Skip to content
2000
Volume 24, Issue 8
  • ISSN: 1871-5273
  • E-ISSN: 1996-3181

Abstract

Chemotherapy-induced pain is one of the major challenges that hamper the patient's quality of life. Several cases of insufficient pain management were reported globally, especially in the case of patients who do not respond well to conventional pain management regimes and opioid analgesics. Additionally, conventional pain management has several shortcomings, and evidence suggests that cannabidiol has the potential to overcome those shortcomings. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive compound of the Cannabis plant that shows an effective outcome in chemotherapy-induced pain as well as in cancer treatment, as it possesses anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. The mechanism of pain and its management by cannabidiol, with all possible evidence, is well summarised in the paper. This article concludes the types of pain experienced by cancer patients, the effectiveness of CBD in the management of pain, and challenges faced by patients after using Cannabidiol with various case studies. Later, antitumor efficacy studies of CBD were disclosed, and its various types of formulations and nano-formulations were summarized in the paper. Overall, the paper establishes the role of cannabidiol in Chemotherapy-induced pain.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cnsnddt/10.2174/0118715273337554250311060327
2025-03-27
2025-10-25
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. BailarJ.C. GornikH.L. Cancer undefeated.N. Engl. J. Med.1997336221569157410.1056/NEJM1997052933622069164814
    [Google Scholar]
  2. WeinbergR.A. How cancer arises.Sci. Am.19962753627010.1038/scientificamerican0996‑628701295
    [Google Scholar]
  3. MiltenburgN.C. BoogerdW. Chemotherapy-induced neuropathy: A comprehensive survey.Cancer Treat. Rev.201440787288210.1016/j.ctrv.2014.04.00424830939
    [Google Scholar]
  4. SisignanoM. BaronR. ScholichK. GeisslingerG. Mechanism-based treatment for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathic pain.Nat. Rev. Neurol.2014101269470710.1038/nrneurol.2014.211
    [Google Scholar]
  5. LiH. LiuY. TianD. Overview of cannabidiol (CBD) and its analogues: Structures, biological activities, and neuroprotective mechanisms in epilepsy and Alzheimer’s disease.Eur. J. Med. Chem.202019211216310.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112163
    [Google Scholar]
  6. HuestisM.A. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the plant cannabinoids, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol.Handb. Exp. Pharmacol.200516816865769010.1007/3‑540‑26573‑2_2316596792
    [Google Scholar]
  7. MechoulamR. PetersM. RodriguezM.E. HanušL.O. Cannabidiol--recent advances.Chem. Biodivers.2007481678169210.1002/cbdv.20079014717712814
    [Google Scholar]
  8. BreivikH. ChernyN. CollettB. de ConnoF. FilbetM. FoubertA.J. CohenR. DowL. Cancer-related pain: A pan-European survey of prevalence, treatment, and patient attitudes.Ann. Oncol.20092081420143310.1093/annonc/mdp00119244085
    [Google Scholar]
  9. EverdingenB.M.H.J. de RijkeJ.M. KesselsA.G. SchoutenH.C. van KleefM. PatijnJ. Prevalence of pain in patients with cancer: A systematic review of the past 40 years.Ann. Oncol.20071891437144910.1093/annonc/mdm05617355955
    [Google Scholar]
