Nanoscience & Nanotechnology-Asia - Volume 10, Issue 6, 2020

Background: Delivery of drugs in the form of nanoparticles offers several advantages that outweigh the benefits offered by other drug delivery systems. Iron oxide nanoparticles being part of nano drug delivery system tend to offer supremacy over others by providing prominent characteristics that include high superamagnetism property along with the greater surface area that can be easily modified. Also, it helps achieve site-specific drug delivery which helps in solving the complications and issues related with desired bioavailability and further aids the process of killing cancerous cells. The distinctive features and flexible pathways by which such nanoparticles can be prepared have allowed its widespread usage in various fields. Objective: The main objective of this review is to summarize various methods of preparation, modifications by coating iron oxide surface for easy surface functionalization along with several industrial applications of iron oxide nanoparticles. Methods: The method involved the collection of the articles from different search engines like Google, Pubmed and ScienceDirect for the literature in order to get appropriate information regarding iron oxide nanoparticles. Results: Studies revealed that iron oxide nanoparticles have gained attention all over the world and has led to the development of various approaches for treating medical conditions. Iron oxide nanoparticles due to the advantages that it offers are utilized in various industries including biomedical, farming and aerospace industry and fabrication of iron oxide nanoparticles is possible through various ways including methods like co-precipitation, thermal decomposition, sol-gel, hydrothermal to name a few. Further, usage of coating an iron oxide nanoparticle and using biocompatible polymers tend to enlighten the scientific research. Conclusion: Iron oxide nanoparticles proved to be an efficient drug delivery to serve medical needs. The simple techniques of manufacturing with the additional strategy of modifications have led to more advances in the field of nanotechnology.

Background: Surface modification of nanoparticles with targeting moieties can be achieved through bioconjugation chemistries to impart new Functionalities. Various polymeric nanoparticles have been used for the formulation of nanoparticles such as naturally-occurring protein cages, virus-like particles, polymeric saccharides, and liposomes. These polymers have been proven to be biocompatible, side effects free and degradable with no toxicity. Objective: This paper reviews available literature on the nanoparticles pharmaceutical and medical applications. The review highlights and updates the customized solutions for selective drug delivery systems that allow high-affinity binding between nanoparticles and the target receptors. Methods: Bibliographic databases and web-search engines were used to retrieve studies that assessed the usability of nanoparticles in the pharmaceutical and medical fields. Data were extracted on each system in vivo and in vitro applications, its advantages and disadvantages, and its ability to be chemically and genetically modified to impart new functionalities. Finally, a comparison between naturally occurring and their synthetic counterparts was carried out. Results: The results showed that nanoparticles-based systems could have promising applications in diagnostics, cell labeling, contrast agents (Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography), antimicrobial agents, and as drug delivery systems. However, precautions should be taken to avoid or minimize toxic effect or incompatibility of nanoparticles-based systems with the biological systems in case of pharmaceutical or medical applications. Conclusion: This review presented a summary of recent developments in the field of pharmaceutical nanotechnology and highlighted the challenges and the merits that some of the nanoparticles- based systems both in vivo and in vitro systems.

Background: Transdermal delivery of meloxicam is advantageous than the oral route in the treatment of pain management. Objective: The goal of the present study is to formulate and evaluate meloxicam (MX) loaded nanosuspensions based gel for transdermal application. Methods: The formulation parameters were optimized using Box Behnken design (BBD) taking three independent variables and three responses. Formulations were evaluated for particle size (nm), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (mV), ex vivo permeation, in vivo study, morphology, FTIR, skin irritation and, stability study. Optimized formulation having Poloxamer 188 (0.4 mg), PVP K30 (0.5 mg) and sonication time (60 min.) demonstrated smaller particle size (159.2 ± 3.5 nm), low PDI (0.120 ± 0.01) and higher zeta potential value (-29 ± 4mV). Results: In the ex vivo study, MX-NG showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in the flux (24.40 ± 2.6 μg/cm2/h) of meloxicam through the human cadaver skin as compared to other formulations. In the in- vivo study, MX-NG showed a significant (p<0.05) increase in anti-inflammatory activity as compared to marketed gel. Conclusion: Thus, it is concluded that the developed meloxicam loaded nanosuspensions based gel showed maximum therapeutic effects in rats.

