Skip to content
2000
Volume 21, Issue 6
  • ISSN: 1573-3947
  • E-ISSN: 1875-6301

Abstract

Cosmetics are items that are used to glorify or change facial looks and appearance as well as provide fragrance to the body. Their main aim is to cleanse, beautify, facilitate attractiveness, and change physical looks. Women use many different beauty products, such as skin care, hair, perfume, oral hygiene, and nail care items, which may include harmful substances that are threatening to their health. The controversy around cosmetics and beauty products promoting cancer threat has grown over the previous few years. According to data from the European Cancer Registries, postmenopausal and very young women are now seeing an increase in the occurrence of breast cancer, which is the more frequent form of cancer in women. Genetic predisposition, long-term hormone replacement treatment, and various environmental variables, including air pollution, agrochemicals, alcohol, and specific consumer goods like cosmetic additives, are some of the causes of breast cancer. Additionally, the USFDA made all adverse event reports, including those involving concerns about cosmetics, publicly accessible the Adverse Event Reporting System (CAERS) of the Centre for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition in 2016. In this period of modernization, CAERS is of limited use since there is a lack of different supporting data, such as demographic information, medical history, or linked product usage, and because the existing data is vulnerable to severe reporting bias. Despite the system's potential to protect the public's health, the database's future usefulness will depend on a wide range of reporting participants, more thorough reporting, and concurrent investments in regulatory science and enhanced molecular techniques.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cctr/10.2174/0115733947299954240730062858
2024-08-09
2025-12-06
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. GoyalR. ChopraH. singhI. DuaK. GautamR.K. Insights on prospects of nano-siRNA based approaches in treatment of cancer.Front. Pharmacol.20221398567010.3389/fphar.2022.98567036091772
    [Google Scholar]
  2. ChopraH. BibiS. GoyalR. GautamR.K. TrivediR. UpadhyayT.K. MujahidM.H. ShahM.A. HarisM. KhotK.B. GopanG. SinghI. KimJ.K. JoseJ. Abdel-DaimM.M. AlhumaydhiF.A. EmranT.B. KimB. Chemopreventive potential of dietary nanonutraceuticals for prostate cancer: An extensive review.Front. Oncol.20221292537910.3389/fonc.2022.92537935903701
    [Google Scholar]
  3. SharmaP.C. GoyalR. SharmaA. SharmaD. SainiN. RajakH. SharmaS. ThakurV.K. Insights on fluoroquinolones in cancer therapy: Chemistry and recent developments.Mater. Today Chem.20201710029610.1016/j.mtchem.2020.100296
    [Google Scholar]
  4. SudhakarA. History of cancer, ancient and modern treatment methods.J. Cancer Sci. Ther.200912iiv10.4172/1948‑5956.100000e220740081
    [Google Scholar]
  5. ParsaN. Environmental factors inducing human cancers.Iran. J. Public Health201241111923304670
    [Google Scholar]
  6. SinglaR.K. SaiC.S. ChopraH. BehzadS. BansalH. GoyalR. GautamR.K. TsagkarisC. JoonS. SinglaS. ShenB. Natural products for the management of castration-resistant prostate cancer: Special focus on nanoparticles based studies.Front. Cell Dev. Biol.2021974517710.3389/fcell.2021.74517734805155
    [Google Scholar]
  7. TumaJ DudeckO. CME-Sonografie 104: Angiomyolipome [CME-Sonography 104: Angiomyolipomas].Praxis (Bern 1994)2022111312312910.1024/1661‑8157/a003857
    [Google Scholar]
  8. ChafferC.L. WeinbergR.A. A perspective on cancer cell metastasis.Science201133160241559156410.1126/science.120354321436443
    [Google Scholar]