  10. GressK.L. CharipovaK. KayeA.D. ViswanathO. UritsI. An overview of current recommendations and options for the management of cancer pain: A comprehensive review.Oncol. Ther.20208225125910.1007/s40487‑020‑00128‑y
    [Google Scholar]
  11. KumarS. Cancer pain: A critical review of mechanism-based classification and physical therapy management in palliative care.Indian J. Palliat. Care201117211612610.4103/0973‑1075.8453221976851
    [Google Scholar]
  12. WordliczekJ. ZajaczkowskaR. Mechanisms in cancer pain.Cancer Pain2013Jan477010.1007/978‑0‑85729‑230‑8_5
    [Google Scholar]
  13. SagginiR. BellomoR.G. CarmignanoS.M. SagginiA. Cancer pain—The role of an integrated, comprehensive rehabilitation program in its management.Updat. Cancer Treat.20156111610.5772/60548
    [Google Scholar]
  14. NersesyanH. SlavinK.V. Current aproach to cancer pain management: Availability and implications of different treatment options.Ther. Clin. Risk Manag.20073338140010.2147/tcrm.s1216041218488078
    [Google Scholar]
  15. FallonM. Management of cancer pain in adult patients: ESMO clinical practice guidelines.Annal. Oncol.201829iv166iv19110.1093/annonc/mdy152
    [Google Scholar]
  16. PortenoyR.K. LesageP. Management of cancer pain.Lancet199935391651695170010.1016/S0140‑6736(99)01310‑010335806
    [Google Scholar]
  17. PughT.M. SquarizeF. KiserA.L. A comprehensive strategy to pain management for cancer patients in an inpatient rehabilitation facility.Front. Pain Res.2021268851168851110.3389/fpain.2021.68851135295412
    [Google Scholar]
  18. ChwistekM. Recent advances in understanding and managing cancer pain.F1000 Res.2017694594510.12688/f1000research.10817.128690839
    [Google Scholar]
  19. MaayahZ.H. TakaharaS. FerdaoussiM. DyckJ.R.B. The molecular mechanisms that underpin the biological benefits of full-spectrum cannabis extract in the treatment of neuropathic pain and inflammation.Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis.20201866716577110.1016/j.bbadis.2020.16577132201189
    [Google Scholar]
  20. WilsonJ. StackC. HesterJ. Recent advances in cancer pain management.F1000Prime Rep.20146101010.12703/P6‑1024592322
    [Google Scholar]
  21. CandidoK.D. KusperT.M. KnezevicN.N. New cancer pain treatment options.Curr. Pain Headache Rep.20172121210.1007/s11916‑017‑0613‑028265859
    [Google Scholar]
  22. PertweeR.G. Pharmacological actions of cannabinoids.Handb. Exp. Pharmacol.200516816815110.1007/3‑540‑26573‑2_116596770
    [Google Scholar]
  23. RockE.M. ParkerL.A. Constituents of cannabis sativa.Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.2021126411310.1007/978‑3‑030‑57369‑0_133332000
    [Google Scholar]
  24. DawidowiczA.L. TomczykO.M. TypekR. CBG, CBD, Δ9-THC, CBN, CBGA, CBDA and Δ9-THCA as antioxidant agents and their intervention abilities in antioxidant action.Fitoterapia202115210491510491510.1016/j.fitote.2021.10491533964342
    [Google Scholar]
  25. PellatiF. BorgonettiV. BrighentiV. BiagiM. BenvenutiS. CorsiL. Cannabis sativa L. and nonpsychoactive cannabinoids: Their chemistry and role against oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer.BioMed Res. Int.20182018169142811510.1155/2018/169142830627539
    [Google Scholar]
  26. JacobsonM.R. WattsJ.J. BoileauI. TongJ. MizrahiR. A systematic review of phytocannabinoid exposure on the endocannabinoid system: Implications for psychosis.Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol.201929333034810.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.12.01430635160
