CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets - CNS & Neurological Disorders) - Volume 24, Issue 8, 2025

Sodium channels are necessary for electrical activity in modules of the nervous system. When such channels fail to work properly, it may cause different neurological diseases. This review will discuss how particular mutation in these channels leads to different diseases. Positive alterations can lead to such diseases as epilepsy, or any muscle disorder due to over activation of neurons. Conversely, loss-of-function mutations may cause heart diseases and problems regarding motor and mental activity since neurons are not functioning well because of lost machinery. The review would discuss over familiar channelopathies such as genetic epilepsies, the familial hemiplegic migraine, and Para myotonia congenital and relatively new interrelations with the complex ailments including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and multiple sclerosis. Thus, knowledge of these mechanisms is important in designing specific therapeutic approaches. There is a rationale for altering the sodium channel activity in the treatment of these neurological disorders by drugs or indeed genetic methods. Thus, the review is undertaken to provide clear distinctions and discuss the issues related to sodium channel mutations for the potential development of individualized medicine. The review also gives information on the function and general distribution of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs), how their activity is controlled, and what their structure is like. The purpose therefore is to draw understanding over the apparently multifaceted functions exerted by VGSCs in the nervous system relative to several diseases. This knowledge is imperative in the attempt to produce treatments for these disabling disorders.

A recent World Health Organization report claims that along with the growing world population and emerging life prospects, the prevalence of neurological disorders is also increasing. Out of all neurological disorders, Alzheimer's disease is the most widespread and alarming concern. The disease poses significant therapeutic challenges due to the blood-brain barrier's restrictiveness and the lack of effective drug delivery systems. The olfactory and trigeminal nerves have direct access to the brain, therefore, intranasal drug delivery can be a promising route for the direct delivery of anti-Alzheimer’s drugs. Despite this advantage, brain targeting is limited through this route due to mucociliary clearance. Thus, in situ, nanotechnology offers a transformative approach by leveraging the intranasal route to directly target the central nervous system. This comprehensive review discusses recent advancements, mechanisms, and applications of in situ nanotechnology in Alzheimer's disease therapeutics, highlighting its potential to enhance drug delivery efficiency, improve bioavailability, and mitigate the progression of this debilitating condition. The importance of intranasal drug delivery has been emphasized in this review, along with the clear benefits of in situ lipid-based nanotechnology for the efficient delivery of medication in targeting Alzheimer's disease.

Chemotherapy-induced pain is one of the major challenges that hamper the patient's quality of life. Several cases of insufficient pain management were reported globally, especially in the case of patients who do not respond well to conventional pain management regimes and opioid analgesics. Additionally, conventional pain management has several shortcomings, and evidence suggests that cannabidiol has the potential to overcome those shortcomings. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive compound of the Cannabis plant that shows an effective outcome in chemotherapy-induced pain as well as in cancer treatment, as it possesses anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. The mechanism of pain and its management by cannabidiol, with all possible evidence, is well summarised in the paper. This article concludes the types of pain experienced by cancer patients, the effectiveness of CBD in the management of pain, and challenges faced by patients after using Cannabidiol with various case studies. Later, antitumor efficacy studies of CBD were disclosed, and its various types of formulations and nano-formulations were summarized in the paper. Overall, the paper establishes the role of cannabidiol in Chemotherapy-induced pain.