Skip to content
2000
Volume 18, Issue 10
  • ISSN: 2352-0965
  • E-ISSN: 2352-0973

Abstract

The emergence of Vehicle-to-Grid technology presents an encouraging frontier, enabling electric vehicles (EVs) to work as energy resources for various resident appliances, thereby playing crucial roles in peak load management, power stability, and balancing the load. Vehicle-to-grid hinges on both directions of power flow between the Electric Vehicle batteries and AC grid, facilitated by converters having bidirectional electronics power. This study undertakes a comprehensive investigation of various power factor correction (PFC) devices and various converter (DC to DC) topologies tailored for Vehicle to Grid or Grid to Vehicle operations. A detailed comparison of THD, efficiency, and power level of various topologies has been presented in this paper. The observations based on the comparative analysis have also been given. Additionally, through a detailed analysis, considering factors such as efficiency and THD, this study aims to guide the selection of suitable bidirectional chargers, thus serving as a valuable resource for decision-makers in the Electric Vehicle domain.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/raeeng/10.2174/0123520965349544241105031353
2025-01-14
2026-02-28
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. TuH. FengH. SrdicS. LukicS. Extreme fast charging of electric vehicles: A technology overview.IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif.20195486187810.1109/TTE.2019.2958709
    [Google Scholar]
  2. TomićJ. KemptonW. Using fleets of electric-drive vehicles for grid support.J. Power Sources2007168245946810.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.03.010
    [Google Scholar]
  3. RahmanM. RafiF. HossainM.J. LuJ. Power control and monitoring of the smart grid with EVsVehicle-to-Grid: Linking electric vehicles to the smart grid. Institution of Engineering and Technology201510715610.1049/PBPO079E_ch5
    [Google Scholar]
  4. RachidA. FadilE.I. GaouziK. Electric vehicle charging systems: Comprehensive review.Energies202216125510.3390/en16010255
    [Google Scholar]
  5. PintoD.R. ArioliV.T. HaxG.R.T. BorgesR.T. TeixeiraW.W. Analysis of the impact on power quality during the recharge of electric vehicles and vehicle-to-grid functionalityIEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Turin, Italy, 26-29 September 2017, pp. 1-6,10.1109/ISGTEurope.2017.8260270
    [Google Scholar]
  6. AlghsoonE. HarbA. HamdanM. Power quality and stability impacts of Vehicle to grid (V2G) connection8th International Renewable Energy Congress (IREC), Amman, Jordan, 21-23 March 2017, pp. 1-610.1109/IREC.2017.7925995
    [Google Scholar]
  7. HabibS. KhanM.M. AbbasF. SangL. ShahidM.U. TangH. A comprehensive study of implemented international standards, technical challenges, impacts and prospects for electric vehicles.IEEE Access20186138661389010.1109/ACCESS.2018.2812303
    [Google Scholar]
  8. VadiS. BayindirR. ColakA.M. HossainE. A review on communication standards and charging topologies of V2G and V2H operation strategies.Energies20191219374810.3390/en12193748
    [Google Scholar]
  9. KhalighA. D’AntonioM. Global Trends in High-Power On-Board Chargers for Electric Vehicles.IEEE Trans. Vehicular Technol.20196843306332410.1109/TVT.2019.2897050
    [Google Scholar]
  10. ChenT. ZhangX-P. WangJ. LiJ. WuC. HuM. BianH. A Review on electric vehicle charging infrastructure development in the UK.J. Mod. Power Syst. Clean Energy20208219320510.35833/MPCE.2018.000374
    [Google Scholar]
  11. BrennaM. FoiadelliF. LeoneC. LongoM. Electric vehicles charging technology review and optimal size estimation.J. Electr. Eng. Technol.20201562539255210.1007/s42835‑020‑00547‑x
