathways.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/ddl/10.2174/0122103031333671250407165403
2025-04-14
2025-08-13
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Edis Z. Wang J. Waqas M.K. Ijaz M. Ijaz M. Nanocarriers-mediated drug delivery systems for anticancer agents: An overview and perspectives. Int. J. Nanomedicine 2021 16 1313 1330 10.2147/IJN.S289443 33628022
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Ruzycka-Ayoush M. Kowalik P. Kowalczyk A. Bujak P. Nowicka A.M. Wojewodzka M. Kruszewski M. Grudzinski I.P. Quantum dots as targeted doxorubicin drug delivery nanosystems in human lung cancer cells. Cancer Nanotechnol. 2021 12 1 27
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Ge X. Wei M. He S. Yuan W.E. Advances of non-ionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes) and their application in drug delivery. Pharmaceutics 2019 11 2 55 10.3390/pharmaceutics11020055 30700021
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Guillot A.J. Martínez-Navarrete M. Garrigues T.M. Melero A. Skin drug delivery using lipid vesicles: A starting guideline for their development. J. Control. Release 2023 355 624 654 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.02.006 36775245
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Patel M Patel J Upadhyay U. Ethosomes: Versatile vesicular carriers for effective medicinal drug transdermal administration. Int J Drug Dev Res J 2022 14 10 978
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Touitou E. Godin B. Weiss C. Enhanced delivery of drugs into and across the skin by ethosomal carriers. Drug Dev. Res. 2000 50 3-4 406 415 10.1002/1098‑2299(200007/08)50:3/4<406::AID‑DDR23>3.0.CO;2‑M
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Hariharanb S Justinc A Topical delivery of drugs using ethosomes: A review. INDIAN DRUGS 2019 56 8 7 20
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Das S.K. Chakraborty S. Roy C. Rajabalaya R. Mohaimin A.W. Khanam J. Nanda A. David S.R. Ethosomes as novel vesicular carrier: An overview of the principle, preparation and its applications. Curr. Drug Deliv. 2018 15 6 795 817 10.2174/1567201815666180116091604 29336262
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Paiva-Santos A.C. Silva A.L. Guerra C. Peixoto D. Pereira-Silva M. Zeinali M. Mascarenhas-Melo F. Castro R. Veiga F. Ethosomes as nanocarriers for the development of skin delivery formulations. Pharm. Res. 2021 38 6 947 970 10.1007/s11095‑021‑03053‑5 34036520
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Goindi S. Dhatt B. Kaur A. Ethosomes-based topical delivery system of antihistaminic drug for treatment of skin allergies. J. Microencapsul. 2014 31 7 716 724 10.3109/02652048.2014.918667 24963956
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Shukla K.V. Sharma A. Yadav M. Formulation development and evaluation of ethosomal gel of acyclovir for the treatment of herpes zoster. J. Drug Deliv. Ther. 2019 9 4-A 664 668 10.22270/jddt.v9i4‑A.3548
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Godin B. Touitou E. Erythromycin ethosomal systems: Physicochemical characterization and enhanced antibacterial activity. Curr. Drug Deliv. 2005 2 3 269 275 10.2174/1567201054367931 16305429
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Shim J. Kang H.S. Park W.S. Han S.H. Transdermal delivery of minoxidil with ethanolic liposomes. J. Control. Release 2003 97 477 484 10.1016/S0168‑3659(04)00167‑1 15212879
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Indora N Kaushik D Design, development and evaluation of ethosomal gel of fluconazole for topical fungal infection. Int. J. Eng. Sci. Invention Res. Dev. 2015 1 8 280 306
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Bendas E.R. Tadros M.I. Enhanced transdermal delivery of salbutamol sulfate via ethosomes. AAPS PharmSciTech 2007 8 4 213 10.1208/pt0804107 18181528
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Biju S. Talegaonkar S. Mishra P. Khar R. Vesicular systems: An overview. Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 2006 68 2