    [Google Scholar]
  27. LalS. ShekherA. PuneetA.S. NarulaA.S. AbrahamseH. GuptaS.C. Cannabis and its constituents for cancer: History, biogenesis, chemistry and pharmacological activities.Pharmacol. Res.202116310530210.1016/j.phrs.2020.10530233246167
    [Google Scholar]
  28. JohnsonJ.R. LossignolD. NugentB.M. FallonM.T. An open-label extension study to investigate the long-term safety and tolerability of THC/CBD oromucosal spray and oromucosal THC spray in patients with terminal cancer-related pain refractory to strong opioid analgesics.J. Pain Symptom Manage.201346220721810.1016/j.jpainsymman.2012.07.01423141881
    [Google Scholar]
  29. SánchezF.A.I. CarballidoF.A. DelieF. CohenM. SabrosoM.C. MezzanzanicaD. FiginiM. SattaA. SuárezT.A.I. Enhancing ovarian cancer conventional chemotherapy through the combination with cannabidiol loaded microparticles.Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm.202015424625810.1016/j.ejpb.2020.07.00832682943
    [Google Scholar]
  30. RomanoB. BorrelliF. PaganoE. CascioM.G. PertweeR.G. IzzoA.A. Inhibition of colon carcinogenesis by a standardized Cannabis sativa extract with high content of cannabidiol.Phytomedicine201421563163910.1016/j.phymed.2013.11.00624373545
    [Google Scholar]
  31. MarcuJ.P. ChristianR.T. LauD. ZielinskiA.J. HorowitzM.P. LeeJ. PakdelA. AllisonJ. LimbadC. MooreD.H. YountG.L. DesprezP.Y. McAllisterS.D. Cannabidiol enhances the inhibitory effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on human glioblastoma cell proliferation and survival.Mol. Cancer Ther.20109118018910.1158/1535‑7163.MCT‑09‑040720053780
    [Google Scholar]
  32. GriffithsC. AikinsJ. WarshalD. OstrovskyO. Can cannabidiol affect the efficacy of chemotherapy and epigenetic treatments in cancer?Biomolecules202111576610.3390/biom1105076634065479
    [Google Scholar]
  33. JeongS. YunH.K. JeongY.A. JoM.J. KangS.H. KimJ.L. KimD.Y. ParkS.H. KimB.R. NaY.J. LeeS.I. KimH.D. KimD.H. OhS.C. LeeD.H. Cannabidiol-induced apoptosis is mediated by activation of Noxa in human colorectal cancer cells.Cancer Lett.2019447122310.1016/j.canlet.2019.01.01130660647
    [Google Scholar]
  34. R MokoenaD. P GeorgeB. AbrahamseH. Enhancing breast cancer treatment using a combination of cannabidiol and gold nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy.Int. J. Mol. Sci.20192019477110.3390/ijms2019477131561450
    [Google Scholar]
  35. de AlmeidaD.L. DeviL.A. Diversity of molecular targets and signaling pathways for CBD.Pharmacol. Res. Perspect.202086e0068210.1002/prp2.68233169541
    [Google Scholar]
  36. MoralesP. ReggioP.H. CBD: A new hope?ACS Med. Chem. Lett.201910569469510.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b0012731097982
    [Google Scholar]
  37. PengJ. FanM. AnC. NiF. HuangW. LuoJ. A narrative review of molecular mechanism and therapeutic effect of cannabidiol (CBD).Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol.2022130443945610.1111/bcpt.1371035083862
    [Google Scholar]
  38. BergamaschiM.M. QueirozR.H. ZuardiA.W. CrippaJ.A. CrippaS. Safety and side effects of cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa constituent.Curr. Drug Saf.20116423724910.2174/15748861179828092422129319
    [Google Scholar]
  39. HsuH.H. ChenM.C. BaskaranR. LinY.M. DayC.H. LinY.J. TuC.C. PadmaV.V. KuoW.W. HuangC.Y. Oxaliplatin resistance in colorectal cancer cells is mediated via activation of ABCG2 to alleviate ER stress induced apoptosis.J. Cell. Physiol.201823375458546710.1002/jcp.2640629247488