    [Google Scholar]
  12. WangL. QinZ. SlangenT. BauerP. van WijkT. Grid impact of electric vehicle fast charging stations: Trends, standards, issues and mitigation measures - An overview.IEEE Open J. Power Electron.20212567410.1109/OJPEL.2021.3054601
    [Google Scholar]
  13. RiveraS. GoetzS.M. KouroS. LehnP.W. PathmanathanM. BauerP. MastromauroR.A. Charging infrastructure and grid integration for electromobility.Proc. IEEE2023111437139610.1109/JPROC.2022.3216362
    [Google Scholar]
  14. GhazanfariA. PerreaultC. The path to a vehicle-to-grid future: Powering electric mobility forward.IEEE Ind. Electron. Mag.202216341310.1109/MIE.2021.3072602
    [Google Scholar]
  15. GinartA. SharifipourB. High penetration of electric vehicles could change the residential power system: Public dc fast chargers will not be enough.IEEE Electrif. Mag.202192344210.1109/MELE.2021.3070936
    [Google Scholar]
  16. KhalidM.R. KhanI.A. HameedS. AsgharM.S.J. RoJ. A comprehensive review on structural topologies, power levels, energy storage systems, and standards for electric vehicle charging stations and their impacts on grid.IEEE Access2021912806912809410.1109/ACCESS.2021.3112189
    [Google Scholar]
  17. YuanJ. Dorn-GombaL. CallegaroA.D. ReimersJ. EmadiA. A review of bidirectional on-board chargers for electric vehicles.IEEE Access20219515015151810.1109/ACCESS.2021.3069448
    [Google Scholar]
  18. RizviS.A.A. XinA. MasoodA. IqbalS. JanM.U. RehmanH. Electric vehicles and their impacts on integration into power grid: A review2nd IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2), Beijing, China, 2018, pp. 1-6.10.1109/EI2.2018.8582069
    [Google Scholar]
  19. RiturajG. MouliG.R.C. BauerP. A comprehensive review on off-grid and hybrid charging systems for electric vehicles.IEEE Open J. Ind. Electron. Soc.2022320322210.1109/OJIES.2022.3167948
    [Google Scholar]
  20. ManojV. PillaR. SuraS.R. A comprehensive analysis of power converter topologies and control methods for extremely fast charging of electric vehicles.J. Phys. Conf. Ser.20232570101201710.1088/1742‑6596/2570/1/012017
    [Google Scholar]
  21. ChanC.C. ChauK.T. An overview of power electronics in electric vehicles.IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.199744131310.1109/41.557493
    [Google Scholar]
  22. SinghB. SinghB.N. ChandraA. Al-HaddadK. PandeyA. KothariD.P. A review of three-phase improved power quality AC-DC converters.IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.200451364166010.1109/TIE.2004.825341
    [Google Scholar]
  23. MarxgutC. KrismerF. BortisD. KolarJ.W. Ultraflat interleaved triangular current mode (TCM) single-phase PFC rectifier.IEEE Trans. Power Electron.201429287388210.1109/TPEL.2013.2258941
    [Google Scholar]
  24. TangY. DingW. KhalighA. “A bridgeless totem-pole interleaved PFC converter for plug-in electric vehicles,” in 2016 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and ExpositionIEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), Long Beach, CA, USA, 20-24 March 2016, pp. 440-445.10.1109/APEC.2016.7467909
    [Google Scholar]
  25. HusainM.A. RajputR. GuptaM.K. TabrezM. AhmadM.W. BakhshF.I. Design and implementation of different drive topologies for control of induction motor for electric vehicle application.Distrib. Gener. Altern. Energy J.2022999102610.13052/dgaej2156‑3306.3746
    [Google Scholar]
  26. EnjetiP.N. ChoudhuryS.A. A new control strategy to improve the performance of a PWM AC to DC converter under unbalanced operating conditions.IEEE Trans. Power Electron.19938449350010.1109/63.261020
    [Google Scholar]