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Verma P. Pathak K. Therapeutic and cosmeceutical potential of ethosomes: An overview. J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res. 2010 1 3 274 282 10.4103/0110‑5558.72415 22247858
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Bhatia S. Singh V. Singh M. Singh D. Singh T. Piplani M. Singh R. Ethosomes: Novel vesicular carriers for effective transdermal delivery of natural therapeutics. Lett. Drug Des. Discov. 2024 21 4 665 683 10.2174/1570180820666221226153523
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Yurtsever A.G. Ekmekcioglu A. Muftuoglu M. Güngör S. Erdal M.S. Formulation development and evaluation of fluvastatin loaded transethosomes: Characterization, stability, in vitro dermal penetration, cytotoxicity and antipsoriatic activity studies. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2024 91 105234 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.105234
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Agrawal A. Joshi A. Bhattacharya S. Recent excavation of nanoethosomes in current drug delivery. Curr. Drug Deliv. 2024 21 2 168 183 10.2174/1567201820666221220103013 36545741
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Ferrara F. Bondi A. Pula W. Contado C. Baldisserotto A. Manfredini S. Boldrini P. Sguizzato M. Montesi L. Benedusi M. Valacchi G. Esposito E. Ethosomes for curcumin and piperine cutaneous delivery to prevent environmental-stressor-induced skin damage. Antioxidants 2024 13 1 91 10.3390/antiox13010091 38247515
    [Google Scholar]
  22. El-Mahdy M.M. Hassan A.S. El-Badry M. El-Gindy G.E. Performance of curcumin in nanosized carriers niosomes and ethosomes as potential anti-inflammatory delivery system for topical application. Bull. Pharm. Sci. Assiut. 2020 43 1 105 122
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Kumar K.P. Radhika P.R. Sivakumar T. Ethosomes-a priority in transdermal drug delivery. Int. J. Adv. Pharm. Sci. 2010 1 2
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Chandra A. Aggarwal G. Manchanda S. Narula A. Development of topical gel of methotrexate incorporated ethosomes and salicylic acid for the treatment of psoriasis. Pharm. Nanotechnol. 2019 7 5 362 374 10.2174/2211738507666190906123643 31490769
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Lazzarini R. Mendonça R.F. Hafner M.F.S. Allergic contact dermatitis to shoes: Contribution of a specific series to the diagnosis. An. Bras. Dermatol. 2018 93 5 696 700 10.1590/abd1806‑4841.20187370 30156619
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Godin B. Touitou E. Mechanism of bacitracin permeation enhancement through the skin and cellular membranes from an ethosomal carrier. J. Control. Release 2004 94 2-3 365 379 10.1016/j.jconrel.2003.10.014 14744487
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Touitou E. Godin B. Dayan N. Weiss C. Piliponsky A. Levi-Schaffer F. Intracellular delivery mediated by an ethosomal carrier. Biomaterials 2001 22 22 3053 3059 10.1016/S0142‑9612(01)00052‑7 11575480
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Bhalaria MK Naik S Misra AN Ethosomes: A novel delivery system for antifungal drugs in the treatment of topical fungal diseases. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 2009 47 5 368 375
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Patrekar P.V. Inamdar S.J. Mali S.S. Mujib M.T. Ahir A.A. Hosmani A.H. Ethosomes as novel drug delivery system: A review. Pharma Innov. 2015 4 9, Part A 10
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Jun-Bo T. Zhuang-Qun Y. Xi-Jing H. Ying X. Yong S. Zhe X. Tao C. Effect of ethosomal minoxidil on dermal delivery and hair cycle of C57BL/6 mice. J. Dermatol. Sci. 2007 45 2 135 137 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2006.09.007 17074469
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Brockow K. Mørtz C.G. Global atlas of skin allergy. 2019 Available from: https://eaaci-cdn-vod02-prod.azureedge.net/KnowledgeHub/education/books/Global%20Atlas%20of%20Skin%20Allergy.pdf
  32. Salah S. Taieb C. Demessant A.L. Haftek M. Prevalence of skin reactions and self-reported allergies in 5 countries with their social impact measured through quality of life impairment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021 18 9 4501 10.3390/ijerph18094501 33922720