  9. KirkpatrickK.L. OgunkoladeW. ElkakA.E. BustinS. JenkinsP. GhilchickM. NewboldR.F. MokbelK. hTERT expression in human breast cancer and non-cancerous breast tissue: Correlation with tumour stage and c-Myc expression.Breast Cancer Res. Treat.200377327728410.1023/A:102184921705412602927
    [Google Scholar]
  10. SiegelR.L. MillerK.D. FuchsH.E. JemalA. Cancer statistics, 2022.CA Cancer J. Clin.202272173310.3322/caac.2170835020204
    [Google Scholar]
  11. GoyalR. HusainS. WilsonK. ChopraH. PahwaR. LoganathanM. SharmaR. Recent advancements in skin cancer treatment: A critical review.Exploration of Medicine20234578281210.37349/emed.2023.00178
    [Google Scholar]
  12. LinaresM.A. ZakariaA. NizranP. Skin Cancer.Prim. Care201542464565910.1016/j.pop.2015.07.00626612377
    [Google Scholar]
  13. PugazhendhiA. EdisonT.N.J.I. KaruppusamyI. KathirvelB. Inorganic nanoparticles: A potential cancer therapy for human welfare.Int. J. Pharm.20185391-210411110.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.01.03429366941
    [Google Scholar]
  14. HenriksonN.B. IvlevI. BlasiP.R. NguyenM.B. SengerC.A. PerdueL.A. LinJ.S. Skin cancer screening: Updated evidence report and systematic review for the US preventive services task force.JAMA2023329151296130710.1001/jama.2023.326237071090
    [Google Scholar]
  15. RastrelliM. TropeaS. RossiC.R. AlaibacM. Melanoma: Epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis and classification. In Vivo 20142861005101125398793
    [Google Scholar]
  16. KornekT. AugustinM. Skin cancer prevention.J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges.201311428329810.1111/ddg.1206623574893
    [Google Scholar]
  17. BrownA. KnightT. Shifts in media images of women appearance and social status from 1960 to 2010: A content analysis of beauty advertisements in two Australian magazines.J. Aging Stud.201535748310.1016/j.jaging.2015.08.00326568217
    [Google Scholar]
  18. WebbJ.B. Wood-BarcalowN.L. TylkaT.L. Assessing positive body image: Contemporary approaches and future directions.Body Image20151413014510.1016/j.bodyim.2015.03.01025910972
    [Google Scholar]
  19. NobileV. Guidelines on cosmetic efficacy testing on humans. ethical, technical, and regulatory requirements in the main cosmetics markets. J Cosmetol Trichol.20162110710.4172/2471‑9323.1000107
    [Google Scholar]
  20. JuhászM.L.W. MarmurE.S. A review of selected chemical additives in cosmetic products.Dermatol. Ther.201427631732210.1111/dth.1214625052592
    [Google Scholar]
  21. LowK.Y. WallaceM. Prevalence of potential contact allergens in baby cosmetic products.Clin. Exp. Dermatol.201944441141310.1111/ced.1376730239029
    [Google Scholar]
  22. OestreicherM.I. Detergents, bath preparations, and other skin cleansers.Clin. Dermatol.198863293610.1016/0738‑081X(88)90029‑63071401
    [Google Scholar]
  23. NanyanP. Fragrance allergens in hair removal cosmetic products.Dermatitis201930426827110.1097/DER.000000000000049131136355
    [Google Scholar]
  24. RapaportM.J. Eyelid dermatitis.Dermatol. Nurs.200012535235411912793
    [Google Scholar]
  25. MadnaniN. KhanK. Hair cosmetics.Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol.201379565466710.4103/0378‑6323.11673423974582
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Guerra-TapiaA Gonzalez-GuerraE. Hair cosmetics: DyesActas Dermosifiliogr2014105983383910.1016/j.adengl.2014.02.003
    [Google Scholar]
  27. MadnaniN. KhanK. Nail cosmetics.Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol.201278330931710.4103/0378‑6323.9544522565430
    [Google Scholar]
  28. HellwigE. LussiA. Oral hygiene products, medications and drugs - hidden aetiological factors for dental erosion.Monogr. Oral Sci.20142515516210.1159/00035994224993264
    [Google Scholar]
  29. WilsonM. Personal cleanliness.Nursing19863280813634247
    [Google Scholar]
  30. WestmoreM.G. Camouflage and makeup preparations.Clin. Dermatol.200119440641210.1016/S0738‑081X(01)00180‑811535381
