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2000
Volume 15, Issue 2
  • ISSN: 2210-3031
  • E-ISSN: 2210-304X

Abstract

Background

Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid with potent anti-inflammatory effects. However, its therapeutic efficacy is often restricted by its poor solubility, absorption, and permeability, especially in topical applications. Transferosomes are elastic vesicular carriers with high skin permeability values and retention, making them suitable for encapsulating hydrophilic and lipophilic actives.

Objectives

The objective of this research was to develop a transferosome-based topical gel formulation of Berberine hydrochloride (BER) to improve its skin permeability and anti-inflammatory efficacy.

Methods

The thin film hydration method was used to formulate the BER transferosomes. The effects of independent variables, amount of BER in lipid phase (X), and lipid (Phospholipon 90G) to surfactant ratio (X) on BER entrapment and vesicle size were studied using face-centered central composite design. The characterization was performed using differential scanning calorimetry, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The optimized batch (F5) was incorporated in Carbopol gel and further investigated for viscosity, and diffusion, skin retention by tape stripping, and anti-inflammatory efficiency.

Results

The formulation optimized with 50 mg of drug and a 5:1 lipid-to-surfactant ratio (F5) demonstrated higher drug entrapment efficiency (72.11%) and lower vesicle size (77.9 nm). TEM validated the spherical vesicle morphology, whereas DSC and XRD analysis confirmed the molecular entrapment of BER within the phospholipid vesicles. The transferosomal gel demonstrated improved BER diffusion (0.63 mg/cm2) confirmed by and diffusion experiments that revealed a 6-fold increase in flux and permeability coefficient (0.1053 mg. cm-2.h-1). The drug release from transferosome gel was non-Fickian in nature (n = 0.6575), indicating an integration of diffusion and erosion processes. Furthermore, BER transferosomal gel displayed substantial anti-inflammatory activity in rats ( < 0.001).

Conclusion

The findings demonstrated the potential of transferosomal gel as a promising approach for efficient drug delivery and therapeutic efficacy.

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Development and Optimization of Transferosomal Gel for Efficient Topical Delivery of Berberine Hydrochloride
Drug Deliv Lett 15, 129 (2025); https://doi.org/10.2174/0122103031316213241026192712
/content/journals/ddl/10.2174/0122103031316213241026192712
/content/journals/ddl/10.2174/0122103031316213241026192712
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  • Article Type:     Research Article
Keyword(s): Berberine; phospholipon; skin permeation; topical delivery; transferosome; vesicular carrier

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