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Newson R.B. van Ree R. Forsberg B. Janson C. Lötvall J. Dahlén S.E. Toskala E.M. Bælum J. Brożek G.M. Kasper L. Kowalski M.L. Howarth P.H. Fokkens W.J. Bachert C. Keil T. Krämer U. Bislimovska J. Gjomarkaj M. Loureiro C. Burney P.G.J. Jarvis D. Geographical variation in the prevalence of sensitization to common aeroallergens in adults: The GA 2 LEN survey. Allergy 2014 69 5 643 651 10.1111/all.12397 24654915
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Faraz K. Seely M. Marano A.L. The role of the environment in allergic skin disease. Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep. 2024 24 6 323 330 10.1007/s11882‑024‑01147‑9 38733510
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Sasseville D. Occupational contact dermatitis. Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol. 2008 4 2 59 65 10.1186/1710‑1492‑4‑2‑59 20525126
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Portelli M.A. Hodge E. Sayers I. Genetic risk factors for the development of allergic disease identified by genome‐wide association. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2015 45 1 21 31 10.1111/cea.12327 24766371
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Jain S. Tiwary A.K. Sapra B. Jain N.K. Formulation and evaluation of ethosomes for transdermal delivery of lamivudine. AAPS PharmSciTech 2007 8 4 249 10.1208/pt0804111 18181532
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Fang Y.P. Tsai Y.H. Wu P.C. Huang Y.B. Comparison of 5-aminolevulinic acid-encapsulated liposome versus ethosome for skin delivery for photodynamic therapy. Int. J. Pharm. 2008 356 1-2 144 152 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.01.020 18325699
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Fang J.Y. Hwang T.L. Leu Y.L. Effect of enhancers and retarders on percutaneous absorption of flurbiprofen from hydrogels. Int. J. Pharm. 2003 250 2 313 325 10.1016/S0378‑5173(02)00540‑9 12527159
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Jain S. Patel N. Madan P. Lin S. Quality by design approach for formulation, evaluation and statistical optimization of diclofenac-loaded ethosomes via transdermal route. Pharm. Dev. Technol. 2015 20 4 473 489 10.3109/10837450.2014.882939 24490793
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Mistry A. Ravikumar P. Development and evaluation of azelaic acid based ethosomes for topical delivery for the treatment of acne. Indian J. Pharm. Educ. Res. 2016 50 3s S232 S243 10.5530/ijper.50.3.34
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Liu J. Hu G. Advances in studies of phospholipids as carriers in skin topical application. J. Nanjing Med. Univ. 2007 21 6 349 353 10.1016/S1007‑4376(07)60076‑8
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Godin B. Touitou E. Rubinstein E. Athamna A. Athamna M. A new approach for treatment of deep skin infections by an ethosomal antibiotic preparation: An in vivo study. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2005 55 6 989 994 10.1093/jac/dki125 15857943
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Verma D.D. Verma S. Blume G. Fahr A. Liposomes increase skin penetration of entrapped and non-entrapped hydrophilic substances into human skin: A skin penetration and confocal laser scanning microscopy study. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2003 55 3 271 277 10.1016/S0939‑6411(03)00021‑3 12754000
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Dave V. Kumar D. Lewis S. Paliwal S. Ethosome for enhanced transdermal drug delivery of aceclofenac. Int. J. Drug Deliv. 2010 2 1 81 92 10.5138/ijdd.2010.0975.0215.02016
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Sakdiset P. Amnuaikit T. Pichayakorn W. Pinsuwan S. Formulation development of ethosomes containing indomethacin for transdermal delivery. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2019 52 760 768 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.05.048