    [Google Scholar]
  31. CowleyK. VanoosthuyzeK. Insights into shaving and its impact on skin.Br. J. Dermatol.2012166Suppl. 161210.1111/j.1365‑2133.2011.10783.x22385029
    [Google Scholar]
  32. CellenoL. Topical urea in skincare: A review.Dermatol. Ther.2018316e1269010.1111/dth.1269030378232
    [Google Scholar]
  33. de MontA. Suntan preparations.Community Outlook1984 jun132082096563957
    [Google Scholar]
  34. GuptaA. KalaP. Impact of covid-19 pandemic on purchase and usage patterns of cosmetics among women of gurugram (india).Int. J. Manag.2021126250259
    [Google Scholar]
  35. ZhangW. WangX. ZhaoL. GuY. ChenY. LiuN. AnL. LuY. CuiS. Effect of leave‐on cosmetic antimicrobial preservatives on healthy skin resident Staphylococcus epidermidis.J. Cosmet. Dermatol.20232272115212110.1111/jocd.1569036895166
    [Google Scholar]
  36. FerreiraM. MagalhãesM. OliveiraR. Sousa-LoboJ. AlmeidaI. Trends in the use of botanicals in anti-aging cosmetics.Molecules20212612358410.3390/molecules2612358434208257
    [Google Scholar]
  37. JoseJ. NettoG. Role of solid lipid nanoparticles as photoprotective agents in cosmetics.J. Cosmet. Dermatol.201918131532110.1111/jocd.1250429441672
    [Google Scholar]
  38. GładyszM. KrólM. KarolyA. SzalaiR. KościelniakP. A multitechnique approach for discrimination and identification of lipsticks for forensic purposes.J. Forensic Sci.202267249450410.1111/1556‑4029.1494534904713
    [Google Scholar]
  39. JadoonS. KarimS. AsadM.H.H.B. AkramM.R. Kalsoom KhanA. MalikA. ChenC. MurtazaG. Anti-aging potential of phytoextract loaded-pharmaceutical creams for human skin cell longetivity.Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev.2015201511710.1155/2015/70962826448818
    [Google Scholar]
  40. MorrisonJ.B. HechtS.S. WenningerJ.A. N-nitroso-N-methyloctadecylamine in hair-care products.Food Chem. Toxicol.1983211697310.1016/0278‑6915(83)90270‑36681794
    [Google Scholar]
  41. KaličaninB. VelimirovićD. A study of the possible harmful effects of cosmetic beauty products on human health.Biol. Trace Elem. Res.2016170247648410.1007/s12011‑015‑0477‑226296330
    [Google Scholar]
  42. SathyanarayanaS. KarrC.J. LozanoP. BrownE. CalafatA.M. LiuF. SwanS.H. Baby care products: Possible sources of infant phthalate exposure.Pediatrics20081212e260e26810.1542/peds.2006‑376618245401
    [Google Scholar]
  43. ZhouS.N. MoodyR.P. AikawaB. YipA. WangB. ZhuJ. In vitro dermal absorption of di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) in a roll-on deodorant using human skin.J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A201376315716610.1080/15287394.2012.73859823356645
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Puebla-BarraganS. ReidG. Probiotics in cosmetic and personal care products: Trends and challenges.Molecules2021265124910.3390/molecules2605124933652548
    [Google Scholar]
  45. BalwierzR. BiernatP. Jasińska-BalwierzA. SiodłakD. Kusakiewicz-DawidA. Kurek-GóreckaA. OlczykP. Ochędzan-SiodłakW. Potential carcinogens in makeup cosmetics.Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health2023206478010.3390/ijerph2006478036981689
    [Google Scholar]
  46. YilmazB. TerekeciH. SandalS. KelestimurF. Endocrine disrupting chemicals: Exposure, effects on human health, mechanism of action, models for testing and strategies for prevention.Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord.202021112714710.1007/s11154‑019‑09521‑z31792807
    [Google Scholar]
  47. TuliniusH. EgilssonV. OlafsdóttirG.H. SigvaldasonH. Risk of prostate, ovarian, and endometrial cancer among relatives of women with breast cancer.BMJ1992305685885585710.1136/bmj.305.6858.8551422397
    [Google Scholar]
  48. NagyA. SchallyA.V. Targeting of cytotoxic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogs to breast, ovarian, endometrial, and prostate cancers.Biol. Reprod.200573585185910.1095/biolreprod.105.04348916033997
