Current Cancer Therapy Reviews - Volume 20, Issue 2, 2024

Electrical conductivity plays a pivotal role in the life of organisms. Processes, such as neural information transfer, which allows a living organism to receive information and respond to it within the shortest time possible, are the basis of electrical conductivity. However, electrical conductivity is not only responsible for transmitting information. It provides living organisms the capability to encode this information, execute control processes and launch a complex system of reflex-related, behavioral and mental processes. Electrical conductivity is responsible for the control over all the functional systems of our body. An in-depth study of the electrical activity of the body will allow us to make an important conclusion on the presence of a functional control system in malignant tumors. A deep understanding of the basics of electrical stimulation and signal conduction will give us insights into the sphere of control and synchronization system within our central processor (brain) and other functional systems that we need for the proper functioning of human body; these systems are also capable of altering the natural physiological functioning of the body.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common form of cancer worldwide and the third most common cause of cancer-related death. In the beginning period, healing medicines, for example, careful resection, liver transplant and neighborhood removal, can improve the patient’s endurance. Be that as it may, the infection is identified in the cutting-edge stage; also, some accessible treatments are confined to palliative consideration and nearby treatment. Assessed the dietary benefit of some normal cell reinforcement specialists that help the capacity of the body coming about an improvement of the well-being and insurance from various ailments; our audit will give an updated status of the various parts of HCC the board through covering the viability and the advantageous impacts of various regular operators and their system of activity against HCC for the future treatment modalities. In this review, we talk about the ongoing advances identified with the reason (featuring the principle hazard factors), treatment, and result in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR/Cas9) technology is currently one of the most promising gene editing techniques. Gene-editing techniques allow various alterations to the DNA sequence by either addition, deletion, or inversion. The two primary components of this technique are the Cas9 endonuclease, which cuts the DNA strands at the specific target position of the genome, and the guide RNA molecule (gRNA), which guides the Cas9 endonuclease to that target portion. This technology is based on the adaptive immune system in prokaryotes, which prevents the entry of viruses by integrating short virus sequences in the cell’s CRISPR locus and allowing it to remember, recognize, and clear infections. The use of CRISPR technology in cancer biology is evolving quickly and holds great promise for the development of cancer models, blocking drug resistance, screening functional genes, gene editing, and CAR T cell therapy.

Recent advances in brachytherapy (BT) and chemotherapy, as well as consensus statements from several different organizations, were examined in this study as they pertain to the treatment of locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC). Since patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy before, during, and after radiation therapy (RT) experienced significant toxicities, it was decided that no additional conventional therapeutic options should be pursued. The use of PET-CT and MRI in the assessment of pelvic lymph nodes and bone marrow metastases improved pelvic RT planning. It can be concluded from the findings of the study that by administering an integrated boost for metastatic pelvic lymph nodes in IMRT followed by MRI-guided adaptive beam therapy, patients with LACC may benefit from modern radiation therapy methods that treat bladder and rectum tissues while shortening treatment times.

An emerging safe and efficient targeted method of treating many different types of cancer is radiopharmaceutical treatment (RPT). RPT uses medications that either bind more selectively to cancer cells or accumulate through physiological processes to deliver radiation either systemically or locally. Nearly all radionuclides employed in RPT generate imageable photons, allowing for noninvasive visualization of the therapeutic agent's biodistribution. RPT has demonstrated efficacy with little toxicity when compared to practically all other systemic cancer treatment approaches. The tremendous potential of this treatment is finally being acknowledged as a result of the FDA's recent approval of many RPT medicines. The fundamental characteristics, clinical advancement, and related difficulties of RPT are covered in this review.

Gliomas are a group of brain cancers with various clinical and biological features, and they are mostly malignant. Progressions in therapy approaches, comprising radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery, have not been so considerable in the prognosis of glioma cases. Recently, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been found with putative regulatory roles in gene expression, epigenetic regulation, neurogenesis, cell cycle, and cellular transportation. The lncRNA Metastasis Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript 1 (MALAT1) is frequently reported to be associated with multiple disorders, such as various types of cancers. Upregulation of MALAT1 is detected in different tumours, including glioma, and functional analyses reveal it affects malignant features of cancer cells like proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis. MALAT1 impacts those features by modulating various epigenetic histones, hormones, growth factors, and transcription factors. Therefore, this lncRNA can be regarded as a potent therapeutic target for glioma. In this review, we summarized the functional roles of MALAT1 in glioma.

The ketogenic diet (KD) has made a breakthrough in the treatment of glioma and has become a research hotspot because of its unique dietary structure, particularly as an auxiliary strategy for anti-tumor. This article reviews the application and mechanism of KD combined with other antitumor methods, such as chemoradiotherapy, immunotherapy, molecularly targeted drugs, antiangiogenic drugs, glucose-targeted drugs, hyperbaric oxygen, ketone bodies, and intestinal flora, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the clinical application of KD.

microRNAs (miRNA) play a significant role in regulating gene expression at the posttranscriptional level in multicellular organisms, such as mammals. These small non-coding RNAs (snRNA) can be present in plants and even viruses, and make up about 60% of human genes. Many different functions and roles are played by miRNAs, including their role in many diseases and cancers. The results of various studies in recent years on the role of miRNA-337 in cancers have shown that miR-337 acts as a cancer inhibitor and can play a key role in the treatment of various cancers by inhibiting cell invasion. Thus, among the various miRNAs, in this review, we aim to shed light on the function of miR-337 in different types of cancer.