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Song C.K. Balakrishnan P. Shim C.K. Chung S.J. Chong S. Kim D.D. A novel vesicular carrier, transethosome, for enhanced skin delivery of voriconazole: Characterization and in vitro/in vivo evaluation. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 2012 92 299 304 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.12.004 22205066
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Ainbinder D. Touitou E. Testosterone ethosomes for enhanced transdermal delivery. Drug Deliv. 2005 12 5 297 303 10.1080/10717540500176910 16188729
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Paolino D. Lucania G. Mardente D. Alhaique F. Fresta M. Ethosomes for skin delivery of ammonium glycyrrhizinate: In vitro percutaneous permeation through human skin and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity on human volunteers. J. Control. Release 2005 106 1-2 99 110 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.04.007 15935505
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Jain S. Umamaheshwari R.B. Bhadra D. Jain N.K. Ethosomes: A novel vesicular carrier for enhanced transdermal delivery of an antiHIV agent. Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 2004 66 1 72 81
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Abdulbaqi I.M. Darwis Y. Khan N.A. Assi R.A. Khan A.A. Ethosomal nanocarriers: The impact of constituents and formulation techniques on ethosomal properties, in vivo studies, and clinical trials. Int. J. Nanomedicine 2016 11 2279 2304 10.2147/IJN.S105016 27307730
    [Google Scholar]
  52. de la Presa P. Rueda T. del Puerto Morales M. Chichón F.J. Arranz R. Valpuesta J.M. Hernando A. Gold nanoparticles generated in ethosome bilayers, as revealed by cryo-electron-tomography. J. Phys. Chem. B 2009 113 10 3051 3057 10.1021/jp808650e 19708264
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Saudagar R.B. Samuel S. Ethosomes: Novel noninvasive carrier for transdermal drug delivery. Asian J. Pharm. Technol. 2016 6 2 135 138 10.5958/2231‑5713.2016.00019.2
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Godin B Touitou E. Ethosomes: New prospects in transdermal delivery. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst. 2003 20 1 63 102 10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.v20.i1.20
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Dhakar R.C. Formulation development and evaluation of ethosome of stavudine. Indian J.Pharm. Educ. Res 2021 44 1 102 108 10.2139/ssrn.3774625
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Manosroi A. Jantrawut P. Khositsuntiwong N. Manosroi W. Manosroi J. Novel elastic nanovesicles for cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical applications. Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2009 36 2 168 178
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Esposito E. Menegatti E. Cortesi R. Ethosomes and liposomes as topical vehicles for azelaic acid: A preformulation study. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 2004 26 5 270 271 10.1111/j.1467‑2494.2004.00233_2.x 15264053
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Pathan I.B. Jaware B.P. Shelke S. Ambekar W. Curcumin loaded ethosomes for transdermal application: Formulation, optimization, in-vitro and in-vivo study. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2018 44 49 57 10.1016/j.jddst.2017.11.005
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Ahad A. Aqil M. Kohli K. Sultana Y. Mujeeb M. Enhanced transdermal delivery of an anti-hypertensive agent via nanoethosomes: Statistical optimization, characterization and pharmacokinetic assessment. Int. J. Pharm. 2013 443 1-2 26 38 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.01.011 23313344
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Nasr A.M. Moftah F. Abourehab M.A.S. Gad S. Design, formulation, and characterization of valsartan nanoethosomes for improving their bioavailability. Pharmaceutics 2022 14 11 2268 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112268 36365087
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Paliwal S. Tilak A. Sharma J. Dave V. Sharma S. Yadav R. Patel S. Verma K. Tak K. Flurbiprofen loaded ethosomes - Transdermal delivery of anti-inflammatory effect in rat model. Lipids Health Dis. 2019 18 1 133 10.1186/s12944‑019‑1064‑x 30611256