    [Google Scholar]
  49. DarbreP.D. Underarm cosmetics and breast cancer.J. Appl. Toxicol.2003232899510.1002/jat.89912666152
    [Google Scholar]
  50. LinhartC. TalaszH. MorandiE.M. ExleyC. LindnerH.H. TaucherS. EgleD. HubalekM. ConcinN. UlmerH. Use of underarm cosmetic products in relation to risk of breast cancer: A case-control study.EBioMedicine201721798510.1016/j.ebiom.2017.06.00528629908
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Lopez-EspinosaM.J. FletcherT. ArmstrongB. GenserB. DhatariyaK. MondalD. DucatmanA. LeonardiG. Association of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) with age of puberty among children living near a chemical plant.Environ. Sci. Technol.201145198160816610.1021/es103869421534542
    [Google Scholar]
  52. JNO. UdebuaniA. C. EzejiE. U. ObasiK. O. NnoliM. C. Possible health implications associated with cosmeticsA. Science201535-15863
    [Google Scholar]
  53. ChowE.T. MahalingaiahS. Cosmetics use and age at menopause: Is there a connection?Fertil. Steril.2016106497899010.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.08.02027545020
    [Google Scholar]
  54. MellowshipD. Toxic Beauty: The hidden chemicals in cosmetics and how they can harm us.Hachette UK.2009
    [Google Scholar]
  55. SoniM.G. CarabinI.G. BurdockG.A. Safety assessment of esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens).Food Chem. Toxicol.2005437985101510.1016/j.fct.2005.01.02015833376
    [Google Scholar]
  56. HsiehC.Y. SantellR.C. HaslamS.Z. HelferichW.G. Estrogenic effects of genistein on the growth of estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells in vitro and in vivo.Cancer Res.19985817383338389731492
    [Google Scholar]
  57. CalimanF.A. GavrilescuM. Pharmaceuticals, personal care products and endocrine disrupting agents in the environment–a review.Clean2009374-527730310.1002/clen.200900038
    [Google Scholar]
  58. MukherjeeS. DateA. PatravaleV. KortingH.C. RoederA. WeindlG. Retinoids in the treatment of skin aging: An overview of clinical efficacy and safety.Clin. Interv. Aging20061432734810.2147/ciia.2006.1.4.32718046911
    [Google Scholar]
  59. WehnerA.P. Biological effects of cosmetic talc.Food Chem. Toxicol.199432121173118410.1016/0278‑6915(94)90135‑X7813991
    [Google Scholar]
  60. RossG. A perspective on the safety of cosmetic products: A position paper of the American Council on Science and Health.Int. J. Toxicol.200625426927710.1080/1091581060074604916815815
    [Google Scholar]
  61. ThomasP. Skin Deep: The essential guide to what’s in the toiletries and cosmetics you use.Pan Macmillan2011
    [Google Scholar]
  62. KimK.B. KwackS.J. LeeJ.Y. KacewS. LeeB.M. Current opinion on risk assessment of cosmetics.J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B Crit. Rev.202124413716110.1080/10937404.2021.190726433832410
    [Google Scholar]
  63. IozzoR.V. SchaeferL. Proteoglycans in health and disease: Novel regulatory signaling mechanisms evoked by the small leucine-rich proteoglycans.FEBS J.2010277193864387510.1111/j.1742‑4658.2010.07797.x20840584
    [Google Scholar]
  64. ChenH. SeecharanT. FengC. Promoting the diffusion of sustainable innovations through customer education—a case of the cosmetic industry.Sustainability2024166258310.3390/su16062583
    [Google Scholar]
  65. DrenoB. AmiciJ.M. Demessant-FlavignyA.L. WrightC. TaiebC. DesaiS.R. AlexisA. The impact of acne, atopic dermatitis, skin toxicities and scars on quality of life and the importance of a holistic treatment approach.Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol.20211462363210.2147/CCID.S31584634163201
    [Google Scholar]
  66. SimonsR. Strategic orientation and top management attention to control systems.Strateg. Manage. J.1991121496210.1002/smj.4250120105
