Current Organic Chemistry - Current Issue

Triazine compounds have become crucial entities in the pharmaceutical field due to their remarkable structural diversity and wide range of biological activities. This review explores their prominent role in drug discovery and development, focusing on their efficacy as potent anticancer, antiviral, antimicrobial, and antioxidant agents. Recent advances in synthetic methodologies using various starting materials, such as nitrile, biguanide, bromoester, arylamine, and cyanide chloride, are reviewed, along with their implications for improved pharmacological properties, including anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects. In addition, the structure-activity relationship of triazine derivatives is explored, offering insight into the key structural features that contribute to their therapeutic potential. This relationship plays an essential role in optimizing their efficacy as therapeutic agents, helping to guide the development of more effective drugs with improved pharmacological profiles.

In recent years, a significant focus has been directed toward fluorogenic chemosensors for the optical detection of heavy metal ions due to their detrimental effects on both the environment and human health. Methods combining fluorometry and colorimetry have been widely utilized for sensing heavy metal ions because they are straightforward, lucrative, easy to use, and enable rapid on-site analysis. As a result, numerous research groups have dedicated extensive efforts to developing versatile fluorometric and colorimetric sensors for heavy metals. The development of innovative, highly selective, and sensitive chromogenic fluorosensors, along with their detection capabilities, remains a captivating area within supramolecular chemistry. This review outlines key aspects of the detection process, including spectroscopic changes, selectivity, sensitivity, visible colour shifts, and potential in vivo recognition of heavy metal ions. It also emphasizes recent progress over the past decade in the fluorometric and colorimetric detection of heavy metal cations, such as Hg²⁺, Cd²⁺, As³⁺/As⁵⁺, and Pb²⁺, using chromogenic and fluorogenic chemical receptors.

Indane-1,3-dione is a reactive cyclic β-diketone that could be employed for preparing various molecular systems of potential biological applications. Among these, 4-azafluorenones (also known as indeno[1,2-b]pyridines) represent one of the most promising classes of carbocyclic systems. Indeno-fused pyridines possess a wide range of medicinal properties, including anti-proliferative activity and DNA topoisomerase Iα/Iiα inhibitory activity. In this review, we presented all reports from 2000 to 2024 that cover the synthesis of indeno[1,2-b]pyridines and diindeno[1,2-b:2',1'-e]pyridines starting from indane-1,3-dione. The review is classified according to the type of reaction conditions that were applied. Additionally, the reports that are related to the new trends in preparing indenopyridines are indexed in separate sections, including the use of ionic liquids, heterogeneous catalysts, and microwave- and ultrasonic-assisted synthetic routes. Some complex synthetic routes are explained by plausible mechanisms.

The synthesis and chemical reactivity of 3-aminothieno[2,3-b]pyridine derivatives have been extensively studied due to their importance in medicinal chemistry and material sciences. This review focuses on the various synthetic strategies employed for their preparation, including reactions involving 1,2-dihydro-2-thioxopyridine-3-carbonitrile derivatives, phase-transfer catalysis, and Thorpe-Ziegler cyclization. Additionally, the chemical reactivity of these compounds is explored, highlighting transformations, such as cyclizations, functional group modifications, and coupling reactions. These advancements underline the versatility of 3-aminothieno[2,3-b]pyridines as valuable intermediates in organic synthesis and their potential for further functionalization in diverse chemical frameworks.