Carcinogenesis is a process in which uncontrolled cell proliferation forms preneoplastic nodules which precede the appearance of cancer. In normal cells, growth and proliferation are regulated by certain growth and hormonal stimulation, while mutational alterations in these signals render the cells independent and resistant to these signals. In cancer, the critical homeostatic balance between cell growth and apoptosis is lost and the cells continue to survive beyond their normal life span. The activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 and caspases are involved in potential proapoptotic signaling pathways. JNK, p38 MAPK pathway and caspases play a crucial role in the control of apoptosis in response to stress. The most recent and up-to-date literature was evaluated in this study, which describes the role of JNK, p38 MAPK pathway and caspases as therapeutic target in cancer. Chemotherapy uses drugs that are cytotoxic to highly proliferating tumor cells but also kills the non-tumor rapidly proliferating cells in the hair, skin and gastrointestinal tract epithelium, thereby accounting the side effects of these types of treatments. Recently, chemopreventive modalities derived from phytoconstituents present in plants provide a broad-spectrum strategy to overcome the incidence of cancer. Non-toxic, safe and affordable bioavailabilities of chemopreventive agents provide credence support in the field of cancer research compared to conventional therapies that cause serious consequences. Chemoprevention envisages the basic mechanisms like modulating the activity of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes, induction of apoptosis, immune system activation, suppressing angiogenesis and the formation of metastasis, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The present review highlighted the role of phytoconstituents derived from food, vegetables and medicinal plants in the induction of apoptosis in cancer cells, which in turn is mediated by the activation of JNK, p38 MAPK pathways, and caspases.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to extract, isolate, and evaluate in vitro the antioxidant and anticancer properties of rutin from Citrus reticulata and Citrus limon.Background: Bioflavonoids are a class of polyphenolic secondary metabolites that give plants their distinctive organoleptic properties. Rutin, also known as rutoside, is a citrus flavonoid that is found in a variety of plants, including citrus fruits, and has a wide range of pharmacological effects.Objective: This investigation's goal was to extract, isolate, and test the antioxidant and anti-cancer properties of rutin in vitro.Methods: By incorporating the appropriate solvent system, the Soxhlet apparatus was used to extract C. reticulata (R2) and C. limon (R3) from dried peel powder. Column chromatography was used in the isolation process. Various solvent systems on the basis of their polarity were used to isolate rutin, which further was evaluated for anti-oxidant and anti-cancer action by the use of in vitro tests.Results: Successful extraction and isolation of rutin from two sources were achieved. Additionally, their antioxidant and anticancer activity was also evaluated by in vitro methods. Both isolated rutins (R2 and R3) possessed optimal antioxidants in the range of 31.64 to 76.28 g/ml and anticancer activity with IC50 values of 4 to 7 g/ml, when compared to standard doxorubicin with an IC50 value of 3g/ml. In the comparison of rutin isolated from C. reticulata with rutin isolated from C. limon, rutin isolated from C. reticulata was found to be more abundant and more potent in terms of yield and activity.Conclusion: The study's findings are clear; Citrus reticulata species have a higher flavonoid and phenolic content, and the rutin extracted from them is an effective anti-oxidant and anti-cancer agent against lung cancer. The study can be used as a model for future studies on rutin’s role in cancer.

Background: The occurrence of brain tumors is rapidly increasing, mostly in the younger generation. Tumors can directly destroy all healthy brain cells and spread rapidly to other parts. However, tumor detection and removal still pose a challenge in the field of biomedicine. Early detection and treatment of brain tumors are vital as otherwise can prove to be fatal.Objective: This paper presents the Computer Aided Diagnostic (CAD) system design for two classification of brain tumors employing the transfer learning technique. The model is validated using machine learning techniques and other datasets.Methods: Different pre-processing and segmentation techniques were applied to the online dataset. A two-class classification CAD system was designed using pre-trained models namely VGG16, VGG19, Resnet 50, and Inception V3. Later GLDS, GLCM, and hybrid features were extracted which were classified using Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN), and Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) techniques.Results: The overall classification accuracy using Inception V3 is observed as 83%. 85% accuracy was obtained using hybrid GLCM and GLDS features using the SVM algorithm. The model has been validated on the BraTs dataset which results in 84.5% and 82% accuracy using GLCM + GLDS + SVM and Inception V3 technique respectively.Conclusion: 2.9% accuracy improvement was attained while considering GLCM + GLDS + SVM over kNN and PNN. 0.5% and 1.2% accuracy improvement were attained for CAD system design based on GLCM + GLDS + SVM and Inception v3 model respectively.