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Chauhan N. Vasava P. Khan S.L. Siddiqui F.A. Islam F. Chopra H. Emran T.B. Ethosomes: A novel drug carrier. Ann. Med. Surg. 2022 82 104595 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104595 36124209
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Fiddian A.P. Yeo J.M. Stubbings R. Dean D. Successful treatment of herpes labialis with topical acyclovir. BMJ 1983 286 6379 1699 1701 10.1136/bmj.286.6379.1699 6405939
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Spruance SL The natural history of recurrent oral-facial herpes simplex virus infection. Semin. Dermatol. 1992 11 3 200 206
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Kim D.D. Chien Y.W. Simultaneous skin permeation of dideoxynucleoside-type anti-HIV drugs. J. Control. Release 1996 40 1-2 67 76 10.1016/0168‑3659(95)00172‑7
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Fu Y. Hsieh T. Guo J. Kunicki J. Lee M.Y.W.T. Darzynkiewicz Z. Wu J.M. Licochalcone-A, A novel flavonoid isolated from licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra), causes G2 and late-G1 arrests in androgen-independent PC-3 prostate cancer cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2004 322 1 263 270 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.07.094 15313200
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Verma D.D. Fahr A. Synergistic penetration enhancement effect of ethanol and phospholipids on the topical delivery of cyclosporin A. J. Control. Release 2004 97 1 55 66 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.02.028 15147804
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Kumar R. Aslam M.D. Tripathi A. Prasad D. Chaudhary V. Jain V. Mishra S.K. Singh R. Ethosomes: Novel vesicular carriers in transdermal drug delivery. J. Glob. Pharma Technol. 2010 2 6 1 7
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Abu-Huwaij R. Zidan A.N. Unlocking the potential of cosmetic dermal delivery with ethosomes: A comprehensive review. J. Cosmet. Dermatol. 2024 23 1 17 26 10.1111/jocd.15895 37393573
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Esposito E. Calderan L. Galvan A. Cappellozza E. Drechsler M. Mariani P. Pepe A. Sguizzato M. Vigato E. Dalla Pozza E. Malatesta M. Ex vivo evaluation of ethosomes and transethosomes applied on human skin: A comparative study. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022 23 23 15112 10.3390/ijms232315112 36499432
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Akhtar N. Akhtar N. Menaa F. Alharbi W. Alaryani F. Alqahtani A. Ahmad F. Fabrication of ethosomes containing tocopherol acetate to enhance transdermal permeation: In vitro and ex vivo characterizations. Gels 2022 8 6 335 10.3390/gels8060335 35735679
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Kumar B. Sahoo P.K. Potential of ethosomes for enhanced transdermal drug delivery in skin diseases. Nanomed. J. 2022 9 4
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Payizila Z. Teng F. Huang X. Liu W. Wu T. Sun Q. Zhao S. Efficient fabrication of self-assembled polylactic acid colloidosomes for pesticide encapsulation. ACS Omega 2024 9 3 acsomega.3c07802 10.1021/acsomega.3c07802 38284048
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Kumar S. Kumar A. Kumar N. Singh P. Singh T.U. Singh B.R. Gupta P.K. Thakur V.K. In vivo therapeutic efficacy of Curcuma longa extract loaded ethosomes on wound healing. Vet. Res. Commun. 2022 46 4 1033 1049 10.1007/s11259‑022‑09952‑1 35796857
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Ajikumar A. Dharan S.S. Chandra S.M. Soman M. Mathew L.T. Formulation and evaluation of ethosomal gel containing clarithromycin for the treatment of acne vulgaris. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 2022 14 7 825 833
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Rathore A.R. Khambete H. Jain S. Preparation and characterization of repaglinide loaded ethosomal gel for the treatment of NIDDM. Int. J. Pharm. Biol. Arch. 2013 4 2 385 390