    [Google Scholar]
  67. JacobS.L. CornellE. KwaM. FunkW.E. XuS. Cosmetics and cancer: Adverse event reports submitted to the food and drug administration.JNCI Cancer Spectr.201822pky01210.1093/jncics/pky01231360845
    [Google Scholar]
  68. DottaA. The foundation for new cosmetic safety laws.Univ. Pa. Law Rev.2021522413433
    [Google Scholar]
  69. DhullK Cosmetics: Regulatory scenario in USA, EU and India.J. Pharm. Technol. Res. Manage.201532127139
    [Google Scholar]
  70. MulajeS.S. Procedure for drug approval in different countries: A review.J. Drug Deliv. Ther.20133210.22270/jddt.v3i2.409
    [Google Scholar]
  71. MukherjeeP.K. Exploring botanicals in Indian system of medicine—regulatory perspectives.Clin. Res. Regul. Aff.200320324926410.1081/CRP‑120023840
    [Google Scholar]
  72. KhalidM. AbdollahiM. Environmental distribution of personal care products and their effects on human health. Iran. J. Pharm. Res.202120121625334400954
    [Google Scholar]
  73. GastonS.A. James-ToddT. HarmonQ. TaylorK.W. BairdD. JacksonC.L. Chemical/straightening and other hair product usage during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood among African-American women: Potential implications for health.J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol.2020301869610.1038/s41370‑019‑0186‑631641276
    [Google Scholar]
  74. RichertB ScheersC AndréJ Nail care, nail modification techniques, and camouflaging strategies.InCosmetic Medicine and Surgery CRC Press.2017153168
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Tuncer BudanurD. YaşM.C. SepetE. Potential hazards due to food additives in oral hygiene products.J. Istanb. Univ. Fac. Dent.2016502616910.17096/jiufd.7210328955568
    [Google Scholar]
  76. TokluH. AntiguaA. LewisV. ReynoldsM.T. JonesJ. Cosmetovigilance: A review of the current literature.J. Family Med. Prim. Care2019851540154510.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_447_1831198710
    [Google Scholar]
  77. DigiovanniC. ArcoraciV. GambardellaL. SautebinL. Cosmetovigilance survey: Are cosmetics considered safe by consumers?Pharmacol. Res.2006531162110.1016/j.phrs.2005.08.00316183300
    [Google Scholar]
  78. UdupaN. Need of cosmetovigilance in India.Value Health2016197A836
    [Google Scholar]
  79. MedhiB. SarmaP. KumarH. Cosmetovigilance in India: Need of the day.Indian J. Pharmacol.201749534134310.4103/ijp.IJP_45_1829515273
    [Google Scholar]
  80. ChoursiyaS GawandeP RathoreA. A review on regulation and need of cosmetovigilance in India.Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci.2021111869110.5958/2231‑5659.2021.00014.X
    [Google Scholar]
  81. YimE. Baquerizo NoleK.L. TostiA. Contact dermatitis caused by preservatives.Dermatitis201425521523110.1097/DER.000000000000006125207684
    [Google Scholar]
  82. ProtanoC. BuompriscoG. CammalleriV. PocinoR.N. MarottaD. SimonazziS. CardoniF. PetyxM. IavicoliS. VitaliM. The carcinogenic effects of formaldehyde occupational exposure: A systematic review.Cancers202114116510.3390/cancers1401016535008329
    [Google Scholar]
  83. HallaN. FernandesI. HelenoS. CostaP. Boucherit-OtmaniZ. BoucheritK. RodriguesA. FerreiraI. BarreiroM. Cosmetics preservation: A review on present strategies.Molecules2018237157110.3390/molecules2307157129958439
    [Google Scholar]
  84. LuchA. FreyF.C.C. MeierR. FeiJ. NaegeliH. Low-dose formaldehyde delays DNA damage recognition and DNA excision repair in human cells.PLoS One201494e9414910.1371/journal.pone.009414924722772
    [Google Scholar]
  85. KawanishiM. MatsudaT. YagiT. Genotoxicity of formaldehyde: Molecular basis of DNA damage and mutation.Front. Environ. Sci.201423610.3389/fenvs.2014.00036
    [Google Scholar]
  86. BaranR. Nail cosmetics.Am. J. Clin. Dermatol.20023854755510.2165/00128071‑200203080‑0000512358556