  27. ShenL. BozhkoS. AsherG. PatelC. WheelerP. Active DC-link capacitor harmonic current reduction in two-level back-to-back converter.IEEE Trans. Power Electron.201531110.1109/TPEL.2015.2511304
    [Google Scholar]
  28. AshrafM.N. KhanR.A. ChoiW. A novel selective harmonic compensation method for single-phase grid-connected inverters.IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.20216864848485810.1109/TIE.2020.2989723
    [Google Scholar]
  29. QiuYing LiuH. ChenXiyou Digital average current-mode control of pwm dc–dc converters without current sensors.IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.20105751670167710.1109/TIE.2009.2032130
    [Google Scholar]
  30. LuW. HanJ. LiS. IuH.H.C. Mitigating line frequency instability of boost pfc converter under proportional outer-voltage loop with additional third current-harmonic feedforward compensation.IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regul. Pap.201966114528454110.1109/TCSI.2019.2925663
    [Google Scholar]
  31. GarciaO. ZumelP. de CastroA. CobosA. Automotive DC-DC bidirectional converter made with many interleaved buck stages.IEEE Trans. Power Electron.200621357858610.1109/TPEL.2006.872379
    [Google Scholar]
  32. LeeI.O. ChoS.Y. MoonG.W. Interleaved buck converter having low switching losses and improved step-down conversion ratio8th International Conference on Power Electronics - ECCE, Jeju, Korea (South), 2011, pp. 2136-2143.10.1109/ICPE.2011.5944390
    [Google Scholar]
  33. PintoJ.G. MonteiroV. GonçalvesH. AfonsoJ.L. Onboard reconfigurable battery charger for electric vehicles with traction-to-auxiliary mode.IEEE Trans. Vehicular Technol.20146331104111610.1109/TVT.2013.2283531
    [Google Scholar]
  34. VermaA.K. SinghB. ShahaniD.T. Grid to vehicle and vehicle to grid energy transfer using single-phase bidirectional AC-DC converter and bidirectional DC-DC converterInternational Conference on Energy, Automation and Signal Bhubaneswar, India, 28-30 December 2011, pp. 1-5.10.1109/ICEAS.2011.6147084
    [Google Scholar]
  35. PahlevaniM. JainP. A Fast DC-Bus voltage controller for bidirectional single-phase AC/DC converters.IEEE Trans. Power Electron.20153084536454710.1109/TPEL.2014.2356413
    [Google Scholar]
  36. HegazyO. Van MierloJ. LataireP. Control and analysis of an integrated bidirectional DC/AC AND DC/DC converters for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle applications.J. Power Electron.201111440841710.6113/JPE.2011.11.4.408
    [Google Scholar]
  37. PintoJ.G. MonteiroV. AfonsoJ. Bidirectional battery charger with grid-to-vehicle, vehicle-to-grid and vehicle-to-home technologies39th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Vienna, Austria, 2013, pp. 5934–5939.10.1109/IECON.2013.6700108
    [Google Scholar]
  38. ThrimawithanaD.J. MadawalaU.K. TwinameR. VilathgamuwaD.M. A novel matrix converter based resonant dual active bridge for V2G applications10th International Power and Energy Conference (IPEC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 2012, pp. 503-508.10.1109/ASSCC.2012.6523319
    [Google Scholar]
  39. HanH. LiuY. SunY. WangH. SuM. A single-phase current-source bidirectional converter for V2G applications.J.Power. Electron201414345846710.6113/JPE.2014.14.3.458
    [Google Scholar]
  40. HarisM. AsimM. TariqM. Transformer-less DC-DC converter with low duty ratio using a single switch and quasi impedance based network.Indian. J. Sci. Technol.202417435936710.17485/IJST/v17i4.3121
    [Google Scholar]
  41. JauchF. BielaJ. Single-phase single-stage bidirectional isolated ZVS AC-DC converter with PFC15th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (EPE/PEMC), Novi Sad, Serbia, 2012, pp. LS5d.1-1-LS5d.1-8.10.1109/EPEPEMC.2012.6397479
