Current Pharmaceutical Design - Volume 31, Issue 18, 2025

Hemophilia A (HA) is an inherited condition that is characterized by a lack of coagulation factor VIII (FVIII), which is needed for blood clotting. To produce Recombinant Factor VIII (rFVIII) for treatment, innovative methods are required. This study presents a thorough examination of the genetic engineering and biotechnological methods that are essential for the production of this complex process. Multiple host cells, such as animal, microbial, and human cell lines, are examined. Cultivating genetically modified cells enables the production of rFVIII, with further changes after protein synthesis, such as glycosylation, taking place in eukaryotic cells to guarantee correct folding. The extraction and purification of rFVIII require advanced methods, including affinity chromatography, to improve the purity of the protein. The purified protein undergoes rigorous quality control, which includes Sodium Dodecyl-Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis, to assess its identity, purity, and functioning. The scalability of this approach allows for the synthesis of significant amounts of rFVIII for therapeutic purposes. Optimization strategies include modifying B-Domain-Deleted (BDD) FVIII, including introns in FVIII Complementary DNA (cDNA) sequences to boost synthesis and storage, and making changes to chaperone-binding areas to optimize protein release. Furthermore, the search for a modified form of FVIII that has a longer duration of action in the body shows potential for enhancing the effectiveness of synthetic FVIII and progressing the treatment of hemophilia A. Future research should focus on improving the treatment of hemophilia A by developing a variant of FVIII that has increased stability and reduced immunogenicity.

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles secreted by various cell types, playing a crucial role in intercellular communication by carrying proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, thus holding significant potential in diagnostics and therapeutics. Accurate labeling of exosomes is vital for studying their biogenesis, trafficking, and functional properties, enabling precise tracking and manipulation. This review examines current labeling techniques, including metabolic glycan labeling, chemical tagging, membrane fluorescent dyes, bio-conjugation, non-covalent labeling, and cell-engineering approaches. Each method is analyzed for its efficiency, specificity, and practicality, with attention to potential artifacts and challenges. Advancements in these techniques are essential for improving our understanding of exosome biology and developing exosome-based diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, providing researchers with valuable insights into state-of-the-art techniques and their applications in exosome research.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating condition that significantly affects the elderly. Early diagnosis is not only critical for improving patient outcomes but also directly influences the success of emerging therapeutic interventions. A therapeutic strategy targeting only one pathogenic mechanism is unlikely to be very effective, as there is increasing evidence that AD does not have a single pathogenic cause. Therefore, combining medications or developing therapies that address multiple pathways may be beneficial. Most clinical trials can be classified under added therapy rather than combination therapy. Effective treatment of AD likely requires targeting multiple mechanisms, such as amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau pathology. However, many medications face challenges, including poor solubility, low permeability, and the inability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This is where nanocarriers come into play, as they can be loaded with these medications to facilitate targeted drug delivery. This approach enhances the pharmacokinetic profile of drugs in both the blood and the brain. Therefore, this paper provides a concise overview of the use of various nanocarriers loaded with drug combinations for treating AD.