Skip to content
2000
Volume 26, Issue 1
  • ISSN: 1871-5249
  • E-ISSN: 1875-6166

Abstract

Phthalates play a significant role as plastic modifying additives in everyday items like plastics, pesticides, paints, and cosmetics. This review explores the relationship between phthalates and neurotoxicity and sheds light on the potential risks these ubiquitous chemicals pose to neurological health. The review elucidates the diverse neurotoxic effects of phthalates exposure, spanning developmental neurotoxicity, neuropathy, neurodegenerative diseases, and neurobehavioral toxicity. Mechanistic insights reveal the pathways through which phthalates induce cellular damage, including oxidative stress, disruption of calcium signalling, alteration in lipid metabolism, and interference with thyroid hormone homeostasis. Moreover, the review discusses regulatory measures aimed at restricting phthalate usage and highlights the imperative for further research and awareness to safeguard public health against the neurotoxic effects of phthalates.

© 2026 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cnsamc/10.2174/0118715249332874241113030902
2024-12-03
2026-02-28

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/cnsamc/10.2174/0118715249332874241113030902
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. CookC.R. HaldenR.U. Plastic Waste and Recycling.202010.1016/B978‑0‑12‑817880‑5.00020‑7
     [Google Scholar]
  2. KeM. YeY. ZhangZ. GillingsM. QuQ. XuN. XuL. LuT. WangJ. QianH. Synergistic effects of glyphosate and multiwall carbon nanotubes on Arabidopsis thaliana physiology and metabolism.Sci. Total Environ.202176914515610.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.14515633477045
     [Google Scholar]
  3. VogelN. FrederiksenH. LangeR. JørgensenN. KochH.M. WeberT. AnderssonA.M. Kolossa-GehringM. Urinary excretion of phthalates and the substitutes DINCH and DEHTP in Danish young men and German young adults between 2000 and 2017 – A time trend analysis.Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health202324811408010.1016/j.ijheh.2022.11408036657282
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Small entity compliance guide: establishing an allowable level for di (2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in bottled water.2018Available from:https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/small-entity-compliance-guide-establishing-allowable-level-di2-ethylhexylphthalate-bottled-water#:~:text=in%20bottled%20water%3F-,The%20allowable%20level%20established%20by%20FDA%20for%20DEHP%20in%20bottled(accessed on 23-10-2024)
  5. FDA limits the use of certain phthalates in food packaging and issues requests for information about current food contact uses and safety.Available from:https://www.fda.gov/food/cfsan-constituent-updates/fda-limits-use-certain-phthalates-food-packaging-and-issues-request-information-about-current-food(accessed on 23-10-2024)
  6. da Silva CostaR. Sainara Maia FernandesT. de Sousa AlmeidaE. Tomé OliveiraJ. Carvalho GuedesJ.A. Julião ZocoloG. Wagner de SousaF. do NascimentoR.F. Potential risk of BPA and phthalates in commercial water bottles: a minireview.J. Water Health202119341143510.2166/wh.2021.20234152295
     [Google Scholar]
  7. TumuK. VorstK. CurtzwilerG. Endocrine modulating chemicals in food packaging: A review of phthalates and bisphenols.Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf.20232221337135910.1111/1541‑4337.1311336789797
     [Google Scholar]
  8. AyambaA.A. AliM. CarbooD. AwukuF.J. Extraction and determination of phthalates content in polyethylene food contact materials on the Ghanaian market.J Natural Sci Res2018816
     [Google Scholar]
  9. SerranoS.E. BraunJ. TrasandeL. DillsR. SathyanarayanaS. Phthalates and diet: a review of the food monitoring and epidemiology data.Environ Health2014131134310.1186/1476‑069X‑13‑43
     [Google Scholar]
  10. SioenI. FierensT. Van HolderbekeM. GeertsL. BellemansM. De MaeyerM. ServaesK. VanermenG. BoonP.E. De HenauwS. Phthalates dietary exposure and food sources for Belgian preschool children and adults.Environ. Int.20124810210810.1016/j.envint.2012.07.00422885666
     [Google Scholar]
  11. LiuX. MaJ. GuoS. ShiQ. TangJ. The combined effects of nanoplastics and dibutyl phthalate on Streptomyces coelicolor M145.Sci. Total Environ.202282615415110.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.15415135231524
     [Google Scholar]
  12. LiS. DaiJ. ZhangL. ZhangJ. ZhangZ. ChenB. An association of elevated serum prolactin with phthalate exposure in adult men.Biomed. Environ. Sci.2011241313921440837
     [Google Scholar]
  13. KantorD.B. KolodkinA.L. Curbing the excesses of youth: molecular insights into axonal pruning.Neuron200338684985210.1016/S0896‑6273(03)00364‑712818170
     [Google Scholar]
  14. SwanS.H. MainK.M. LiuF. StewartS.L. KruseR.L. CalafatA.M. MaoC.S. RedmonJ.B. TernandC.L. SullivanS. TeagueJ.L. Decrease in anogenital distance among male infants with prenatal phthalate exposure.Environ. Health Perspect.200511381056106110.1289/ehp.810016079079
     [Google Scholar]
  15. LycheJ.L. GutlebA.C. BergmanÅ. EriksenG.S. MurkA.J. RopstadE. SaundersM. SkaareJ.U. Reproductive and developmental toxicity of phthalates.J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B Crit. Rev.200912422524910.1080/1093740090309409120183522
     [Google Scholar]
  16. GrahamP.R. Phthalate ester plasticizers-why and how they are used.Environ. Health Perspect.197333124712540
     [Google Scholar]