    [Google Scholar]
  42. PalA. BasuK. A bidirectional snubber less soft-switched high frequency link DC/AC converter7th India International Conference on Power Electronics (IICPE), Patiala, India, 2016, pp. 1-8.10.1109/IICPE.2016.8079423
    [Google Scholar]
  43. SandovalJ.J. EssakiappanS. EnjetiP. A bidirectional series resonant matrix converter topology for electric vehicle DC fast chargingIEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), Charlotte, NC, USA, 2015, pp. 3109-3116.10.1109/APEC.2015.7104795
    [Google Scholar]
  44. ChoiW. HanD. MorrisC.T. SarliogluB. Achieving high efficiency using SiC MOSFETs and reduced output filter for grid-connected V2G inverter41st Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Yokohama, Japan, 2015, pp. 003052-003057.10.1109/IECON.2015.7392568
    [Google Scholar]
  45. SchrittwieserL. LeiblM. HaiderM. ThönyF. KolarJ.W. SoeiroT.B. 99.3% Efficient three-phase buck-type all-SiC SWISS Rectifier for DC distribution systemsIEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), Tampa, FL, USA, 2017, pp. 2173-2178.10.1109/APEC.2017.7931000
    [Google Scholar]
  46. CelanovicN. BoroyevichD. A comprehensive study of neutral-point voltage balancing problem in three-level neutral-point-clamped voltage source PWM inverters.IEEE Trans. Power Electron.200015224224910.1109/63.838096
    [Google Scholar]
  47. LeeT.L. TsaiY.T. WuT.L. Balancing control of neutralpoint voltage for MVPWM-controlled three-level t-type inverter no. May, pp. 3019-3023201810.1109/ECCE.2018.8558174
    [Google Scholar]
  48. ThanakamT. KumsuwanY. A high-performance grid-tied three-level t-type converter for off-board battery chargers under ac-side voltage distortions and unbalances19th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology (ECTI-CON), Prachuap Khiri Khan, Thailand, 2022, pp. 1-4.10.1109/ECTI‑CON54298.2022.9795416
    [Google Scholar]
  49. SchweizerM. KolarJ.W. Design and implementation of a highly efficient three-level t-type converter for low-voltage applications.IEEE Trans. Power Electron.201328289990710.1109/TPEL.2012.2203151
    [Google Scholar]
  50. SchrittwieserL. KolarJ.W. SoeiroT.B. Novel SWISS rectifier modulation scheme preventing input current distortions at sector boundaries.IEEE Trans. Power Electron.20173275771578510.1109/TPEL.2016.2609935
    [Google Scholar]
  51. SoeiroT.B. FriedliT. KolarJ.W. Swiss rectifier — A novel three-phase buck-type PFC topology for electric vehicle battery chargingTwenty-Seventh Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), Orlando, FL, USA, 2012, pp. 2617-2624.10.1109/APEC.2012.6166192
    [Google Scholar]
  52. XueweiP. RathoreA.K. Novel bidirectional snubberless naturally commutated soft-switching current-fed full-bridge isolated DC/DC converter for fuel cell vehicles.IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.20146152307231510.1109/TIE.2013.2271599
    [Google Scholar]
  53. QianW. PengF. TolbertL. Development of a 55 kW 3X dc-dc converter for HEV systemsIEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, Dearborn, MI, USA, 2009, pp. 433-439.10.1109/VPPC.2009.5289814
    [Google Scholar]
  54. LeeB.K. KimJ.P. KimS.G. LeeJ.Y. An isolated/bidirectional PWM resonant converter for V2G(H) EV on-board charger.IEEE Trans. Vehicular Technol.20176697741775010.1109/TVT.2017.2678532
    [Google Scholar]
  55. TangY. LuJ. WuB. ZouS. DingW. KhalighA. An integrated dual-output isolated converter for plug-in electric vehicles.IEEE Trans. Vehicular Technol.201867296697610.1109/TVT.2017.2750076
    [Google Scholar]