Objective: In this study, Cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanopowders were prepared by the sol-gel precipitation method. Methods: The prepared ferrite powders were sintered at 1000°C for 2 hours. CoFe2O4/unsaturated polyester nanocomposites were prepared with different weight fraction of CoFe2O4. The X-ray diffraction results showed that the crystallite size (D) of CoFe2O4 was found to be 20.68 nm. Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra confirmed the spinal structure of CoFe2O4. Results: The saturation magnetization (Ms) and coercivity (Hc) of all the composites were found to increase with increasing ferrite content. Conclusion: Dielectric constant values were found to increase with increasing the concentration of ferrite.

Background: The effective removal of heavy metals from aqueous wastes is among the most important issues for many industrialized countries. Present paper reports about the synthesis of copper neem urea complex (CNU) and its characterization using elemental and spectroscopic techniques such as IR, NMR, and ESR. Methods: The NPs of ZnO and doped with SiO2 which was extracted from industrial ash’s) was synthesized by precipitation method and characterized through UV, SEM-EDX and XRD techniques. Three low cost adsorbents such as synthetic ZnO, nano ZnO and doped ZnO with SiO2 were chosen for the adsorption of copper surfactant complex of urea from non-aqueous solutions i.e. petroleum ether. Effect of various parameters like contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage, temperature and initial metal concentration on the removal through degradation and adsorption of CNU were investigated and optimized. Results: Isothermal studies indicated that the adsorption of CNU followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Kinetic studies indicated that removal of the CNU by the three adsorbents followed second order kinetics. With a maximum adsorption capacity of 7.58 mg/g using all three adsorbents showed an effective and efficient removal 95.8% of CNU from non-aqueous solutions by using ZnO doped with SiO2 compare to synthetic ZnO and nano ZnO. This is the first report of removal of the CNU complex based on the three adsorbents. Conclusion: The potential of application for the treatment of solutions containing these complexes in multi-metal solutions is indicated.

Background: At the present time, silver and gold nanoparticles are emerging as promising agents for cancer therapy. The anticancer activities of these nanoparticles have been evaluated against numerous human cancer cell lines. Still, few reports were existing against the breast cancer cell lines and most of these studies have mainly used chemically mediated nanoparticles. Objective: This study reports the in vitro anticancer activity of bioinspired Nanoparticles like, silver and gold against MCF-7 cells (breast cancer cell line) as well as HEK293 cell (human embryonic kidney cell line) by MTT assay. Methods: These metal nanoparticles, Ag-NPs and Au-NPs were biologically synthesized using Adiantum sp. aqueous leaves extract. The Adiantum sp. can reduce HAuCl4 solution to Au-NPs and AgNO3 to Ag-NPs within 30 mins. The formation of NPs was confirmed by characterization techniques such as UV-vis spectrophotometer, SEM and XRD studies. Additionally, the anticancer activity was analysed by cell viability (3(4,5-dimethly-thiazol-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyl tetrazo-lium bromide assay). Results: The synthesized nanoparticles from Adiantum sp. were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy. The role of functional groups was analysed using a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer. The XRD pattern clearly exemplified that the nanoparticles formed in this present synthesis are crystalline in nature. Furthermore, in MTT assay study, both NPs have shown cytotoxicity at different concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 100 μg/ml. The data reveal that the NPs from Adiantum explicitly, inhibits the viability of cancerous cell only and are non-cytotoxic to HEK293 cells in the tested concentration range. Conclusion: The results provide a preliminary guidance that Adiantum mediated silver and gold nanoparticles might be used to treat breast cancer; however, it necessitates clinical studies to ascertain their potential as anticancer agents.