  17. CousinsI. MackayD. Correlating the physical–chemical properties of phthalate esters using the ‘three solubility’ approach.Chemosphere20004191389139910.1016/S0045‑6535(00)00005‑911057575
     [Google Scholar]
  18. HolahanM.R. SmithC.A. Phthalates and neurotoxic effects on hippocampal network plasticity.Neurotoxicology201548213410.1016/j.neuro.2015.02.00825749100
     [Google Scholar]
  19. AurelaB. KulmalaH. SöderhjelmL. Phthalates in paper and board packaging and their migration into Tenax and sugar.Food Addit. Contam.1999161257157710.1080/02652039928371310789379
     [Google Scholar]
  20. KuesengP. ThavarungkulP. KanatharanaP. Trace phthalate and adipate esters contaminated in packaged food.J. Environ. Sci. Health B200742556957610.1080/0360123070138948817562465
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to di-Butylphthalate (DBP) for use in food contact materials.EFSA J.20053924210.2903/j.efsa.2005.242
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to Butylbenzylphthalate (BBP) for use in food contact materials.EFSA J.20053924110.2903/j.efsa.2005.241
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to Di-isononylphthalate (DINP) for use in food contact materials.EFSA J.20053924410.2903/j.efsa.2005.244
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to Di-isodecylphthalate (DIDP) for use in food contact materials.EFSA J.20053924510.2903/j.efsa.2005.245
     [Google Scholar]
  25. ClarkK. CousinsI.T. MackayD. Assessment of critical exposure pathways.New YorkSpringer-Verlag200322726210.1007/b11468
     [Google Scholar]
  26. WangW. KannanK. Leaching of Phthalates from Medical Supplies and Their Implications for Exposure.Environ. Sci. Technol.202357207675768310.1021/acs.est.2c0918237154399
     [Google Scholar]
  27. SchettlerT. Human exposure to phthalates via consumer products.Int. J. Androl.200629113413910.1111/j.1365‑2605.2005.00567.x16466533
     [Google Scholar]
  28. CaoJ. ShiY. YanM. ZhuH. ChenS. XuK. WangL. SunH. Face Mask: As a Source or Protector of Human Exposure to Microplastics and Phthalate Plasticizers?Toxics20231128710.3390/toxics1102008736850963
     [Google Scholar]
  29. OteefM.D.Y. OtaifK.D. IdrisA.M. Personal Protective Equipment as a Potential Source of Phthalate Exposure during the COVID-19 Pandemic.Appl. Sci. (Basel)20231316907610.3390/app13169076
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Diethyl phthalate.2003Available from:http://www.inchem.org/documents/cicads/cicads/cicad52.htm.2003(accessed on 23-10-2024)
  31. ZhaoA. WangL. PangX. LiuF. Phthalates in skin wipes: Distribution, sources, and exposure via dermal absorption.Environ. Res.2022204Pt B11204110.1016/j.envres.2021.11204134529968
     [Google Scholar]
  32. GongM. ZhangY. WeschlerC.J. Measurement of phthalates in skin wipes: estimating exposure from dermal absorption.Environ. Sci. Technol.201448137428743510.1021/es501700u24911978
     [Google Scholar]
  33. SuginoM. HatanakaT. TodoH. MashimoY. SuzukiT. KobayashiM. HosoyaO. JinnoH. JuniK. SugibayashiK. Safety evaluation of dermal exposure to phthalates: Metabolism-dependent percutaneous absorption.Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.2017328101710.1016/j.taap.2017.05.00928506834
     [Google Scholar]
  34. SaabY. OueisE. MehannaS. NakadZ. StephanR. KhnayzerR.S. Risk assessment of phthalates and their metabolites in hospitalized patients: a focus on di-and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalates exposure from intravenous plastic bags.Toxics202210735710.3390/toxics1007035735878262
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Cory-SlechtaD.A. MerrillA. SobolewskiM. Air pollution–related neurotoxicity across the life span.Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol.202363114316310.1146/annurev‑pharmtox‑051921‑02081236028225
     [Google Scholar]
  36. DhanyaC.R. InduA.R. DeepadeviK.V. KurupP.A. Inhibition of membrane Na(+)-K+ Atpase of the brain, liver and RBC in rats administered di(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP) a plasticizer used in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) blood storage bags.Indian J. Exp. Biol.200341881482015248477
     [Google Scholar]
  37. XiaoA.Y. WangX.Q. YangA. YuS.P. Slight impairment of Na+,K+-ATPase synergistically aggravates ceramide- and β-amyloid-induced apoptosis in cortical neurons.Brain Res.20029551-225325910.1016/S0006‑8993(02)03472‑812419544
     [Google Scholar]
  38. WuS.N. YangW.H. YehC.C. HuangH.C. The inhibition by di(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate of erg-mediated K+ current in pituitary tumor (GH3) cells.Arch. Toxicol.201286571372310.1007/s00204‑012‑0805‑722314968
     [Google Scholar]
  39. XuS. ZhangH. PaoP.C. LeeA. WangJ. Suen ChanY. MannoF.A.M.III Wan ChanS. Han ChengS. ChenX. Exposure to phthalates impaired neurodevelopment through estrogenic effects and induced DNA damage in neurons.Aquat. Toxicol.202022210546910.1016/j.aquatox.2020.10546932179334
     [Google Scholar]
  40. TranC. DoT. KimK.T. Comparative analysis of neurotoxicity of six phthalates in zebrafish embryos.Toxics202191510.3390/toxics901000533430197
     [Google Scholar]
  41. LiX.J. JiangL. ChenL. ChenH.S. LiX. Neurotoxicity of dibutyl phthalate in brain development following perinatal exposure: A study in rats.Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol.201336239240210.1016/j.etap.2013.05.00123736097
     [Google Scholar]