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Shahwal V.K. Samnani A. Dubey B.K. Bhowmick M. Ethosomes: An overview. Int. J. Biol. Adv. Res. 2011 2 5 159 166 10.7439/ijbar.v2i5.31
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Basu B. Dutta A. Parihar A. Prajapati B. Majumder R. Ethosomes: A Lipid-Based Drug Delivery System. InLipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems. Jenny Stanford Publishing 2024 223 297
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Akhtar N. Menaa F. Akhtar N. javed N. Sethi A. Khan M.S. Tocopherol succinate‐loaded ethosomal gel synthesized by cold method technique: Deeper biophysical characterizations for translational application on human skin. J. Cosmet. Dermatol. 2024 23 3 1015 1028 10.1111/jocd.16054 38268219
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Upadhyay N. Mandal S. Bhatia L. Shailesh S. Chauhan P. A review on ethosomes: An emerging approach for drug delivery through the skin. Res. Rev. J. Sci. Technol. 2011 3 7 19 24
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Sivakranth M. Ethosomes: A novel vesicular drug delivery system. Int. J. Adv. Pharm. Res. 2012 2 1 16 27
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Kadhim ZM Saeed AM Sabry HS Hammoodi ID Ethosomes as pharmaceutical novel drug delivery technique science 2022 25 3
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Sguizzato M. Mariani P. Spinozzi F. Benedusi M. Cervellati F. Cortesi R. Drechsler M. Prieux R. Valacchi G. Esposito E. Ethosomes for coenzyme Q10 cutaneous administration: From design to 3D skin tissue evaluation. Antioxidants 2020 9 6 485 10.3390/antiox9060485 32503293
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Vögtle F. Gestermann S. Hesse R. Schwierz H. Windisch B. Functional dendrimers. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2000 25 7 987 1041 10.1016/S0079‑6700(00)00017‑4
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Laz Bendas E.R. Tadros M.I. Enhanced transdermal delivery of sulbutamol sulfate via ethosomes. AAPS PharmSciTech 2007 8 1 7
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Liu X. Liu H. Liu J. He Z. Ding C. Huang G. Zhou W. Zhou L. Preparation of a ligustrazine ethosome patch and its evaluation in vitro and in vivo. Int. J. Nanomedicine 2011 6 241 247 10.2147/IJN.S16044 21499422
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Park S.N. Lee H.J. Gu H.A. Enhanced skin delivery and characterization of rutin-loaded ethosomes. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 2014 31 3 485 489 10.1007/s11814‑013‑0232‑3
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Maheshwari R.G.S. Tekade R.K. Sharma P.A. Darwhekar G. Tyagi A. Patel R.P. Jain D.K. Ethosomes and ultradeformable liposomes for transdermal delivery of clotrimazole: A comparative assessment. Saudi Pharm. J. 2012 20 2 161 170 10.1016/j.jsps.2011.10.001 23960788
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Mishra D Mishra PK Dubey V Nahar M Dabadghao S Jain NK Systemic and mucosal immune response induced by transcutaneous immunization using Hepatitis B surface antigen-loaded modified liposomes. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2008 33 4-5 424 433
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Maestrelli F. Capasso G. González-Rodríguez M.L. Rabasco A.M. Ghelardini C. Mura P. Effect of preparation technique on the properties and in vivo efficacy of benzocaine-loaded ethosomes. J. Liposome Res. 2009 19 4 253 260 10.3109/08982100902788408 19863160
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Zhou Y. Wei Y. Liu H. Zhang G. Wu X. Preparation and in vitro evaluation of ethosomal total alkaloids of Sophora alopecuroides loaded by a transmembrane pH-gradient method. AAPS PharmSciTech 2010 11 3 1350 1358 10.1208/s12249‑010‑9509‑6 20740333
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Soltanipoor M. Kezic S. Sluiter J.K. de Wit F. Bosma A.L. van Asperen R. Rustemeyer T. Effectiveness of a skin care programme for the prevention of contact dermatitis in healthcare workers (the Healthy Hands Project): A single‐centre, cluster randomized controlled trial. Contact Dermat. 2019 80 6 365 373 10.1111/cod.13214 30652317
