Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry - Volume 19, Issue 6, 2022

Laccases, one of the expressively accepted biocatalysts, are oxidoreductases strongly known for their pronounced catalytic applications. Their involvement in the various types’ organic synthesis is one of the most attractive fields of bio-catalysis. In this editorial, authors have briefly assessed and explored the synthetic applicability and potential fate of this interesting oxidoreductase enzyme in organic synthesis and presented various scientific proofs based on researches done in related fields proving their versatile acceptability.

5-benzylpyrrolidine-2,4-dione 9 are versatile scaffolds with a unique structural feature responsible for the diversity of its biological importance. Over the past years, many researchers have reported the synthesis of various bio-active (S)-5-benzylpyrrolidine-2,4-dione derivatives due to their simplicity yet exhibiting promising bioactivities. This review focuses on the synthesis of core structure 9 and its derivatives based on the substitution at carbon-3 position of (S)-5-benzylpyrrolidine- 2,4-dione 9. This review also reported the effective method for the synthesis of core structure 9 with a 98% yield. Biological evaluations of various prepared derivatives by various researchers were described.

In this review, we summarize the diverse marine natural compounds obtained from the genus Verrucella and their pharmacological effects and present a survey of the natural products taxonomy according to species. Sixty-six natural substances, including fifty-three steroids, six briarane-type diterpenoids, five nitrogenous bases, one amide, and one glycerol derivative, were obtained from Verrucella spp., which were mainly collected from the South China Sea and the Bay of Bengal, India. Steroids were the major constituents found in Verrucella spp. Moreover, anticancer, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory activities of those steroids and other compounds are also presented. This review reveals the chemical diversity, chemotaxonomy, and multiple pharmacological effects of the Verrucella genus. It will be helpful for further research and exploration of new steroid analogs and other components with prospective biological activities from this marine organism.

This review describes different synthetic methods for the preparation of sulfonamides. Generally, sulfonamides are synthesized from sulfonyl chloride derivative and amino derivative. A series of sulfonamide derivatives 7a-c, 8a,b, 9, 10, 11a,b, and 12 were synthesized in alkaline media by reacting different amino compounds with a p-toluene sulfonyl chloride. Different amino derivatives 13, 15, 17, 19, and 21 reacted with p-tolyl sulphonyl chloride to afford sulfonylamides 14, 16, 18, 20, and 22. Different reactions of sulfonamide derivatives have been summarized. Generally, the sulfonamide function group does not participate in any reactions, but other functional groups in the compound are involved in various reactions. Sulfonamides exhibit different biological activities, e.g., antibacterial activity, anticancer activity, urease inhibitory activity, radical scavenging activity, carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activity, non-competitive lactoperoxidase inhibitory activity, antifungal activity, and anti-mycobacterial activity.

Fluorescein derivatives have attracted a great deal of attention for ubiquitous applications on account of their unique properties. Particularly, the 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein (DCF) is of paramount importance in biological, analytical, and industrial fields. Mainly, DCF has been employed as a reactant in reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation reactions in biological applications. It has been utilized in oxidative stress and cell spreading measurement. It has been extensively explored to analyze oxidative, respiratory burst, secretory peroxidase, and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs). It has been widely investigated for detecting/quantification of H2O2, glucose, lipid, cholesterol, other hydroperoxides, and polycationic protamine. Moreover, it has been applied to differentiate dopamine from ascorbic acid. It has also shown immense potential in biolabeling, cancer imaging, and drug delivery. Several studies demonstrated the great promise of DCF as a fluorescent probe for real-time monitoring/quantification of mercury, cadmium, zinc, arsenite, acetate, fluoride, thiocyanate, azide ions, hydrogen peroxide, ammonia, ozone, sulfur dioxide, and drug molecules. Furthermore, the use of DCF to manufacture dyesensitized solar cells and Schottky barrier devices opens up avenues for its industrial applications. Apart from presenting a comprehensive account of the immense potential of DCF in the areas mentioned above, the present review also intends to provide insight into its broader future scope for a myriad of applications to emerge.

This review aims to collate literature work reported by researchers (from 1994 to 2021) to provide an overview of the available methodologies for the synthesis and diverse pharmacological activities exhibited by pyrazole based molecules. This review highlights recent reports on various routes of synthesis and potential biological evaluation studies viz. anticancer, AT (II) inhibitory, antiinflammatory activities, HIV-1-RT inhibitory, antihypertensive, herbicidal, antitubercular, insecticidal, antiviral, antimicrobial, and COX-2 inhibitory activity, etc., of pyrazole derivatives and also presents recent efforts made on this heterocyclic moiety.

Background: Aldol reactions play an important role in the development of organic synthesis- owing to their critical importance for the conjugation of carbon-carbon bonds while concurrently, one or two chiral centers are reported. In the modern scenario, the Aldol condensation reaction has arisen as perhaps the most significant reaction for the formation of novel medicinal agents, revealing promising pharmacological activities. Objective: The purpose of this study is to present newer synthetic approaches through Aldol condensation reaction for the synthesis of diverse scaffolds to explore the numerous remarkable biological activities. Methods: Aldol condensation concerns the nucleophilic addition reaction of a ketone enolate to an aldehyde to form aldol or β- hydroxy ketone. Occasionally, the aldol addition product losing water molecule yields an α, β-unsaturated ketone. Results: Results showed that peptides of amino acids are utilized as chiral catalysts. As of now, the arrangement of catalysts is intensely one-sided towards proline. Conclusion: The present study thus provides useful insight concerning the promising coherent way for the synthesis of prolinamide analogue of proline, through a direct asymmetric aldol condensation reaction. Thus, the current study summarizes various Aldol condensation reactions for the synthesis of novel agents as well as their promising pharmacological importance.