  42. QianX. LiJ. XuS. WanY. LiY. JiangY. ZhaoH. ZhouY. LiaoJ. LiuH. SunX. LiuW. PengY. HuC. ZhangB. LuS. CaiZ. XiaW. Prenatal exposure to phthalates and neurocognitive development in children at two years of age.Environ. Int.201913110502310.1016/j.envint.2019.10502331351385
     [Google Scholar]
  43. EngelS.M. ZhuC. BerkowitzG.S. CalafatA.M. SilvaM.J. MiodovnikA. WolffM.S. Prenatal phthalate exposure and performance on the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale in a multiethnic birth cohort.Neurotoxicology200930452252810.1016/j.neuro.2009.04.00119375452
     [Google Scholar]
  44. KimY. HaE.H. KimE.J. ParkH. HaM. KimJ.H. HongY.C. ChangN. KimB.N. Prenatal exposure to phthalates and infant development at 6 months: prospective Mothers and Children’s Environmental Health (MOCEH) study.Environ. Health Perspect.2011119101495150010.1289/ehp.100317821737372
     [Google Scholar]
  45. GasconM. ValviD. FornsJ. CasasM. MartínezD. JúlvezJ. MonfortN. VenturaR. SunyerJ. VrijheidM. Prenatal exposure to phthalates and neuropsychological development during childhood.Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health2015218655055810.1016/j.ijheh.2015.05.00626095249
     [Google Scholar]
  46. XuH. ShaoX. ZhangZ. ZouY. ChenY. HanS. WangS. WuX. YangL. ChenZ. Effects of di-n-butyl phthalate and diethyl phthalate on acetylcholinesterase activity and neurotoxicity related gene expression in embryonic zebrafish.Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.201391663563910.1007/s00128‑013‑1101‑924042840
     [Google Scholar]
  47. GhassabianA. van den DriesM. TrasandeL. LamballaisS. SpaanS. Martinez-MoralM.P. KannanK. JaddoeV.W.V. EngelS.M. PronkA. WhiteT. TiemeierH. GuxensM. Prenatal exposure to common plasticizers: a longitudinal study on phthalates, brain volumetric measures, and IQ in youth.Mol. Psychiatry202328114814482210.1038/s41380‑023‑02225‑637644173
     [Google Scholar]
  48. OlesenT.S. BlesesD. AndersenH.R. GrandjeanP. FrederiksenH. TreccaF. BilenbergN. KyhlH.B. DalsagerL. JensenI.K. AnderssonA.M. JensenT.K. Prenatal phthalate exposure and language development in toddlers from the Odense Child Cohort.Neurotoxicol. Teratol.201865344110.1016/j.ntt.2017.11.00429198963
     [Google Scholar]
  49. TuW. LiW. ZhuX. XuL. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) induces apoptosis of mouse HT22 hippocampal neuronal cells via oxidative stress.Toxicol. Ind. Health2020361184485110.1177/074823372094720532909914
     [Google Scholar]
  50. LeeD.G. KimK.M. LeeH.S. BaeY.C. HuhJ.W. LeeS.R. LeeD.S. Peroxiredoxin 5 prevents diethylhexyl phthalate-induced neuronal cell death by inhibiting mitochondrial fission in mouse hippocampal HT-22 cells.Neurotoxicology20197424225110.1016/j.neuro.2019.08.00331408635
     [Google Scholar]
  51. WójtowiczA.K. SzychowskiK.A. WnukA. KajtaM. Dibutyl phthalate (DBP)-induced apoptosis and neurotoxicity are mediated via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) but not by estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), estrogen receptor beta (ERβ), or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in mouse cortical neurons.Neurotox. Res.2017311778910.1007/s12640‑016‑9665‑x27581038
     [Google Scholar]
  52. SellingerE.P. RiesgoV.R. BrinksA.S. WillingJ. JuraskaJ.M. Perinatal phthalate exposure increases developmental apoptosis in the rat medial prefrontal cortex.Neurotoxicology20218716717310.1016/j.neuro.2021.09.00734599995
     [Google Scholar]
  53. KougiasD.G. SellingerE.P. WillingJ. JuraskaJ.M. Perinatal exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture of phthalates results in a lower number of neurons and synapses in the medial prefrontal cortex and decreased cognitive flexibility in adult male and female rats.J. Neurosci.201838316864687210.1523/JNEUROSCI.0607‑18.201830012688
     [Google Scholar]
  54. ZayasB. AcevedoA. RiveraA. RiosK. GonzalezR. DiazA. Mechanism involved in cell death induced by DEHP (Di-ethylhexyl phthalate) on primary brain cells from Zebrafish (Danio rerio).Pharm. Pharmacol. Int. J.202210621822310.15406/ppij.2022.10.00390
     [Google Scholar]
  55. ZayasB. CarrasquilloG. Pinet-VelezN. VelezC. OrtizJ.G. Cell death induction of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) on primary brain cells from adult zebrafish.Pharm. Pharmacol. Int. J.20219521922510.15406/ppij.2021.09.00348
     [Google Scholar]
  56. WuM. XuL. TengC. XiaoX. HuW. ChenJ. TuW. Involvement of oxidative stress in di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP)-induced apoptosis of mouse NE-4C neural stem cells.Neurotoxicology201970414710.1016/j.neuro.2018.10.01330395871
     [Google Scholar]
  57. AungK.H. Win-ShweT.T. KanayaM. TakanoH. TsukaharaS. Involvement of hemeoxygenase-1 in di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)-induced apoptosis of Neuro-2a cells.J. Toxicol. Sci.201439221722910.2131/jts.39.21724646702
     [Google Scholar]
  58. ZhangW. SunX. QiX. LiuX. ZhangY. QiaoS. LinH. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and microplastics induced neuronal apoptosis through the PI3K/AKT pathway and mitochondrial dysfunction.J. Agric. Food Chem.20227035107711078110.1021/acs.jafc.2c0547436006862
     [Google Scholar]
  59. LinC.H. ChenT.J. ChenS.S. HsiaoP.C. YangR.C. Activation of Trim17 by PPARγ is involved in Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)-induced apoptosis on Neuro-2a cells.Toxicol. Lett.2011206324525110.1016/j.toxlet.2011.08.00221856391
     [Google Scholar]