Objective: Six ultra pure Paraffin Waxes (PW) were successfully fractionated at 35°, 30°, 25°, 20°, 15° and 10°C. The bimetallic oxide (Ferberite) was successfully synthesized by Microwave assisted method. Methods: Enhanced Phase Change Materials (PCMs) were designed by loading W/Fe bimetallic oxides in the ultra pure PW matrix at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 wt. %. paraffin wax, W/Fe bimetallic oxide and the resultant composite blends were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Gas Chromatography (GC), Deferential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Polarized Optical Microscope (POM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM). In addition to testing the thermal conductivity of the designed blends. According to SEM, DSC and POM data, the prepared nanocomposite was homogeneously dispersed into the selected PW matrix. Results: Data revealed that thermal conductivity of the designed composite increases with increasing the loading ratio of W-Fe bimetallic oxides. The total latent heat storage ΔHT of the initial sample was improved from 295.91 J/g to 311.48 J/g at 5 wt. % loading percent. Conclusion: Thermal conductivity was improved from 8.54 to 21.77 W/m2k with increasing up to 255% in comparison with pure paraffin wax.

Background: Water soluble nitrogen and phosphorus doped carbon dots (CD) have been synthesized using citric acid, tris(2-aminoethyl)amine and orthophosphoric acid via one step microwave assisted pyrolytic method. Methods: The CD synthesized has been characterized using FTIR, UV-Vis, fluorescence spectroscopy and EDAX coupled with SEM techniques. Results: SEM study has shown the formation of nanosized CD with an average size of ~18 nm. Elemental analysis via EDAX has confirmed successful incorporation of nitrogen (30.8% wt) and phosphorus (5.7% wt) atoms in it. The steady state and 3D fluorescence spectroscopic studies have shown its efficient fluorescence emission with emission maxima in the region of ~450 nm. It has shown efficient “turn off” fluorescence behaviour towards transition metal ions like Fe2+ and Co2+ ions and toxic nitrophenolic compounds like p-nitrophenol and picric acid. Its efficient interaction with BSA has been revealed in terms of fluorescence quenching of BSA by steady state, synchronous and 3D fluorescence spectroscopy. It has shown very good in vitro biocompatibility and enhanced cell adhesion properties towards NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells. Moreover, fluorescence microscopy has shown significant uptake of CD by the tested cell line. Conclusion: Such bio-compatible nitrogen and phosphorous doped CD can be potentially useful to estimate metal ions, p-nitrophenol and picric acid using fluorescence spectroscopy and for fluorescence based bio-imaging.

Objective: The localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and field enhancement of multilayered nanostructure over single and dimer configuration is studied using finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. Experimental: In multilayered nanostructure, there exist concentric nanoshells and metallic core which are separated by a dielectric layer. Strong couplings between the core and nanoshell plasmon resonance modes show a shift in LSPR and enhancement in field around nanostructure. The calculation of the electric field enhancement shows a sharp increase in the electric field on the surface of inner core i.e., inside the dielectric layer of Metal-Dielectric-Metal (MDM) structure whereas smaller enhancement on the outer layer of MDM structure is observed. Results: The Au-Air-Au mono MDM nanostructure shows strong near-field enhancement as compared to bare nanosphere in the infrared region, which have potential applications in surfaceenhanced spectroscopy, whereas Al-Air-Al and Ag-Air-Ag shows potential towards lower wavelength region. On coupling the MDM nanostructure forming a dimer configuration the field enhancement factor increases to 10^8. Conclusion: As compared to other nanostructures, MDM nanostructure provides both strong field enhancement and wide wavelength tunability therefore promising for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) applications.

Objective: ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using wet impregnation method, and activated carbon from rice straw (RS) prepared through chemical route. Methods: The nano-composites ZnO-AC series were prepared with different ZnO:AC ratio of 10, 20, 50, and 70% to optimize the zinc oxide nanoparticles used. The obtained composites were characterized by FE-SEM, XRD, SBET, and optical techniques then used for the photo-degradation of Malachite green dye (MG) under visible light. Results: It was found that 10ZnO-AC exhibited excellent visible light photo-catalytic performance. The ·OH radicals’ formation is matching with photo-activity of the prepared composites. The photo-degradation efficiency of MG increased from 63% to 93%, when the 10ZnO-AC photocatalyst amount was increased from 0.5 to 6 g/L. Conclusion: The GC-MS technique was used to analyze the intermediates formed; up to 15 kinds of chemicals were identified as the degradation products.