    [Google Scholar]
  87. TaylorN.S. XuS. NambiarP. DewhirstF.E. FoxJ.G. Enterohepatic helicobacter species are prevalent in mice from commercial and academic institutions in Asia, Europe, and North America.J. Clin. Microbiol.20074572166217210.1128/JCM.00137‑0717507523
    [Google Scholar]
  88. De GrootA.C. FlyvholmM.A. LensenG. MennéT. CoenraadsP.J. Formaldehyde-releasers: Relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy. Contact allergy to formaldehyde and inventory of formaldehyde-releasers.Contact Dermat.2009612638510.1111/j.1600‑0536.2009.01582.x19706047
    [Google Scholar]
  89. PratiwiR. Auliya AsN.N. YusarR.F. ShofwanA.A.A. Analysis of prohibited and restricted ingredients in cosmetics.Cosmetics2022948710.3390/cosmetics9040087
    [Google Scholar]
  90. GuoY. KannanK. A survey of phthalates and parabens in personal care products from the United States and its implications for human exposure.Environ. Sci. Technol.20134724144421444910.1021/es404203424261694
    [Google Scholar]
  91. SweeneyM.F. HasanN. SotoA.M. SonnenscheinC. Environmental endocrine disruptors: Effects on the human male reproductive system.Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord.201516434135710.1007/s11154‑016‑9337‑426847433
    [Google Scholar]
  92. BarrD.B. SilvaM.J. KatoK. ReidyJ.A. MalekN.A. HurtzD. SadowskiM. NeedhamL.L. CalafatA.M. Assessing human exposure to phthalates using monoesters and their oxidized metabolites as biomarkers.Environ. Health Perspect.200311191148115110.1289/ehp.607412842765
    [Google Scholar]
  93. DasM.T. GhoshP. ThakurI.S. Intake estimates of phthalate esters for South Delhi population based on exposure media assessment.Environ. Pollut.201418911812510.1016/j.envpol.2014.02.02124657605
    [Google Scholar]
  94. KonieckiD. WangR. MoodyR.P. ZhuJ. Phthalates in cosmetic and personal care products: Concentrations and possible dermal exposure.Environ. Res.2011111332933610.1016/j.envres.2011.01.01321315328
    [Google Scholar]
  95. PagoniA. ArvanitiO.S. KalantziO.I. Exposure to phthalates from personal care products: Urinary levels and predictors of exposure.Environ. Res.2022212Pt A11319410.1016/j.envres.2022.11319435358548
    [Google Scholar]
  96. KamrinM.A. Phthalate risks, phthalate regulation, and public health: A review.J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B Crit. Rev.200912215717410.1080/1093740090272922619235623
    [Google Scholar]
  97. ZhuM. HuangC. MaX. WuR. ZhuW. LiX. LiangZ. DengF. WuJ. GengS. XieC. ZhongC. Phthalates promote prostate cancer cell proliferation through activation of ERK5 and p38.Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol.201863293310.1016/j.etap.2018.08.00730125794
    [Google Scholar]
  98. López-CarrilloL. Hernández-RamírezR.U. CalafatA.M. Torres-SánchezL. Galván-PortilloM. NeedhamL.L. Ruiz-RamosR. CebriánM.E. Exposure to phthalates and breast cancer risk in northern Mexico.Environ. Health Perspect.2010118453954410.1289/ehp.090109120368132
    [Google Scholar]
  99. AshleyJ.M. Exploring pregnant women’s perceptions and decision making of household chemicals: Phthalates as a model.Doctoral dissertationThe University of Western Ontario.Canada2012
    [Google Scholar]
  100. GoldmanL.R. ShannonM.W. American Academy of Pediatrics: Committee on Environmental Health Technical report: mercury in the environment: Implications for pediatricians.Pediatrics2001108119720510.1542/peds.108.1.19711433078
    [Google Scholar]
  101. RiceK.M. WalkerE.M.Jr WuM. GilletteC. BloughE.R. Environmental mercury and its toxic effects.J. Prev. Med. Public Health2014472748310.3961/jpmph.2014.47.2.7424744824
    [Google Scholar]
  102. JulianoC.C.A. Spreading of dangerous skin-lightening products as a result of colourism: A review.Appl. Sci.2022126317710.3390/app12063177