  60. GuidaN. LaudatiG. GalganiM. SantopaoloM. MontuoriP. TriassiM. Di RenzoG. CanzonieroL.M.T. FormisanoL. Histone deacetylase 4 promotes ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation of Sp3 in SH-SY5Y cells treated with di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), determining neuronal death.Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.2014280119019810.1016/j.taap.2014.07.01425068794
     [Google Scholar]
  61. ZhouT. HeS. YeX. WeiZ. WanJ. ZhangH. DingS. Exposure to dibutyl phthalate adsorbed to multi-walled carbon nanotubes causes neurotoxicity in mice by inducing the release of BDNF.Sci. Tot. Environ.2022852158319
     [Google Scholar]
  62. GaurK. SiddiqueY.H. Effect of apigenin on neurodegenerative diseases.CNS. Neurolog. Disord. Drug Targ.2024234468475
     [Google Scholar]
  63. SiddiqueY.H. Rahul AraG. AfzalM. VarshneyH. GaurK. SubhanI. MantashaI. ShahidM. Beneficial effects of apigenin on the transgenic Drosophila model of Alzheimer’s disease.Chem. Biol. Interact.202236611012010.1016/j.cbi.2022.11012036027948
     [Google Scholar]
  64. YenP.L. HowC.M. Hsiu-Chuan LiaoV. Early-life and chronic exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate enhances amyloid-β toxicity associated with an autophagy-related gene in Caenorhabditis elegans Alzheimer’s disease models.Chemosphere202127312859410.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.12859433066971
     [Google Scholar]
  65. SunW. BanJ.B. ZhangN. ZuY.K. SunW.X. Perinatal exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate leads to cognitive dysfunction and phospho-tau level increase in aged rats.Environ. Toxicol.201429559660310.1002/tox.2178522610992
     [Google Scholar]
  66. DarleyJ. Phthalate Esters Exacerbate Neurodegeneration in a Caenorhabditis elegans Parkinson’s Disease Model.2015Available from:https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/source/2015/oralpresentations/89(accessed on 23-10-2024)
  67. HuangM.L. YenP.L. ChangC.H. LiaoV.H.C. Chronic di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure leads to dopaminergic neuron degeneration through mitochondrial dysfunction in C. elegans.Environ. Pollut.202230711957410.1016/j.envpol.2022.11957435671892
     [Google Scholar]
  68. BarakatR. LinP.C. ParkC.J. Best-PopescuC. BakryH.H. AbosalemM.E. AbdelaleemN.M. FlawsJ.A. KoC. Prenatal exposure to DEHP induces neuronal degeneration and neurobehavioral abnormalities in adult male mice.Toxicol. Sci.2018164243945210.1093/toxsci/kfy10329688563
     [Google Scholar]
  69. TranN.Q.V. MiyakeK. Neurodevelopmental disorders and environmental toxicants: epigenetics as an underlying mechanism.Int. J. Genomics2017201712310.1155/2017/752659228567415
     [Google Scholar]
  70. FarzanehfarV. NaderiN. KobarfardF. FaiziM. Determination of dibutyl phthalate neurobehavioral toxicity in mice.Food Chem. Toxicol.20169422122610.1016/j.fct.2016.05.00627311797
     [Google Scholar]
  71. LiY. ZhuangM. LiT. ShiN. Neurobehavioral toxicity study of dibutyl phthalate on rats following in utero and lactational exposure.J. Appl. Toxicol.200929760361110.1002/jat.144719533667
     [Google Scholar]
  72. TanakaT. Reproductive and neurobehavioural toxicity study of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) administered to mice in the diet.Food Chem. Toxicol.200240101499150610.1016/S0278‑6915(02)00073‑X12387315
     [Google Scholar]
  73. TangJ. YuanY. WeiC. LiaoX. YuanJ. NanbergE. ZhangY. BornehagC.G. YangX. Neurobehavioral changes induced by di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and the protective effects of vitamin E in Kunming mice.Toxicol. Res. (Camb.)2015441006101510.1039/C4TX00250D
     [Google Scholar]
  74. KhalifaM. FayedR.H. SedikA.A. KhalilH.M.A. Dose-dependent toxic effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in male rats: Focus on behavioral alterations and inducing TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.202346811651510.1016/j.taap.2023.11651537061009
     [Google Scholar]
  75. DucroqS. DuplusE. Penalva-MoussetL. TrivelloniF. L’honoréA. Chabat-CourrèdeC. NemazanyyI. Grange-MessentV. PetropoulosI. Mhaouty-KodjaS. Behavior, Neural Structure, and Metabolism in Adult Male Mice Exposed to Environmentally Relevant Doses of Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate Alone or in a Phthalate Mixture.Environ. Health Perspect.2023131707700810.1289/EHP1151437458746
     [Google Scholar]
  76. HuangW. XiaoJ. ShiX. ZhengS. LiH. LiuC. WuK. Effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on behavior and dopamine signaling in zebrafish (Danio rerio).Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol.20229310388510.1016/j.etap.2022.10388535595013
     [Google Scholar]
  77. DaiY. YangY. XuX. HuY. Effects of uterine and lactational exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on spatial memory and NMDA receptor of hippocampus in mice.Horm. Behav.201571414810.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.03.00825870019
     [Google Scholar]
  78. CarboneS. PonzoO.J. GobettoN. SamaniegoY.A. ReynosoR. ScacchiP. MoguilevskyJ.A. CutreraR. Antiandrogenic effect of perinatal exposure to the endocrine disruptor di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate increases anxiety-like behavior in male rats during sexual maturation.Horm. Behav.201363569269910.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.01.00623399322
     [Google Scholar]
  79. GiorgiC. MarchiS. PintonP. The machineries, regulation and cellular functions of mitochondrial calcium.Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol.2018191171373010.1038/s41580‑018‑0052‑830143745