    [Google Scholar]
  40. LiangX.J. ChenC. ZhaoY. WangP.C. Circumventing tumor resistance to chemotherapy by nanotechnology.Methods Mol. Biol.201059646748810.1007/978‑1‑60761‑416‑6_2119949937
    [Google Scholar]
  41. NajafiM. SalehiE. FarhoodB. NashtaeiM.S. GoradelH.N. KhanlarkhaniN. NamjooZ. MortezaeeK. Adjuvant chemotherapy with melatonin for targeting human cancers: A review.J. Cell. Physiol.201923432356237210.1002/jcp.2725930192001
    [Google Scholar]
  42. AlamA. Chemotherapy treatment and strategy schemes: A review.Open Access J. Toxicol.20182555560010.19080/OAJT.2018.02.555600
    [Google Scholar]
  43. KimK-W. RohJ.K. WeeH-J. KimC. Alkylating anticancer drugs.In: Cancer Drug DiscovSpringerDordrecht2016719410.1007/978‑94‑024‑0844‑7_4
    [Google Scholar]
  44. ElgemeieG. EzzatM.R. New strategies targeting cancer metabolism: Anticancer drugs.In: Anticanc. Drugs Synth. Anal. Antitumor AgentsElsevier20221619
    [Google Scholar]
  45. MoraesD.F.C. de MesquitaL.S.S. do AmaralF.M.M. RibeiroS.M.N. MalikS. Anticancer drugs from plants.Anti-Cancer Compd.201712114210.1007/978‑3‑319‑53880‑8_5
    [Google Scholar]
  46. MohanC.D. RangappaS. NayakS.C. Bacteria as a treasure house of secondary metabolites with anticancer potential.Semin Canc. Biol202286Pt 2998101310.1016/j.semcancer.2021.05.006
    [Google Scholar]
  47. WangW. DinhT.Y.C. Recent advances in use of topoisomerase inhibitors in combination cancer therapy.Curr. Top. Med. Chem.201919973074010.2174/156802661966619040111335030931861
    [Google Scholar]
  48. HalawaO.I. FurnishT.J. WallaceM.S. Role of cannabinoids in pain management.In: Essentials of Pain Medicine4th Ed.Elsevier201850952010.1016/B978‑0‑323‑40196‑8.00056‑5
    [Google Scholar]
  49. ZenoneM. SnyderJ. CaulfieldT. Crowdfunding cannabidiol (CBD) for cancer: Hype and misinformation on gofundme.Am. J. Public Health2020110S3S294S29910.2105/AJPH.2020.30576833001729
    [Google Scholar]
  50. BlakeA. WanB.A. MalekL. A selective review of medical cannabis in cancer pain management.Annal. Palliat. Med.20186S2S215S22210.21037/apm.2017.08.05
    [Google Scholar]
  51. KumarS. PrasadK. KumarV. ShenoyK. SisodiaV. Mechanism-based classification and physical therapy management of persons with cancer pain: A prospective case series.Indian J. Palliat. Care2013191273310.4103/0973‑1075.11022523766592
    [Google Scholar]
  52. LeverI.J. RiceA.S.C. Cannabinoids and pain.Handb. Exp. Pharmacol.200717717726530610.1007/978‑3‑540‑33823‑9_1017087127
    [Google Scholar]
  53. RussoE. Cannabinoids in the management of difficult to treat pain.Ther. Clin. Risk Manag.20084124525910.2147/TCRM.S192818728714
    [Google Scholar]
  54. MackieK. Cannabinoid receptors as therapeutic targets.Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol.200646110112210.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.14125416402900
    [Google Scholar]
  55. MlostJ. BrykM. StarowiczK. Cannabidiol for pain treatment: Focus on pharmacology and mechanism of action.Int. J. Mol. Sci.20202122887010.3390/ijms2122887033238607
    [Google Scholar]
  56. MilliganA.L. PardiS.T.A. BurtonM.D. Cannabinoid receptor type 1 and its role as an analgesic: An opioid alternative?J. Dual Diagn.202016110611910.1080/15504263.2019.166810031596190
    [Google Scholar]
