Current Hypertension Reviews - Online First
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Potential Therapeutic Effects of Flavonoids in Cardiovascular Disorders: Review
Authors: Sonia Singh, Ashima Ahuja and Mahima VarshneyAvailable online: 26 August 2025More LessIntroductionFlavonoids in various fruits and vegetables exert multifaceted biological effects. They are widely explored for cardiovascular, antitumor, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects. Flavonoid cardioprotection is helpful in the management of myocardial injury, stroke, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and ischemia. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become a global threat in recent years due to increased mortality and morbidity rates. The increased mortality due to CVD among women, children, and poor economic groups has boosted the socio-economic burden on health care. Various researchers have explored the commercial applications of flavonoids, including quercetin, apigenin, luteolin, and catechin, as dietary supplements.
MethodsThe findings were searched in the Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and PubChem databases.
ResultsPreclinical and clinical investigations have promoted the safety of flavonoids, such as apigenin and quercetin, for use as nutraceuticals that promote health. Flavonoids and their potential mechanisms of action and clinical applications offer insights for researchers and scientists to explore in the fields of medical and nanomedicine sciences. Nanomedicine, like liposomes, carbon nanotubes, nanosponges, and nanoparticles containing flavonoids, is used for its efficacy, potency, and target delivery.
DiscussionsFlavonols have the potential to regulate vasodilation and prevent apoptosis. Furthermore, their supplementation may reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications. Flavonoids function as antioxidants and exhibit potent anti-inflammatory effects by mediating inflammatory pathways, thereby contributing to the management of cardiovascular complications. Emerging evidence from researchers suggests flavonoids improve endothelial function and reduce blood pressure. Furthermore, flavonoids derived from cocoa, such as catechins, and those found in tea also enhance endothelial function. Nanosystems can enhance the solubility, permeability, and effectiveness of flavonoids as antioxidants, while also promoting controlled drug delivery. Nanoformulations can enhance the effects of morin, rutin, quercetin, and other flavonoids, significantly improving therapeutic outcomes.
ConclusionsThese findings offer researchers and scientists a novel technological approach utilizing flavonoids to address metabolic syndromes and related health conditions, thereby supporting personalized care and improving patient outcomes.
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Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index as a Marker of Arterial Stiffness: Principles, Application, and Clinical Utility
Authors: Hamed Tavolinejad, Bianca Pourmussa and Julio A. ChirinosAvailable online: 02 July 2025More LessLarge artery stiffness (LAS) is widely recognized as a highly clinically relevant determinant of cardiovascular health and an independent prognostic marker. However, routine assessment of LAS has not yet been integrated into clinical practice. Arterial wall stiffness is dependent on distending pressure (i.e., mean arterial pressure), which may confound the interpretation of individual measurements. The cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) is an index of arterial stiffness designed to mitigate the dependence of pulse wave velocity on blood pressure. However, because CAVI incorporates pulse wave velocity measured between the heart and the ankle, it is influenced by both the stiffness of the aorta and medium-sized muscular arteries. Several observational, longitudinal studies have demonstrated that higher CAVI is associated with cardiovascular events and mortality, although most available data are derived from Asian populations. Future studies of CAVI are needed to establish its prognostic value in addition to traditionally used cardiovascular risk factors in the setting of primary prevention. This review aims to provide a brief overview of the definition, theoretical principles, practical considerations, key strengths and limitations, and the clinical utility of CAVI.
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Nanotechnology-Enhanced Transdermal Patches for Hypertension: A Review
Authors: Nishant Yadav, Parveen Kumar, Thakur Gurjeet Singh and Sushma DeviAvailable online: 28 April 2025More LessTransdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS) is one of the controlled drug delivery systems whose purpose is to deliver medication through the skin at a predetermined and regulated rate. Nanotechnology has enhanced the skin’s absorption of lipophilic, low-molecular-weight medicines with low-dose efficacy, making transdermal drug delivery systems a viable technique for treating various conditions. TDDS permits greater skin permeation of hydrophilic drugs, and scientists are studying macromolecules to improve disease treatment and vaccine development. While additional study is needed to determine nanocarrier safety, this approach could increase the usage of transdermal routes for administering hypertension medicines. As hypertension remains the most prevalent form of cardiovascular illness, we focus on how nanoparticles as skin delivery methods might be used to better treat this global problem. In addition, patients may not be willing to comply with traditional doses due to the greater frequency of drug administration necessary for long-term care of hypertension conditions. Transdermal drug delivery has provided numerous benefits to the medical community since its inception. These benefits include the drug's non-invasive nature, extended therapeutic effect, reduced adverse effects, greater bioavailability, improved patient compliance, and simple termination. This review aims to explore the potential of several antihypertensive drugs for transdermal delivery.