     [Google Scholar]
  80. ChoiD.W. Calcium-mediated neurotoxicity: relationship to specific channel types and role in ischemic damage.Trends Neurosci.1988111046546910.1016/0166‑2236(88)90200‑72469166
     [Google Scholar]
  81. TullyK. KupferD. DopicoA.M. TreistmanS.N. A plasticizer released from IV drip chambers elevates calcium levels in neurosecretory terminals.Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.2000168318318810.1006/taap.2000.903611042090
     [Google Scholar]
  82. LiuP.S. TsengF.W. LiuJ.H. Comparative suppression of phthalate monoesters and phthalate diesters on calcium signalling coupled to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.J. Toxicol. Sci.200934325526310.2131/jts.34.25519483380
     [Google Scholar]
  83. Kaun-YuL. Fu-WeiT. Chia-JungW. Pei-ShanL. Suppression by phthalates of the calcium signaling of human nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells.Toxicology20042002-311312110.1016/j.tox.2004.03.01815212808
     [Google Scholar]
  84. HellandI.B. SmithL. SaaremK. SaugstadO.D. DrevonC.A. Maternal supplementation with very-long-chain n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation augments children’s IQ at 4 years of age.Pediatrics20031111e39e4410.1542/peds.111.1.e3912509593
     [Google Scholar]
  85. XuY. AgrawalS. CookT.J. KnippG.T. Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate affects lipid profiling in fetal rat brain upon maternal exposure.Arch. Toxicol.2007811576210.1007/s00204‑006‑0143‑816951938
     [Google Scholar]
  86. YouM. DongJ. FuY. CongZ. FuH. WeiL. WangY. WangY. ChenJ. Exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate during perinatal period gender-specifically impairs the dendritic growth of pyramidal neurons in rat offspring.Front. Neurosci.20181244410.3389/fnins.2018.0044430087586
     [Google Scholar]
  87. Factor-LitvakP. InselB. CalafatA.M. LiuX. PereraF. RauhV.A. WhyattR.M. Persistent associations between maternal prenatal exposure to phthalates on child IQ at age 7 years.PLoS One2014912e11400310.1371/journal.pone.011400325493564
     [Google Scholar]
  88. TsengI.L. YangY.F. YuC.W. LiW.H. LiaoV.H.C. Phthalates induce neurotoxicity affecting locomotor and thermotactic behaviors and AFD neurons through oxidative stress in Caenorhabditis elegans.PLoS One2013812e8265710.1371/journal.pone.008265724349328
     [Google Scholar]
  89. JiangN. SongP. LiX. ZhuL. WangJ. YinX. WangJ. Dibutyl phthalate induced oxidative stress and genotoxicity on adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain.J. Hazard. Mater.2022424Pt D12774910.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.12774934844800
     [Google Scholar]
  90. HongY. YanW. ChenS. SunC. ZhangJ. The role of Nrf2 signaling in the regulation of antioxidants and detoxifying enzymes after traumatic brain injury in rats and mice.Acta Pharmacol. Sin.201031111421143010.1038/aps.2010.10120953205
     [Google Scholar]
  91. LuoY. LiX.N. ZhaoY. DuZ.H. LiJ.L. DEHP triggers cerebral mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in quail (Coturnix japonica) via modulating mitochondrial dynamics and biogenesis and activating Nrf2-mediated defense response.Chemosphere201922462663310.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.14230844593
     [Google Scholar]
  92. MaQ.L. ZuoX. YangF. UbedaO.J. GantD.J. AlaverdyanM. KioseaN.C. NazariS. ChenP.P. NothiasF. ChanP. TengE. FrautschyS.A. ColeG.M. Loss of MAP function leads to hippocampal synapse loss and deficits in the Morris Water Maze with aging.J. Neurosci.201434217124713610.1523/JNEUROSCI.3439‑13.201424849348
     [Google Scholar]
  93. HaradaA. TengJ. TakeiY. OguchiK. HirokawaN. MAP2 is required for dendrite elongation, PKA anchoring in dendrites, and proper PKA signal transduction.J. Cell Biol.2002158354154910.1083/jcb.20011013412163474
     [Google Scholar]
  94. LovellM.A. MarkesberyW.R. Oxidative DNA damage in mild cognitive impairment and late-stage Alzheimer’s disease.Nucleic Acids Res.200735227497750410.1093/nar/gkm82117947327
     [Google Scholar]
  95. ECHA. Phthalates.Available from:https://echa.europa.eu/hot- topics/phthalates(accessed on 23-10-2024)
  96. DEHP in Children’s Plastic Items.Available from:https://www.productsafety.gov.au/bans/dehp-in-childrens-plastic-items(accessed on 23-10-2024)
  97. Center of Health.Available from:http://www.chej.org/pvcfactsheets/PVC_Policies_Around_The_World.html(accessed on 23-10-2024)
  98. LiX. JiangL. ChengL. ChenH. Dibutyl phthalate-induced neurotoxicity in the brain of immature and mature rat offspring.Brain Dev.201436865366010.1016/j.braindev.2013.09.00224075507
     [Google Scholar]
  99. LiuY. HuoW.B. DengJ.Y. TangQ.P. WangJ.X. LiaoY.L. GouD. PeiD.S. Neurotoxicity and the potential molecular mechanisms of mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalic acid (MEHP) in zebrafish.Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.202326511551610.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.11551637757626
     [Google Scholar]
  100. EngelS.M. PatisaulH.B. BrodyC. HauserR. ZotaA.R. BennetD.H. SwansonM. WhyattR.M. Neurotoxicity of ortho-phthalates: recommendations for critical policy reforms to protect brain development in children.Am. J. Public Health2021111468769510.2105/AJPH.2020.30601433600256
     [Google Scholar]