  56. TwinameR.P. ThrimawithanaD.J. MadawalaU.K. BaguleyC.A. A new resonant bidirectional DC–DC converter topology.IEEE Trans. Power Electron.20142994733474010.1109/TPEL.2013.2288325
    [Google Scholar]
  57. ZouS. LuJ. MallikA. KhalighA. Bi-directional CLLC converter with synchronous rectification for plug-in electric vehicles.IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.2018542998100510.1109/TIA.2017.2773430
    [Google Scholar]
  58. JeongS.G. ChaW.J. LeeS.H. KwonJ.M. KwonB.H. Electrolytic capacitor-less single-power-conversion on-board charger with high efficiency.IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.201663127488749710.1109/TIE.2016.2590998
    [Google Scholar]
  59. WangX. JiangC. LeiB. TengH. BaiH.K. KirtleyJ.L. Power-loss analysis and efficiency maximization of a Silicon-Carbide MOSFET-based three-phase 10-kW bidirectional EV charger using variable-DC-Bus control.IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron.20164388089210.1109/JESTPE.2016.2575921
    [Google Scholar]
  60. ShiY. LiR. XueY. LiH. Optimized operation of current-fed dual active bridge DC-DC converter for PV applications.IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.201562110.1109/TIE.2015.2506625
    [Google Scholar]
  61. RathoreA.K. PrasannaU.R. Analysis, design, and experimental results of novel snubberless bidirectional naturally clamped ZCS/ZVS current-fed half-bridge DC/DC converter for fuel cell vehicles.IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.201260104482449110.1109/TIE.2012.2213563
    [Google Scholar]
  62. HeP. KhalighA. Comprehensive analyses and comparison of 1 kW isolated DC–DC converters for bidirectional EV charging systems.IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif.20173114715610.1109/TTE.2016.2630927
    [Google Scholar]
  63. WuH. SunK. ZhuL. XingY. An interleaved half-bridge three-port converter with enhanced power transfer capability using three-leg rectifier for renewable energy applications.IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron.20164260661610.1109/JESTPE.2015.2478140
    [Google Scholar]
  64. GorjiS.A. SahebiH.G. EktesabiM. RadA.B. Topologies and control schemes of bidirectional DC–DC power converters: An overview.IEEE Access2019711799711801910.1109/ACCESS.2019.2937239
    [Google Scholar]
  65. HarisM. AsimM. TariqM. A review of non-isolated high gain DC-to-DC converter topologies2nd International Conference on Emerging Frontiers in Electrical and Electronic Technologies (ICEFEET), Patna, India, 2022, pp. 1-6.10.1109/ICEFEET51821.2022.9847767
    [Google Scholar]
  66. KangT. KimC. SuhY. KangB. KimD. A design and control of bi-directional non-isolated DC-DC converter for rapid electric vehicle charging systemTwenty-Seventh Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC) Orlando, FL, USA, 05-09 February 2012, pp. 14-21.10.1109/APEC.2012.6165792
    [Google Scholar]
  67. CesielD. ZhuC. A closer look at the on-board charger: The development of the second-generation module for the Chevrolet volt.IEEE Electrif. Mag.201751364210.1109/MELE.2016.2644265
    [Google Scholar]
  68. KwonM. ChoiS. An electrolytic capacitorless bidirectional EV charger for V2G and V2H applications.IEEE Trans. Power Electron.3296792679910.1109/TPEL.2016.2630711
    [Google Scholar]
  69. UpputuriR.P. SubudhiB. A comprehensive review and performance evaluation of bidirectional charger topologies for V2G/G2V operations in EV applications.IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif.202410158359510.1109/TTE.2023.3289965
    [Google Scholar]
  70. KrishnamoorthyB. KrishnasamyV. An analysis and design of high gain Z-source DC–DC converter fed induction motor drive for electric vehicles.Int. J. Ambient Energy2024451226758310.1080/01430750.2023.2267583