    [Google Scholar]
  103. SkalnyA.V. AschnerM. SekachevaM.I. SantamariaA. BarbosaF. FerrerB. AasethJ. PaolielloM.M.B. RochaJ.B.T. TinkovA.A. Mercury and cancer: Where are we now after two decades of research?Food Chem. Toxicol.202216411300110.1016/j.fct.2022.11300135447290
    [Google Scholar]
  104. ParkJ.D. ZhengW. Human exposure and health effects of inorganic and elemental mercury.J. Prev. Med. Public Health201245634435210.3961/jpmph.2012.45.6.34423230464
    [Google Scholar]
  105. WangL. ZhangH. Mercury content in marketed cosmetics: Analytical survey in Shijiazhuang, China.Cutan. Ocul. Toxicol.201534432232610.3109/15569527.2014.99412325594253
    [Google Scholar]
  106. ChanT.Y.K. ChanA.P.L. TangH.L. Nephrotic syndrome caused by exposures to skin-lightening cosmetic products containing inorganic mercury.Clin. Toxicol.202058191510.1080/15563650.2019.163972431314603
    [Google Scholar]
  107. ZahirF. RizwiS.J. HaqS.K. KhanR.H. Low dose mercury toxicity and human health.Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol.200520235136010.1016/j.etap.2005.03.00721783611
    [Google Scholar]
  108. UNEP Zoonoses and Foodborne Diseases. Guidance for identifying populations at risk from mercury.2008Available from: http://www. who. int/foodsafety/publications/chem/mercuryexposure. pdf
  109. AbbasH.H. SakakibaraM. SeraK. Nurgahayu AndayanieE. Mercury exposure and health problems of the students using skin-lightening cosmetic products in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.Cosmetics2020735810.3390/cosmetics7030058
    [Google Scholar]
  110. LiuS.I. HuangC.C. HuangC.J. WangB.W. ChangP.M. FangY.C. ChenW.C. WangJ.L. LuY.C. ChuS.T. ChouC.T. JanC.R. Thimerosal-induced apoptosis in human SCM1 gastric cancer cells: Activation of p38 MAP kinase and caspase-3 pathways without involvement of [Ca2+]i elevation.Toxicol. Sci.2007100110911710.1093/toxsci/kfm20517698513
    [Google Scholar]
  111. KuoL.N. HuangC.J. FangY.C. HuangC.C. WangJ.L. LinK.L. ChuS.T. ChangH.T. ChienJ.M. SuH.H. ChiC.C. ChenW.C. TsaiJ.Y. LiaoW.C. TsengL.L. JanC.R. Effect of thimerosal on Ca2+ movement and viability in human oral cancer cells.Hum. Exp. Toxicol.200928530130810.1177/096032710910654819661262
    [Google Scholar]
  112. HoY.B. AbdullahN.H. HamsanH. TanE.S.S. Mercury contamination in facial skin lightening creams and its health risks to user.Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol.201788727610.1016/j.yrtph.2017.05.01828554823
    [Google Scholar]
  113. GuptaP. K. GuptaP. K. Toxicologic hazards of solvents, gases, vapors, and other chemicals.pts and Applications in Veterinary Toxicology: An Interactive GuideSpringer,Cham.2019121142
    [Google Scholar]
  114. BurnettC.L. BergfeldW.F. BelsitoD.V. KlaassenC.D. MarksJ.G.Jr ShankR.C. SlagaT.J. SnyderP.W. AndersenF.A. Final amended report of the safety assessment of toluene-2,5-diamine, toluene-2,5-diamine sulfate, and toluene-3,4-diamine as used in cosmetics.Int. J. Toxicol.2010293_supplSuppl.61S83S10.1177/109158181036196420448268
    [Google Scholar]
  115. SharmaA. KulshresthaS. GoelA. SinghS.V. An insight into chemicals toxicity in cosmetics and their health-related perceptions.Ann. Rom. Soc. Cell Biol.202123317731794
    [Google Scholar]
  116. PalV.K. LeeS. KannanK. Occurrence of and dermal exposure to benzene, toluene and styrene in sunscreen products marketed in the United States.Sci. Total Environ.202388816419610.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.16419637201845
    [Google Scholar]
  117. GlaserA. The ubiquitous triclosan. A common antibacterial agent exposed. Pesticides and You2004241217
    [Google Scholar]
  118. DhillonG. KaurS. PulicharlaR. BrarS. CledónM. VermaM. SurampalliR. Triclosan: Current status, occurrence, environmental risks and bioaccumulation potential.Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health20151255657568410.3390/ijerph12050565726006133