  101. Oya-SilvaL.F. GuiloskiI.C. VicariT. DedaB. MarcondesF.R. SimeoniR.D. PerussoloM.C. Martino-AndradeA.J. LemeD.M. de AssisH.C.S. CestariM.M. Evidence of genotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and antioxidant imbalance in silver catfish Rhamdia quelen after subchronic exposure to diisopentyl phthalate.Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen.202389250370210.1016/j.mrgentox.2023.50370237973294
     [Google Scholar]
  102. MaoG. LiuH. DingY. ZhangW. ChenH. ZhaoT. FengW. WuX. YangL. Evaluation of combined developmental neurological toxicity of di (n-butyl) phthalates and lead using immature mice.Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int.20202799318932610.1007/s11356‑019‑06692‑931916169
     [Google Scholar]
  103. NahlaE. AryaP. ManeeshaP. ChitraK.C. Exposure to the plasticizer dibutyl phthalate causes oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in brain tissue.Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int.20243114213992141410.1007/s11356‑024‑32604‑738393557
     [Google Scholar]
  104. WuY. LiK. ZuoH. YuanY. SunY. YangX. Primary neuronal-astrocytic co-culture platform for neurotoxicity assessment of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate.J. Environ. Sci. (China)20142651145115310.1016/S1001‑0742(13)60504‑525079645
     [Google Scholar]
  105. YirunA. OzkemahliG. BalciA. ErkekogluP. ZeybekN.D. YersalN. Kocer-GumuselB. Neuroendocrine disruption by bisphenol A and/or di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate after prenatal, early postnatal and lactational exposure.Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int.20212821269612697410.1007/s11356‑021‑12408‑933496947
     [Google Scholar]
  106. ZhaoY. ChangY.H. RenH.R. LouM. JiangF.W. WangJ.X. ChenM.S. LiuS. ShiY.S. ZhuH.M. LiJ.L. Phthalates Induce Neurotoxicity by Disrupting the Mfn2-PERK Axis-Mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum–Mitochondria Interaction.J. Agric. Food Chem.202472137411742210.1021/acs.jafc.3c0775238390847
     [Google Scholar]
  107. MaoG. ZhouZ. ChenY. WangW. WuX. FengW. CobbinaS.J. HuangJ. ZhangZ. XuH. YangL. WuX. Neurological toxicity of individual and mixtures of low dose arsenic, mono and di (n-butyl) phthalates on sub-chronic exposure to mice.Biol. Trace Elem. Res.2016170118319310.1007/s12011‑015‑0457‑626257159
     [Google Scholar]
  108. FengW. LiuY. DingY. MaoG. ZhaoT. ChenK. QiuX. XuT. ZhaoX. WuX. YangL. Typical neurobehavioral methods and transcriptome analysis reveal the neurotoxicity and mechanisms of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on pubertal male ICR mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Arch. Toxicol.20209441279130210.1007/s00204‑020‑02683‑932303808
     [Google Scholar]
  109. DingY. LuL. XuanC. HanJ. YeS. CaoT. ChenW. LiA. ZhangX. Di- n -butyl phthalate exposure negatively influences structural and functional neuroplasticity via Rho-GTPase signaling pathways.Food Chem. Toxicol.2017105344310.1016/j.fct.2017.03.05728363850
     [Google Scholar]
  110. QiuF. ZhouY. DengY. YiJ. GongM. LiuN. WeiC. XiangS. Knockdown of TNFAIP1 prevents di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced neurotoxicity by activating CREB pathway.Chemosphere202024112511410.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.12511431683445
     [Google Scholar]
  111. KhalifaM. FayedR.H. AhmedY.H. SedikA.A. El-DydamonyN.M. KhalilH.M. Mitigating effect of ferulic acid on di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced neurocognitive dysfunction in male rats with a comprehensive in silico survey.Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol.2023202312037966574
     [Google Scholar]
  112. ZhangQ. ChenX.Z. HuangX. WangM. WuJ. The association between prenatal exposure to phthalates and cognition and neurobehavior of children-evidence from birth cohorts.Neurotoxicology20197319921210.1016/j.neuro.2019.04.00731004626
     [Google Scholar]
  113. PonsonbyA.L. SymeonidesC. SafferyR. MuellerJ.F. O’HelyM. SlyP.D. WardropN. PezicA. MansellT. CollierF. BurgnerD. ThompsonK. VijayasarathyS. SugengE.J. DwyerT. RanganathanS. AndersonP.J. AndersonV. VuillerminP. Prenatal phthalate exposure, oxidative stress-related genetic vulnerability and early life neurodevelopment: A birth cohort study.Neurotoxicology202080202810.1016/j.neuro.2020.05.00632479765
     [Google Scholar]
  114. RenW. LiuN. ShenY. WangX. ZhouQ. RuiC. YangX. CaoS. LiL. WāngY. WangQ. Subchronic exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) elicits blood–brain barrier dysfunction and neuroinflammation in male C57BL/6J mice.Toxicology202349915365010.1016/j.tox.2023.15365037858774
     [Google Scholar]
  115. BennettD.H. BusgangS.A. KannanK. ParsonsP.J. TakazawaM. PalmerC.D. SchmidtR.J. DoucetteJ.T. SchweitzerJ.B. GenningsC. Hertz-PicciottoI. Environmental exposures to pesticides, phthalates, phenols and trace elements are associated with neurodevelopment in the CHARGE study.Environ. Int.202216110707510.1016/j.envint.2021.10707535085933
     [Google Scholar]
  116. EleiwaN.Z.H. ElsayedA.S.F. SaidE.N. MetwallyM.M.M. Abd-ElhakimY.M. Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate alters neurobehavioral responses and oxidative status, architecture, and GFAP and BDNF signaling in juvenile rat’s brain: Protective role of Coenzyme10.Food Chem. Toxicol.202418411437210.1016/j.fct.2023.11437238113957
     [Google Scholar]
  117. LeeW. ChoJ.H. LeeY. LeeS. KimD.H. HaS. KondoY. IshigamiA. ChungH.Y. LeeJ. Dibutyl phthalate impairs neural progenitor cell proliferation and hippocampal neurogenesis.Food Chem. Toxicol.201912923924810.1016/j.fct.2019.04.04031029726
     [Google Scholar]