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Chetty DJ Chien YW Novel methods of insulin delivery: An update. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst. 1998 15 6 629 670 10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.v15.i6.30
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Ramteke S. Barupal A.K. Gupta V. Preparation and characterization of ethosomes for topical delivery of aceclofenac. Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 2010 72 5 582 586 10.4103/0250‑474X.78524 21694989
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Nasr M. Mansour S. Mortada N.D. Elshamy A.A. Vesicular aceclofenac systems: A comparative study between liposomes and niosomes. J. Microencapsul. 2008 25 7 499 512 10.1080/02652040802055411 18608811
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Gupta P.N. Mishra V. Rawat A. Dubey P. Mahor S. Jain S. Chatterji D.P. Vyas S.P. Non-invasive vaccine delivery in transfersomes, niosomes and liposomes: A comparative study. Int. J. Pharm. 2005 293 1-2 73 82 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.12.022 15778046
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Touitou E. Dayan N. Bergelson L. Godin B. Eliaz M. Ethosomes — Novel vesicular carriers for enhanced delivery: Characterization and skin penetration properties. J. Control. Release 2000 65 3 403 418 10.1016/S0168‑3659(99)00222‑9 10699298
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Basu A Halder M Das A Das R Bhattacharjee C. Nanomaterials in drug delivery: Application of polysaccharides and protein-based nanomaterials in modern drug delivery Biogenic Nanomaterials for Environmental Sustainability: Principles, Practices, and Opportunities. Environmental Science and Engineering. Springer Cham 2024 293 317
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Karpe S. Gupta K. Vyas G. Rana P. Khan F. Kumar R. Virosome: A vector in vaccine delivery. BIO Web of Conf. 2024 86 01020 10.1051/bioconf/20248601020
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Svenson S. Tomalia D.A. Dendrimers in biomedical applications—Reflections on the field. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2012 64 102 115 10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.030 16305813
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Barnes P.J. Pathophysiology of allergic inflammation. Immunol. Rev. 2011 242 1 31 50 10.1111/j.1600‑065X.2011.01020.x 21682737
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Shabreen R. Sangeetha S. Ethosomes: A novel drug delivery system and their therapeutic applications-A review. Res. J. Pharm. Technol. 2020 13 4 1972 1980 10.5958/0974‑360X.2020.00355.8
    [Google Scholar]
  103. El-Shenawy A.A. Abdelhafez W.A. Ismail A. Kassem A.A. Formulation and characterization of nanosized ethosomal formulations of antigout model drug (febuxostat) prepared by cold method: In vitro/ex vivo and in vivo assessment. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020 21 1 31 10.1208/s12249‑019‑1556‑z 31858305
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Hamzah M. Kassab H. Formulation and characterization of intranasal drug delivery of frovatriptan-loaded binary ethosomes gel for brain targeting. Nanotechnol. Sci. Appl. 2024 17 1 19 10.2147/NSA.S442951 38249545
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Sailaja A.K. Meghana T. Formulation and evaluation of invasomal and ethosomal gel for curcumin and determination of anti-fungal activity. Curr. Nanomater. 2024 9 1 55 69 10.2174/2405461508666230329122937
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Alfehaid F.S. Nair A.B. Shah H. Aldhubiab B. Shah J. Mewada V. Jacob S. Attimarad M. Enhanced transdermal delivery of apremilast loaded ethosomes: Optimization, characterization and in vivo evaluation. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2024 91 105211 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.105211
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Jain H. Patel J. Joshi K. Patel P. Upadhyay U.M. Ethosomes: A novel drug carrier. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2011 7 1 1 4 21155936