Background: Terahertz radiation (THz) in infrared domain at room temperature has many applications in science and technology, especially in the technology of analyzing and processing image. This paper introduces a relatively simple method to investigate the Terahertz radiation from the coupling of Longitudinal Optical (LO) phonon and coherent plasmon in p-i-n diode structure. The frequency spectra are found from the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of the voltage between two neighboring points in the insulating region of this diode. Numerical calculations have been applied for GaAs semiconductor device with the photo-excited carrier density ranging from 17 1.0x10 cm-3 to 18 3.0x10 cm-3 and the insulating layer size of 500 nm. Methods: In order to study of the coupling of LO phonon in p-i-n diode based on the EMC simulations, the equation of density vibration is solved simultaneously with the simulation of carrier dynamics, this is performed with spatial resolution of 1A° and time resolution of 0.20 fs . We solve the Poisson’s equation to derive the potentials along the x-axis in both cases with and without taking into account the coupling. The frequency spectrum derived from the FFT of the voltage of two layers separated by a distance 10 nm in insulating layer (i). Results: The frequency spectrum derived from the Fourier transform of the voltage between two neighboring points with and without LO phonon–plasmon coupling is shown. We can easily observe the existence of the modes which are close to the frequency values of bulk semiconductor. It should be noted that, our calculations are reasonable agreement with experiments measured by the Ibanez et al in Phys. Rev. B 69 (7), 075314 (2004). Conclusion: In this paper, we present a relatively simple approach to investigate the THz radiation from the coupling of LO phonon-plasmon in p-i-n diode structure by taking the FFT of the voltage of two neighboring points in insulating semiconductor region. The voltage is calculated through the electric potentials which relate to the charge density via Poisson’s equation. Numerical calculations have been performed for GaAs semiconductor device with carrier density ranging from 17 1.0x10 cm-3 to 18 3.0x10 cm-3. Our simulations calculations show that with appropriate photoexcited carrier density, two strong coupling LO phonon-plasmon coherent modes are appear.

Background: Antimicrobial potential of silver nanoparticles synthesised by using various biological sources was already been reported by many researchers. The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using microbial sources has been proved to be more effective. Methods: In this study, anti-dermatophytic silver nanoparticles were synthesised by using pyrrolo metabolites producing actinomycetes as a green catalyst. Different characterization methods such as UV-Visible, XRD, and AFM were used to identify the physiochemical characteristics of synthesised nanoparticles. Results: The synthesised nanoparticles showed λ-max at 427 nm and 402 nm, respectively. The XRD analysis based on the JCPDS database identified the two synthesized nanoparticles as silver oxide nanoparticles (AgO NPs) and silver peroxide nanoparticles (Ag2O3 NPs). The size of these nanoparticles was found to be in the range of 40-44 nm (AgO NPs) and 23-25 nm (Ag2O3 NPs), respectively. The synthesized nanoparticles demonstrated significant anti-fungal activity against dermatophytic fungi Trichophyton mentagrophyes with the zone of inhibition of 38 mm by AgO NP and 17 mm by Ag2O3 NPs. Conclusion: Screening of marine actinomycetes LG003 and LG005 revealed the presence of pyrrolo derivatives as the major metabolites, suggesting that these pyrrolo derivatives could be responsible for synthesis and stabilization of AgO and Ag2O3NPs. Among the synthesized NPs, the AgO NPs showed great potential as an anti-dermatophytic agent. This study provides further research opportunities for AgONPs as anti-fungal agents.