  118. SafarpourS. ZabihiE. Ghasemi-KasmanM. NosratiyanN. FeiziF. Prenatal and breastfeeding exposure to low dose of diethylhexyl phthalate induces behavioral deficits and exacerbates oxidative stress in rat hippocampus.Food Chem. Toxicol.202115411232210.1016/j.fct.2021.11232234111487
     [Google Scholar]
  119. ChenT. YangW. LiY. ChenX. XuS. Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate impairs neurodevelopment: Inhibition of proliferation and promotion of differentiation in PC12 cells.Toxicol. Lett.20112011344110.1016/j.toxlet.2010.12.00221145954
     [Google Scholar]
  120. SarigiannisD.A. PapaioannouN. HandakasE. AnestiO. PolanskaK. HankeW. SalifoglouA. GabrielC. KarakitsiosS. Neurodevelopmental exposome: The effect of in utero co-exposure to heavy metals and phthalates on child neurodevelopment.Environ. Res.202119711094910.1016/j.envres.2021.11094933716031
     [Google Scholar]
  121. KassabR.B. LokmanM.S. EssawyE.A. Neurochemical alterations following the exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate in rats.Metab. Brain Dis.201934123524410.1007/s11011‑018‑0341‑030446882
     [Google Scholar]
  122. EstherO.A. SeunE.K. ShawaiA. EstherC.D. Hepatotoxic and neurotoxic effects of combined lead and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure: Activation of total -, Ca2+- and Na+K+- ATPases in the liver of male rats.Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences2021131182710.5897/JTEHS2021.0466
     [Google Scholar]
  123. PM.B. M JR. Gestational and lactational exposition to di-n-butyl phthalate increases neurobehavioral perturbations in rats: A three generational comparative study.Toxicol. Rep.2020748049110.1016/j.toxrep.2020.03.00632292708
     [Google Scholar]
  124. HylandC. MoraA.M. KogutK. CalafatA.M. HarleyK. DeardorffJ. HollandN. EskenaziB. SagivS.K. Prenatal exposure to phthalates and neurodevelopment in the CHAMACOS cohort.Environ. Health Perspect.20191271010701010.1289/EHP516531652105
     [Google Scholar]
  125. ZhengY. LiL. ChengH. HuangS. FengX. HuangL. WeiL. CaoD. WangS. TianL. TangW. HeC. ShenC. LuoB. ZhuM. LiangT. PangB. LiM. LiuC. ChenX. WangF. MoZ. YangX. Gender-specific effects of prenatal mixed exposure to serum phthalates on neurodevelopment of children aged 2–3 years:the Guangxi Birth Cohort Study.Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int.20222956855478555810.1007/s11356‑022‑21769‑835794332
     [Google Scholar]
  126. ChenH.K. WangS.L. ChangY.H. SunC.W. WuM.T. ChenM.L. LinY.J. HsiehC.J. Associations between maternal phthalate exposure and neonatal neurobehaviors: The Taiwan maternal and infant cohort study (TMICS).Environ. Pollut.202331912095610.1016/j.envpol.2022.12095636581241
     [Google Scholar]
  127. SarangiP. PradhanL.K. SahooP.K. ChauhanN.R. DasS.K. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate-induced neurobehavioural transformation is associated with altered glutathione biosynthesis and neurodegeneration in zebrafish brain.Fish Physiol. Biochem.202349350151410.1007/s10695‑023‑01197‑237131059
     [Google Scholar]
  128. NassanF.L. GunnJ.A. HillM.M. WilliamsP.L. HauserR. Association of urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites with quinolinic acid among women: A potential link to neurological disorders.Environ. Int.202013810564310.1016/j.envint.2020.10564332179323
     [Google Scholar]
  129. LiY. LiX. XieM. ChengL. ChenH. SunH. JiangL. [Toxicity of dibutyl phthalate in primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons and the toxicological mechanism].Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao202040222523232376539
     [Google Scholar]
  130. LeeS. LeeW. YangS. SuhY.J. HongD.G. ChangS.C. KimH.S. LeeJ. Di- n -butyl phthalate disrupts neuron maturation in primary rat embryo neurons and male C57BL/6 mice.J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A2022852567010.1080/15287394.2021.197363134488563
     [Google Scholar]
  131. NassanF.L. GunnJ.A. HillM.M. CoullB.A. HauserR. High phthalate exposure increased urinary concentrations of quinolinic acid, implicated in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders: Is this a potential missing link?Environ. Res.201917243043610.1016/j.envres.2019.02.03430826665
     [Google Scholar]
  132. DongR. WuY. ChenJ. WuM. LiS. ChenB. Lactational exposure to phthalates impaired the neurodevelopmental function of infants at 9 months in a pilot prospective study.Chemosphere201922635135910.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.15930947045
     [Google Scholar]
  133. WójtowiczA.K. Sitarz-GłowniaA.M. SzczęsnaM. SzychowskiK.A. The action of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in mouse cerebral cells involves an impairment in aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling.Neurotox. Res.201935118319510.1007/s12640‑018‑9946‑730120713
     [Google Scholar]
  134. DongJ. FuH. FuY. YouM. LiX. WangC. LengK. WangY. ChenJ. Maternal exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate impairs hippocampal synaptic plasticity in male offspring: involvement of damage to dendritic spine development.ACS Chem. Neurosci.202112231132210.1021/acschemneuro.0c0061233411500
     [Google Scholar]
  135. LiS.W. HowC.M. LiaoV.H.C. Prolonged exposure of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induces multigenerational toxic effects in Caenorhabditis elegans.Sci. Total Environ.201863426026610.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.35529627549
     [Google Scholar]