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Meng S. Chen Z. Yang L. Zhang W. Liu D. Guo J. Guan Y. Li J. Enhanced transdermal bioavailability of testosterone propionate via surfactant-modified ethosomes. Int. J. Nanomedicine 2013 8 3051 3060 10.2147/IJN.S46748 23990718
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Aljohani A.A. Alanazi M.A. Munahhi L.A. Hamroon J.D. Mortagi Y. Qushawy M. Soliman G.M. Binary ethosomes for the enhanced topical delivery and antifungal efficacy of ketoconazole. OpenNano 2023 11 100145 10.1016/j.onano.2023.100145
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Richa P. Kumar S.D. Kumar S.A. Formulation and evaluation of ethosomes of clobetasol propionate. World J. Pharm. Res. 2016 5 1183 1197
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Li G. Fan Y. Fan C. Li X. Wang X. Li M. Liu Y. Tacrolimus-loaded ethosomes: Physicochemical characterization and in vivo evaluation. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2012 82 1 49 57 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.05.011 22705640
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Formulation and clinical evaluation of ethosomal and liposomal preparations of anthralin in psoriasis. Patent NCT03348462 2020
  113. Ethosomal gel bearing Losartan 5% for Keloid treatment. Patent NCT05893108 2023
  114. Huanbutta K. Rattanachitthawat N. Luangpraditkun K. Sriamornsak P. Puri V. Singh I. Sangnim T. Development and evaluation of ethosomes loaded with Zingiber zerumbet Linn rhizome extract for antifungal skin infection in deep layer skin. Pharmaceutics 2022 14 12 2765 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122765 36559259
    [Google Scholar]
  115. Mehmood Y. Shahid H. Ahmed S. Khursheed A. Jamshaid T. Jamshaid M. Mengistie A.A. Dawoud T.M. Siddique F. Synthesis of vitamin D3 loaded ethosomes gel to cure chronic immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease: Physical characterization, in vitro and ex vivo studies. Sci. Rep. 2024 14 1 23866 10.1038/s41598‑024‑72951‑6 38167627
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Baicalin ethosome-loaded soluble hyaluronic acid microneedle array and preparation method and application thereof Patent CN113750033B 2023
  117. Method of preparing bioactive substance-encapsulated ethosome, ethosome composition, and cosmetic composition including ethosome composition. Patent US11452679B2 2022
  118. Pharmaceutical composition ethosome, gel, hydrogel paste, patch and preparation method Patent CN114376975A 2022
  119. Tretinoin ethosomes gel and preparation method thereof. Patent CN104983675A 2018
  120. Antioxidant nanometer ethosome rose essence and preparation method thereof. Patent CN106880505B 2020
  121. Preparation method of galactosylated chitosan modified immune ethosome. Patent CN105726485A 2019
  122. Chinese medicinal ethosome gel patch for treating herpes zoster and preparation method thereof. Patent CN103536700A 2015
  123. Daptomycin ethosome preparation. Patent CN103006562A 2014
  124. Paclitaxel ethosome gel and preparation method thereof. Patent CN102579323A 2013
  125. Acyclovir ethosome and preparation method thereof. Patent CN102133183A 2012
  126. Tüting T. Storkus W.J. Falo L.D. Jr DNA immunization targeting the skin: Molecular control of adaptive immunity. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1998 111 2 183 188 10.1046/j.1523‑1747.1998.00261.x 9699714
    [Google Scholar]
  127. Musazzi U.M. Marini V. Casiraghi A. Minghetti P. Is the European regulatory framework sufficient to assure the safety of citizens using health products containing nanomaterials? Drug Discov. Today 2017 22 6 870 882 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.01.016 28189800
    [Google Scholar]
  128. Bragagni M. Mennini N. Maestrelli F. Cirri M. Mura P. Comparative study of liposomes, transfersomes and ethosomes as carriers for improving topical delivery of celecoxib. Drug Deliv. 2012 19 7 354 361 10.3109/10717544.2012.724472 23043648
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/ddl/10.2174/0122103031333671250407165403
Loading
/content/journals/ddl/10.2174/0122103031333671250407165403
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test