Background: In this study, ceramic water filter was prepared from Iraqi Local porcelanite and White Kaolin with the ratio of 10% as a binder with natural additives “wheat flakes.” Ratios 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30%. Methods: These materials are formed then fairing at 1200°C. The filters are environmentally familiar materials and harmless. Carbon was included to some prepared filters by thermally being treated at 950°C in the carbonation box to improve the performance and efficiency. After the filter is prepared, an assessment was carried out (apparent porosity, water absorption, permeability, and apparent density). Results: From the direct results, the apparent porosity, water absorption, and permeability were increased tremendously along with the increasing of the W.F., and the apparent density is typically decreased for the adaptive filter with or without carbon. The flowing water promptly passing through the adaptive filters was carefully evaluated by testes such as TSS, TDS, PH, and turbidity. The result was TSS in water, 6 mg/l, TSS in filter without carbon. 1 mg/l, TSS for filter with carbon was decreased to 0 mg/L. Turbidity (NTU) for water 1.9 NTU, Turbidity for filter without carbon was 0.71NUT, and Turbidity for the filters with carbon was decreased to 0.63 NUT. PH for water was 7.75 PH for filter without carbon was 7.68, PH for filter with carbon was decreased to 7.33. Conclusion: Filters with carbon are better than the filter without carbon for removing potential contaminants from the filter without carbon. Desired results were properly obtained within the Iraqi standard for drinking water.

Introduction: Solid Lipid nanoparticles (SLN) are comprising of a solid lipid core with a mean diameter between 50 and 1000 nm. SLN is an advanced carrier system to traditional colloidal carriers such as emulsion, liposomes, and polymeric microparticles. Objective: The objective of this study was to formulate SLN of Itraconazole (ITZ) for intranasal administration. Methods: ITZ-loaded SLN were prepared by high pressure homogenization technique using the Central Composite Design (CCD). The concentration of surfactant (X1) and drug to lipid ratio (X2) was considered as independent variables, whereas particle size (Y1) and percentage entrapment efficiency (Y2) were considered as a response. The compatibility of ingredients with the drug was tested using differential scanning calorimetry. SLN were characterized for their particle size, entrapment efficiency, transmission electron microscopy, in vitro drug release, and ex vivo study. Results: The solid lipid nanoparticles were successfully prepared using high pressure homogenization technique and glyceryl monostearate was used as solid lipid. The lipid ratio significantly increases the particle size as well as entrapment efficiency. The particle size and (%) entrapment efficiency of optimized formulation were found to be 29 nm and 78.9%, respectively. The differential scanning calorimetry confirmed that the drug existed in amorphous form. Nasal histopathology study on sheep mucosa revealed that the developed SLN was non-toxic and safe to use for intranasal administration. The results of ex vivo study showed that the Higuchi pattern of drug release was followed. The in vitro release studies showed the significant difference in drug release from ITZ-loaded SLN compared to plain ITZ-solution. Conclusion: ITZ-loaded SLN were successfully prepared and validated. The best batch was selected based on the desired particle size, and EE which is an important characteristic for SLN formulations. The developed formulations were nontoxic as determined by histo-pathological studies.

Background: Atopic dermatitis (or eczema) can be defined as a chronic inflammatory condition accompanied by severe pruritus. Objective: The prepared gel was evaluated for in vitro drug release, in vitro occlusion studies, transepidermal water loss studies, skin permeation studies, in vitro skin irritation studies and antiinflammatory cell line studies. Methods: In vitro drug release studies were performed using Franz diffusion cells. The in vitro occlusion studies were carried out by the procedure reported by Wissing et al. TEWL determination was done by the method proposed by Reiger. The skin permeation studies were carried out using porcine skin using Franz diffusion cells. In vitro skin irritation study was carried out using HETCAM (Hen’s Egg Test on the Chorioallantoic Membrane) method. Anti-inflammatory cell line studies were carried out using RAW 264.7 cell lines. Results: In vitro drug release studies,drug release of nicotinamide from nanoemulsion gel was found to be more than marketed gel. Kinetic modelling showed a higuchi model with non-fickian diffusion. In vitro occlusion study showed the percentage of evaporated water from prepared nanoemulsion formulation after 72 h is very less compared with the other formulations. The TEWL measurement shows the reduction in TEWL has more in prepared nanoemulsion gel than other formulations. Anti-inflammatory cell line studies proved that the nanoemulsion gel has inhibition capacity on COX activity, LOX activity, Inducibe nitric oxide synthase and cellular nitrate levels. Conclusion: DHA oil based nicotinamidenanoemulsion gel were prepared successfully and the evaluation of prepared gel showed better drug release and skin permeation with better antiinflammatory activity.