  136. RadhaM.J. Di BashaP.M. (n)-Butyl phthalate induced neuronal perturbations in rat brain tissues: a multigenerational assessment.Int. J. Biosci. Psychiatr. Technol. IJBSPT20178794800
     [Google Scholar]
  137. LeeS.M. JeonS. JeongH.J. KimB.N. KimY. Dibutyl phthalate exposure during gestation and lactation in C57BL/6 mice: Maternal behavior and neurodevelopment in pups.Environ. Res.202018210902510.1016/j.envres.2019.10902531841868
     [Google Scholar]
  138. MaP. LiuX. WuJ. YanB. ZhangY. LuY. WuY. LiuC. GuoJ. NanbergE. BornehagC.G. YangX. Cognitive deficits and anxiety induced by diisononyl phthalate in mice and the neuroprotective effects of melatonin.Sci. Rep.2015511467610.1038/srep1467626424168
     [Google Scholar]
  139. JankowskaA. PolańskaK. KochH.M. PälmkeC. WaszkowskaM. StańczakA. WesołowskaE. HankeW. Bose-O’ReillyS. CalamandreiG. GaríM. Phthalate exposure and neurodevelopmental outcomes in early school age children from Poland.Environ. Res.2019179Pt B10882910.1016/j.envres.2019.10882931677502
     [Google Scholar]
  140. KimS. EomS. KimH.J. LeeJ.J. ChoiG. ChoiS. KimS. KimS.Y. ChoG. KimY.D. SuhE. KimS.K. KimS. KimG.H. MoonH.B. ParkJ. KimS. ChoiK. EunS.H. Association between maternal exposure to major phthalates, heavy metals, and persistent organic pollutants, and the neurodevelopmental performances of their children at 1 to 2 years of age- CHECK cohort study.Sci. Total Environ.201862437738410.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.05829258038
     [Google Scholar]
  141. LvJ. LiY. ChenJ. LiR. BaoC. DingZ. RenW. DuZ. WangS. HuangY. WangQ. Maternal exposure to bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate during the thyroid hormone-dependent stage induces persistent emotional and cognitive impairment in middle-aged offspring mice.Food Chem. Toxicol.202216311296710.1016/j.fct.2022.11296735354077
     [Google Scholar]
  142. KoM.Y. ParkH. ChonS.H. LeeB.S. ChaS.W. HyunS.A. KaM. Prenatal Di-methoxyethyl phthalate exposure impairs cortical neurogenesis and synaptic activity in the mice.Brain Pathol.2024342e1322110.1111/bpa.1322137903655
     [Google Scholar]
  143. SolaimuthuB. BhatF.A. SekaranS. ManikandanM. BalaganapathyP. GunasekharanJ. JagadeesanA. Lactational exposure to di-2-ethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP) induces oxidative stress and causes neurodegeneration in hippocampus of offspring female albino rats.Int J Pharm Drug Analy2014541552
     [Google Scholar]
  144. TangS. ZhangH. XiaY. LuoS. LiuY. DuanX. ZouZ. ChenC. ZhouL. QiuJ. Exposure to di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate causes locomotor increase and anxiety-like behavior via induction of oxidative stress in brain.Toxicol. Mech. Methods202333211312210.1080/15376516.2022.210030335818324
     [Google Scholar]
  145. RollandM. Lyon-CaenS. ThomsenC. SakhiA.K. SabaredzovicA. BayatS. SlamaR. MéaryD. PhilippatC. Effects of early exposure to phthalates on cognitive development and visual behavior at 24 months.Environ. Res.202321911506810.1016/j.envres.2022.11506836528043
     [Google Scholar]
  146. LiuX. AdamoA.M. OteizaP.I. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate affects zinc metabolism and neurogenesis in the developing rat brain.Arch. Biochem. Biophys.202272710935110.1016/j.abb.2022.10935135841924
     [Google Scholar]
  147. YanB. WangZ. ChenJ. ZhangL. CaiZ. WuY. MaP. Role of the necrosis factor-κB pathway in dibutyl phthalate mediated effects on human glioma cells.Toxicol. Environ. Chem.20181005-764465710.1080/02772248.2019.1567732
     [Google Scholar]
  148. ZhaoY.X. TangY.X. SunX.H. ZhuS.Y. DaiX.Y. LiX.N. LiJ.L. Gap junction protein connexin 43 as a target is internalized in astrocyte neurotoxicity caused by di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate.J. Agric. Food Chem.202270195921593110.1021/acs.jafc.2c0163535446567
     [Google Scholar]
  149. RadhaM.J. BashaM.P. Genotoxic impact of di-n-butyl phthalate on DNA: A comparative study of three generations in the neuronal tissue of Wistar rats.Toxicol. Ind. Health202238316217510.1177/0748233722107942835317679
     [Google Scholar]
  150. KimJ.I. HongY.C. ShinC.H. LeeY.A. LimY.H. KimB.N. The effects of maternal and children phthalate exposure on the neurocognitive function of 6-year-old children.Environ. Res.201715651952510.1016/j.envres.2017.04.00328431379
     [Google Scholar]
  151. MinA. LiuF. YangX. ChenM. Benzyl butyl phthalate exposure impairs learning and memory and attenuates neurotransmission and CREB phosphorylation in mice.Food Chem. Toxicol.201471818910.1016/j.fct.2014.05.02124937021
     [Google Scholar]
  152. RosenE.M. StevensD.R. McNellE.E. WoodM.E. EngelS.M. KeilA.P. CalafatA.M. BotelhoJ.C. SinkovskayaE. PrzybylskaA. SaadeG. AbuhamadA. FergusonK.K. Longitudinal associations between urinary biomarkers of phthalates and replacements with novel in vivo measures of placental health.Hum. Reprod.20243992104211410.1093/humrep/deae15238970902
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/cnsamc/10.2174/0118715249332874241113030902
Loading
Phthalates Induced Neurotoxicity: A Mechanistic Approach
Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 26, 28 (2026); https://doi.org/10.2174/0118715249332874241113030902
/content/journals/cnsamc/10.2174/0118715249332874241113030902
/content/journals/cnsamc/10.2174/0118715249332874241113030902
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Review Article
Keyword(s): cell death; lipid metabolism; mechanism; neurotoxicity; Phthalates; restriction

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test