    [Google Scholar]
  119. LeeJ.D. LeeJ.Y. KwackS.J. ShinC.Y. JangH.J. KimH.Y. KimM.K. SeoD.W. LeeB.M. KimK.B. Risk assessment of triclosan, a cosmetic preservative.Toxicol. Res.201935213715410.5487/TR.2019.35.2.13731015896
    [Google Scholar]
  120. FDATriclosan: What Consumers Should KnowWashington, DCU.S. Food and Drug Administration.2010Available from: http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm205999.htm
  121. AdhikariS. KumarR. DriverE.M. PerlebergT.D. YanezA. JohnstonB. HaldenR.U. Mass trends of parabens, triclocarban and triclosan in Arizona wastewater collected after the 2017 FDA ban on antimicrobials and during the COVID-19 pandemic.Water Res.202222211889410.1016/j.watres.2022.11889435917669
    [Google Scholar]
  122. AlfhiliM.A. LeeM.H. Triclosan: An update on biochemical and molecular mechanisms.Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev.2019201912810.1155/2019/160730431191794
    [Google Scholar]
  123. O’ShaughnessyK.L. FischerF. ZenclussenA.C. Perinatal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and neurodevelopment: How articles of daily use influence the development of our children.Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.202135510156810.1016/j.beem.2021.10156834565681
    [Google Scholar]
  124. DuffekA. ConradA. Kolossa-GehringM. LangeR. RucicE. SchulteC. WellmitzJ. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in blood plasma – Results of the German Environmental Survey for children and adolescents 2014–2017 (GerES V).Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health202022811354910.1016/j.ijheh.2020.11354932502942
    [Google Scholar]
  125. ChengB. AlapatyK. ZartarianV. PoulakosA. StrynarM. BuckleyT. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure science: current knowledge, information needs, future directions.Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.2021011634956374
    [Google Scholar]
  126. GordonR.E. FitzgeraldS. MilletteJ. Asbestos in commercial cosmetic talcum powder as a cause of mesothelioma in women.Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health201420431833210.1179/2049396714Y.000000008125185462
    [Google Scholar]
  127. ThivesL.P. GhisiE. Thives JúniorJ.J. VieiraA.S. Is asbestos still a problem in the world? A current review.J. Environ. Manage.202231911571610.1016/j.jenvman.2022.11571635863303
    [Google Scholar]
  128. LaDouJ. CastlemanB. FrankA. GochfeldM. GreenbergM. HuffJ. JoshiT.K. LandriganP.J. LemenR. MyersJ. SoffrittiM. SoskolneC.L. TakahashiK. TeitelbaumD. TerraciniB. WattersonA. The case for a global ban on asbestos.Environ. Health Perspect.2010118789790110.1289/ehp.100228520601329
    [Google Scholar]
  129. StraifK. Benbrahim-TallaaL. BaanR. GrosseY. SecretanB. El GhissassiF. BouvardV. GuhaN. FreemanC. GalichetL. CoglianoV. WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group A review of human carcinogens—Part C: Metals, arsenic, dusts, and fibres.Lancet Oncol.200910545345410.1016/S1470‑2045(09)70134‑219418618
    [Google Scholar]
  130. WuH.Y.J. LinR.T. WangJ.D. ChengY. Transnational dynamics amid poor regulations: Taiwan’s asbestos ban actions and experiences.Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health20171410124010.3390/ijerph1410124029039774
    [Google Scholar]
  131. TranT.H. SteffenJ.E. ClancyK.M. BirdT. EgilmanD.S. Talc, asbestos, and epidemiology: Corporate influence and scientific incognizance.Epidemiology201930678378810.1097/EDE.000000000000109131469695
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/cctr/10.2174/0115733947299954240730062858
Loading
/content/journals/cctr/10.2174/0115733947299954240730062858
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test