Nanoscience & Nanotechnology-Asia - Current Issue

Targeted drug delivery systems are employed to administer pharmaceutical medication, facilitating the precise delivery of drugs to specific diseased areas. Various delivery methods utilize carriers such as antibodies, transdermal patches, biodegradable polymers, nanoparticles (NPs), liposomes, niosomes, and microspheres. Niosomes, on the other hand, represent a promising and innovative category of vesicular systems. Niosomes are vesicles formed by hydrating a combination of nonionic surfactants (NIOs) and cholesterol. These nonionic surfactant carriers serve as carriers for both lipophilic and amphiphilic drugs. In the drug delivery system using niosomes, the medication is enclosed within a vesicle. The niosomes in tuberculosis (TB) possess biodegradable and biocompatible properties, are nonimmunogenic, and demonstrate versatility in their structural composition. It is a serious and potentially contagious disease originating from the bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In a recent update, the WHO still estimated that the number of TB cases was 9.9 million in 2022. The use of niosomes improves the treatment of TB through the use of much more advanced technology and advanced drug nanocarriers. The main aim of this review paper is to summarize the structural compositions of niosomes with silent features and various preparation methods, as well as to complete the discussion about tuberculosis and its treatment/diagnosis. Finally, the comparison of niosomes with liposomes and their current applications in treating TB with several niosomal-drug carriers and treatment with niosomal formulations was performed.

Increased environmental occurrences of nanoparticles are reported to be hazardous to aquatic life. The uptake of nano pollutants poses a significant impact on fish behaviour, reproductive function, endocrine system, and immune response, among other physiological factors. The review article highlighted various factors that are involved in nanotoxicity and also listed out the effects and mechanisms of nanoparticle on aquatic system. The behaviour and toxicity of nanoparticles on oxidative stress, DNA damage, and histology abnormalities are recorded from various literature. Additionally, the knowledge gaps on the effect of nanoparticles that could alter the neurological and immunological systems of aquatic creatures, influencing the release of cytokines and neurotransmitters are summarized. Various developmental defects and physiological disorders in fish are caused by mitochondrial malfunction, membrane damage, and DNA changes. Haematological, biochemical, and histological characteristics in the exposed microenvironment affect the natural growth and development of aquatic organisms. Overall, this review highlights the critical information on the toxicity of the nano exudate on the aquatic species and records of their ecotoxicological assessment of aquatic ecosystem.

The human population ranks third in the occurrence of colorectal cancer (CRC). Cancer of the colon typically begins as a normal polyp on the colon or rectum's inner wall but can progress to cancer if left untreated. Early detection of CRC may be crucial in preventative and therapeutic measures to lower the death rate, even if there are few treatment options for CRC. Several molecular markers are present in CRC-affected tissues, which might provide an entirely new perspective from which to approach the development of more effective treatments. Nanotechnology encompasses a vast range of novel and remarkable nanoparticles that have tremendous potential for use in medical diagnosis and treatment. Dendrimers, silica nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, liposomes, and gold nanoparticles are only a few examples of the nanomaterials and nanoformulations that have the potential to be utilised for diagnostic and targeted anticancer drug delivery in colorectal cancer. The bioavailability, biocompatibility, and minimal toxicity of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have recently attracted the curiosity of numerous researchers. Because of their increased bioactivity, selenium nanoparticles are finding widespread use in a wide range of biomedical fields. Biological, chemical, and physical processes are all capable of producing selenium nanoparticles. But SeNPs made sustainably are better to human tissues and organs. This review paper covers a lot of ground when it comes to colorectal cancer, covering the many stages of the disease, new diagnostic tools, and treatment methods that make use of nano-formulations. The biomedical uses and synthesis of SeNPs are covered in this review.