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Interactions between Hypertension and Breastfeeding: What Do We Know?
Available online: 25 April 2025More LessSubstantial evidence indicates that breastfeeding reduces mortality and morbidity in infants. However, social changes in the 20th century resulted in a considerable decline in breastfeeding rates in many countries. Breast milk is crucial because of its nutritional, immunological, and emotional benefits and economic value. Approximately 10% of pregnancies are complicated by hypertensive syndromes, which are the most commonly diagnosed conditions during pregnancy. This review aims to explore how hypertension may interfere with the quality of human breast milk. While numerous studies have investigated the composition of breast milk and its numerous benefits for both infants and mothers, limited research examines the relationship between colostrum, breast milk, and hypertension. Given the diverse nutritional and immunological components of breast milk, many questions remain about this complex interaction.
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Comparison of the Effect of Intermittent Fasting with Mediterranean Diet on Glycemic, Lipid, and Anthropometric Indices in Type 2 Diabetes: A Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
Available online: 11 April 2025More LessIntroductionType 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder that is becoming more prevalent over time. Research has shown that the Mediterranean diet (MD) and intermittent fasting (IF) can improve the metabolic parameters of patients with type 2 diabetes. However, there has yet to be a study comparing the effectiveness of these two diets in diabetic patients. This review aims to compare the impact of the Mediterranean diet and intermittent fasting on glycemic, lipid, and anthropometric indices in patients with type 2 diabetes.
MethodsWe selected clinical trial studies published between 2013 and 2023 that examined the impact of the MD and the IF diet on glycemic, lipid, and anthropometric indices in patients with type 2 diabetes, in the PubMed and Scopus databases on November 23, 2023, and were included in our study following the PRISMA guidelines.
ResultsA total of 22 clinical trials meeting the inclusion criteria were chosen. Out of these, 13 clinical trials focused on the impact of the Mediterranean diet, while the remaining trials examined the effects of the IF diet on type 2 diabetes. The age range of participants in all studies was above 18 years, with the number of individuals investigated ranging from 9 to 557. The duration of the interventions varied from 1 week to 8 years. The MD and IF have both have been shown to effectively improve glycemic control, lipid profiles, and anthropometric measurements in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, the MD tends to offer more consistent and sustainable long-term benefits. This can be attributed to its rich composition of antioxidants, healthy fats, and dietary fiber. IF has demonstrated potential benefits for improving blood sugar levels and lipid profiles over short periods. However, its effectiveness may be compromised by the risk of hypoglycemia and the inconsistent commitment of patients.
ConclusionThese findings suggest that the MD is preferable for long-term, while IF may serve as a complementary short-term strategy. Further research in this area is necessary to provide a definitive opinion.
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The Effect of Risk Factors and Clinical Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) on Renal Arterial Resistive Index (RRI)
Available online: 10 April 2025More LessBackgroundChronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a known risk factor for End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) and Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD). Renal Doppler Ultrasound (RDU) can detect early renal involvement in CKD using the Renal Resistive Index (RRI).
AimsThis study aimed to investigate the effects of risk factors and clinical complications associated with CKD on RRI among patients with different stages of CKD.
MethodsIn this analytical cross-sectional study, 186 patients referred to Poursina Hospital for RDU were categorized into six groups (normal and five stages of CKD). We analyzed the impact of demographic factors and clinical complications on RRI across all groups.
ResultsOur findings indicated that CKD prevalence was particularly high among older patients and those with CVD, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), and hypertension (HTN). Elevated RRI in CKD patients was significantly associated with age, CKD stage, CVD, and HTN (p < 0.05). Furthermore, RRI was higher in CKD patients with elevated serum phosphorus (P) levels, higher low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and lower calcium (Ca) and hemoglobin (Hb) levels. Based on a multivariate regression model, CVD, lower Ca, high LDL, and proteinuria were identified as independent predictors of elevated RRI (p < 0.05).
ConclusionThis study concludes that elevated RRI is associated with the severity of CKD and its clinical complications, suggesting that RRI can serve as a reliable indicator for assessing CKD patients, managing treatment, and preventing early death complications.
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