Current Organic Chemistry - Volume 30, Issue 2, 2026

Thiophene chalcone derivatives are synthesized using green synthetic methods, which are compiled in this review. Chalcones and their derivatives possess a wide spectrum of biological and pharmacological applications, which has led a lot of researchers to synthesize these compounds continuously, which in the process leads to the generation of a lot of waste that affects the environment. This is how environmentally friendly synthetic processes are used to reduce the use and production of hazardous organic materials. The main point of this review is to show the newest non-traditional ways that scientists and researchers have been able to make chalcones with sulfur heterocycles, specifically thiophene. The literature study on thiophene chalcone is valuable for researchers working on this heterocyclic compound synthesis, providing valuable information on green synthetic methods.

Thiophene is an important class of heterocyclic compounds in organic chemistry. The unique framework of chalcone containing thiophene is associated with numerous encouraging biological properties such as antifungal, antibacterial, anti-oxidant, and antitubercular. Researchers have documented various approaches using diverse catalysts for the synthesis of chalcones bearing a thiophene moiety. Optimizing reaction conditions and catalysts has enhanced efficiency, but there are some issues, such as low yields, long reaction times, and harsh conditions, that continue to hinder sustainability and the efficiency of current synthetic methods. While conventional methods dominate the literature, green and environmentally friendly alternatives have received less consideration. So, research and development of enhanced methodologies for synthesizing thiophene chalcone are still in progress. Here, we review synthetic routes that are available to thiophene chalcone derivatives, such as the Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction and Suzuki coupling reaction, without emphasizing green pathways. This review intends to elucidate the current progress in the synthesis of thiophene chalcones, with a specific focus on the most recent research articles published between 2015 and 2024.

Quinoxaline and indoline-2,3-dione, as heterocyclic scaffolds, provide significant features as crucial components for material science and the construction of new pharmacological drugs. Several interesting biological and technical characteristics have been established by their combination in indolo[2,3-b]quinoxaline (IQs) moieties. The synthesis, therapeutic chemistry, and technical application of indolo[2,3-b]quinoxalin ring systems (IQs) have been the focus of numerous studies of research in recent years. This review presents the synthesis of these derivatives by the condensation of aryl-1,2-diamines with indoline-2,3-diones (isatins) in boiling acetic acid or through microwave-assisted approaches. Additionally, the review highlights the usage of IQs in several electronic applications, including organic transistors, deep-red OLEDs, electron-transporting layers, chemical sensors, and emitting layers. These synthetic approaches and technical usage of IQs enable the efficient building of these scaffolds, accelerating further discovery and examination of their medicinal and technical potential.

Phenyltrichlorosilane is an important organosilicon compound, and its synthesis technology is a key research focus in the field of organosilicon chemistry. This article introduces the three main techniques for synthesizing phenyltrichlorosilane: the Grignard reagent method, the direct method, and the vapor phase condensation method, along with their respective advantages and disadvantages. It demonstrates that the vapor phase condensation method has become the dominant process due to its simple reaction apparatus and the feasibility of achieving continuous production. However, this method faces significant challenges, including low yield and the formation of carbon deposits within production pipelines. The process conditions of the vapor phase condensation method are summarized, including the reaction conditions of chlorobenzene and trichlorosilane at 540-680°C, which achieves a product yield of up to 65%. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the decomposition mechanism of trichlorosilane and chlorobenzene under high-temperature vapor-phase conditions, emphasizing the synthesis mechanism of phenyltrichlorosilane and analyzing the role of free radical initiators and their impact on enhancing the yield of phenyltrichlorosilane. Future research should focus on the development of new catalysts and initiators, process optimization, and the expansion of phenyltrichlorosilane's application fields.