Objective: The interest concern towards the development of enabling technology towards new current mode devices has forced the designers and researchers for the invention of devices, which has having the characteristics like such as low power, robustness, compactness, efficiency and scalability. Methods: Second Generation Current Controlled Conveyor (CCCII) is the prevailing current mode device of the times today. Since its invention by A. Fabre, it has prominent applications in the field of analog signal processing and in biomedical applications too. In this manuscript, CCCII is used as an enabling device to design a Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Generator. Results: The proposed topology is designed using a single active device CCCII with least passive components. The circuit enjoys the features of like electronic tunability of frequency using the bias current. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the FSK generator circuit designed using single CCCII confers better results in contrast to the existing structures. The maximum power consumption is 0.196 mW. The proposed circuit has the benefit of simple configuration, which is very much proficient for IC fabrication.

Background: Nanosuspension has arisen as a lucrative, remunerative, as well as a potent approach to improve the solubility and dissolution rate of poorly soluble drug entities. Several challenges are still present in this technology which need more research. Objective: The prime aim of this research work is to develop, optimize and characterize the oral nanosuspension using esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate as a drug candidate. Methods: The drug nanosuspensions were prepared using both approaches; Top-down and Bottom-up as the combinational approach. Poloxamer 188 was used as a stabilizer in this study. All the important formulation variables, like concentration of stabilizers that may influence characteristics of the nanosuspensions, were optimized. Formulation screening was performed using the optimization process, and the optimized nanosuspension was evaluated for its particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, shape, in vitro drug release and stability. Results: For optimization of drug nanosuspension, the effect of Poloxamer 188 concentration and esomeprazole concentration was investigated and the optimal values were 0.3% w/v and 4 mg/ml, respectively. The particle size of nanosuspensions was in the range of 185 to 1048 nm with varying the zeta potential values from -11.2 to -27.5 mV. The in vitro dissolution rate of esomeprazole was increased up to 3-folds, approximately (92% in 90 min) as compared with crude esomeprazole drug (31% in 90 min) due to the decrease in particle size. Conclusion: The result indicated that the combination of top-down and bottom-up approach used for preparing the oral nanosuspension is a suitable approach for poorly aqueous soluble drug moieties like esomeprazole magnesium.

Background: The emergence of eco-friendly methods for the synthesis of metallic nanostructures has continued to receive wider acceptance. Objective: The study investigated the effect of biologically-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles on free radicals and carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes. Methods: The characterized nanoparticles, DaZnONPs (Dicoma anomala zinc oxide nanoparticles) were obtained using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier- transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction technique (XRD). The activity of the synthesized nanostructures against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), metal chelating, alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase was determined using standard methods. Results: DaZnONPs were observed to be stable, mostly cubical in shape and within the nanometre size range. Optimum absorption of DaZnONPs was observed at 386 nm. The FTIR analysis indicated the presence of functional groups arising from alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins (detected in earlier reports) and indicate potential nucleation and stability of the ZnONPs. XRD result depicted similar patterns of DaZnONPs and standard ZnO spectra, revealing a hexagonal and crystalline nature of the particles in nanometre range as shown by the obtained peaks. DaZnONPs inhibited DPPH (0.54 μgmL^-1) and alpha-amylase (104.34 μgmL^-1) better than quercetin (349.98 μgmL^-1) and acarbose (594. 54 μgmL^-1). Meanwhile, the metal chelating effect of DaZnONPs (30.41 μgmL^-1) was observed to be insignificantly (p>0.05) at par with quercetin (27.81 μgmL^-1). The kinetics of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes by DaZnOnPs was observed to be non-competitive inhibitions. Conclusion: DaZnONPs (as against the bulk extract) could be explored as possible antioxidative and antihyperglycaemic agents mitigating the adverse effects of free radicals and hyperglycaemia.