    [Google Scholar]
  71. VeerendraA.S. MohamedM.R. SulaimanM.H. SudhakarK. PeddakapuK. Modelling and simulation of dual sourced front-end converter for hybrid electric vehicles.Int. J. Ambient Energy20224311646165310.1080/01430750.2020.1712245
    [Google Scholar]
  72. DwivediR. SinghS. SinghB. Design and development of three-phase EV charger based on the integration of voltage-oriented pulse width modulation control and water cycle algorithm fractional-order PI controller.Int. J. Ambient Energy202344115717010.1080/01430750.2022.2122558
    [Google Scholar]
  73. LeeS.S. LeeK.B. Dual-T-Type seven-level boost active-neutral-point-clamped inverter.IEEE Trans. Power Electron.20193476031603510.1109/TPEL.2019.2891248
    [Google Scholar]
  74. SathikJ. SiddiqueM.D. AlmakhlesD. 1-φ dual boost ANPC type inverter topology with high voltage gain.IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.20246023418342610.1109/TIA.2024.3350011
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Daula SiddiqueM. Prathap ReddyB. IqbalA. SarwarA. Ahmed MemonM. DahriK. MekhilefS. A new design of active NPC converter topology with higher voltage gain for solar PV applications.Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess.20225410285010.1016/j.seta.2022.102850
    [Google Scholar]
  76. PatelP.D. PandyaS.N. Regenerative energy fed to the grid by DC–AC converter during deceleration for direct torque control of induction motor drive.Int. J. Ambient Energy20224311966197310.1080/01430750.2020.1725631
    [Google Scholar]
  77. RoutS. BiswalG.R. Bidirectional EV integration in home load energy management using swarm intelligence.Int. J. Ambient Energy2022001810.1080/01430750.2022.2059780
    [Google Scholar]
  78. PrajapatiS. VyasS.R. A real-time energy flow management of a grid-connected renewable energy sources-based EV charging station.Int. J. Ambient Energy2024451230620910.1080/01430750.2024.2306209
    [Google Scholar]
  79. SethuramanR. RudhramoorthyM. Performance of bidirectional on-board charger in electric vehicle: A review.Adv. Electr. Eng. Electron. Energy2024810061310.1016/j.prime.2024.100613
    [Google Scholar]
  80. AlamM.A. MinaiA.F. BakhshF.I. Isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter: A topological review.Adv. Electr. Eng. Electron. Energy2024810059410.1016/j.prime.2024.100594
    [Google Scholar]
  81. IngilalaJ. VairavasundaramI. Investigation of high gain DC/DC converter for solar PV applications.Adv. Electr. Eng. Electron. Energy2023510026410.1016/j.prime.2023.100264
    [Google Scholar]
  82. KhanF.A. SaadM. VignaK. Design and development of grid independent integrated energy system for electric vehicle charging stations at different locations in Malaysia.Energy202430213168610.1016/j.energy.2024.131686
    [Google Scholar]
  83. KalaichelvanA. PurushothamanS. KamalkannanM. JosephN. MurugavelR. Bidirectional DC-DC converter and improved electrical vehicle dynamic response control.Electr. Eng.2024175444455
    [Google Scholar]
  84. ZhangX. MaG. LyuJ. WuX. ZhengM. Research on household charging optimization of electric vehicles based on smart load.Electr. Eng.202013710511058
    [Google Scholar]
  85. ZhangB. HuangB. WangZ. Study on capacity distribution of optimal configuration ratio of urban replenishment station of electric vehicles.Electron. Eng2020131119125
    [Google Scholar]
  86. WeiW. WangY. YeL. High-precision prediction method of electric vehicle trading power based on neural network.Electr. Eng.2024178811818
    [Google Scholar]
  87. YuvarajT. SureshT.D. SelviS. BalamuruganP. Mitigation of the impact of incorporating charging stations for electric vehicles using solar-based renewable dg on the electrical distribution system.Recent Adv. Electr. Electron. Eng.2024171098799710.2174/0123520965267477231018114250
    [Google Scholar]
  88. BiZ. KanT. MiC.C. ZhangY. ZhaoZ. KeoleianG.A. A review of wireless power transfer for electric vehicles: Prospects to enhance sustainable mobility.Appl. Energy201617941342510.1016/j.apenergy.2016.07.003
    [Google Scholar]
  89. AcharigeS.S.G. HaqueM.E. ArifM.T. HosseinzadehN. HasanK.N. OoA.M.T. Review of electric vehicle charging technologies, standards, architectures, and converter configurations.IEEE Access202311412184125510.1109/ACCESS.2023.3267164
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Fareed MohammadS. Ilahi BakhshF. IbrahimM. MumtazN. HameedS. Detailed modelling and performance analysis of power flow topology in a hybrid electric vehicle having series-parallel architecture.Renew. Energy. Focus20244910057910.1016/j.ref.2024.100579
    [Google Scholar]
  91. BazazT. DarA.A. BakhshF.I. Modelling and analysis of an off-board plug-in charger for electric vehiclesIEEE 20th India Council International Conference (INDICON), 2023, pp. 898–903.10.1109/INDICON59947.2023.10440670
    [Google Scholar]
  92. NizamM. PutraM.R.A. InayatiI. Heat management on LiFePo4 battery pack for eddy current brake energy storage on rapid braking processes.Evergreen20229245145610.5109/4794171
    [Google Scholar]
  93. ZhangJ. PanF. JiY. LiJ. YuJ. Active equalization of lithium battery pack with adaptive control based on dc energy conversion circuit.Electr. Eng.2024178828836
    [Google Scholar]
  94. SrivastavaS. YadavK. MauryaS.K. Managing power flow in hybrid electric vehicle with auxiliary hybrid energy source coupled with bidirectional converter using pi control.Electr. Eng.2022157579591
    [Google Scholar]
  95. HouacheM. YimC.H. KarkarZ. Abu-LebdehY. On the current and future outlook of battery chemistries for electric vehicles—mini review.Batteries2022877010.3390/batteries8070070
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Fescioglu-UnverN. Yıldız AktaşM. Electric vehicle charging service operations: A review of machine learning applications for infrastructure planning, control, pricing and routing.Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.202318811387310.1016/j.rser.2023.113873
    [Google Scholar]
  97. KhetarpalP. KumarM. LakshayK. NagpalN. SianoP. A comprehensive review on artificial intelligence and blockchain technologies for electric vehicle charging ecosystems.E-Mobility Electr. Energy Syst. Sustain202427429410.4018/979‑8‑3693‑2611‑4.ch013
    [Google Scholar]
  98. BilalM. AlsaidanI. AlarajM. AlmasoudiF.M. RizwanM. Techno-economic and environmental analysis of grid-connected electric vehicle charging station using ai-based algorithm.Mathematics202210692410.3390/math10060924
    [Google Scholar]
  99. AsimM. TariqM. MallickM.A. AshrafI. An improved constant voltage based mppt technique for pmdc motor.Int. J. Power Electron. Drive Syst201674133010.11591/ijpeds.v7.i4.pp1330‑1336
    [Google Scholar]
  100. LiuL. KongF. LiuX. PengY. WangQ. A review on electric vehicles interacting with renewable energy in smart grid.Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.20155164866110.1016/j.rser.2015.06.036
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/raeeng/10.2174/0123520965349544241105031353
Loading
/content/journals/raeeng/10.2174/0123520965349544241105031353
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:
    Review Article
Keyword(s): electric vehicle; fast charging; G2V; Grid Integration; power electronic converters; V2G
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test