  57. BoteaM.O. AndereggenL. UrmanR.D. LuediM.M. RomeroC.S. Cannabinoids for acute pain management: Approaches and rationale.Curr. Pain Headache Rep.202428768168910.1007/s11916‑024‑01252‑438607548
    [Google Scholar]
  58. BruntT.M. BossongM.G. The neuropharmacology of cannabinoid receptor ligands in central signaling pathways.Eur. J. Neurosci.202255490992110.1111/ejn.1498232974975
    [Google Scholar]
  59. AnthonyA.T. RahmatS. SangleP. SandhuO. KhanS. Cannabinoid receptors and their relationship with chronic pain: A narrative review.Cureus2020129e1043610.7759/cureus.1043633072446
    [Google Scholar]
  60. BassoL. AboushoushaR. FanC.Y. IftincaM. MeloH. FlynnR. AgostiF. HollenbergM.D. ThompsonR. BourinetE. TrangT. AltierC. TRPV1 promotes opioid analgesia during inflammation.Sci. Signal.201912575eaav071110.1126/scisignal.aav071130940767
    [Google Scholar]
  61. AnandU. JonesB. KorchevY. BloomS.R. PacchettiB. AnandP. SodergrenM.H. CBD effects on TRPV1 signaling pathways in cultured drg neurons.J. Pain Res.2020132269227810.2147/JPR.S25843332982390
    [Google Scholar]
  62. LaucknerJ.E. JensenJ.B. ChenH.Y. LuH.C. HilleB. MackieK. GPR55 is a cannabinoid receptor that increases intracellular calcium and inhibits M current.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.200810572699270410.1073/pnas.071127810518263732
    [Google Scholar]
  63. XiongW. CuiT. ChengK. YangF. ChenS.R. WillenbringD. GuanY. PanH.L. RenK. XuY. ZhangL. Cannabinoids suppress inflammatory and neuropathic pain by targeting α3 glycine receptors.J. Exp. Med.201220961121113410.1084/jem.2012024222585736
    [Google Scholar]
  64. CichewiczD.L. Synergistic interactions between cannabinoid and opioid analgesics.Life Sci.200474111317132410.1016/j.lfs.2003.09.03814706563
    [Google Scholar]
  65. SuT.F. ZhangL.H. PengM. WuC.H. PanW. TianB. ShiJ. PanH.L. LiM. Cannabinoid CB2 receptors contribute to upregulation of β-endorphin in inflamed skin tissues by electroacupuncture.Mol. Pain20117981744-8069-7-9810.1186/1744‑8069‑7‑9822177137
    [Google Scholar]
  66. HuaD.Y.H. HindochaC. BaioG. LeesR. ShabanN. MorganC.J. MofeezA. CurranH.V. FreemanT.P. Effects of cannabidiol on anandamide levels in individuals with cannabis use disorder: Findings from a randomised clinical trial for the treatment of cannabis use disorder.Transl. Psychiatry202313113110.1038/s41398‑023‑02410‑937085531
    [Google Scholar]
  67. VoicuV. BreharF.M. ToaderC. BusuiocC.R.A. CorlatescuA.D. BordeianuA. CostinH.P. BratuB.G. GlavanL.A. CiureaA.V. Cannabinoids in medicine: A multifaceted exploration of types, therapeutic applications, and emerging opportunities in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer therapy.Biomolecules2023139138810.3390/biom1309138837759788
    [Google Scholar]
  68. D’AndreS. McAllisterS. NagiJ. GiridharK.V. MaciasR.E. LoprinziC. Topical cannabinoids for treating chemotherapy-induced neuropathy: A case series.Integr. Cancer Ther.2021201534735421106173910.1177/1534735421106173934841942
    [Google Scholar]
  69. PisantiS. MalfitanoA.M. CiagliaE. LambertiA. RanieriR. CuomoG. AbateM. FaggianaG. ProtoM.C. FioreD. LaezzaC. BifulcoM. Cannabidiol: State of the art and new challenges for therapeutic applications.Pharmacol. Ther.201717513315010.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.04128232276
    [Google Scholar]
  70. HeiderC.G. ItenbergS.A. RaoJ. MaH. WuX. Mechanisms of cannabidiol (CBD) in cancer treatment: A review.Biology202211681710.3390/biology1106081735741337
    [Google Scholar]
  71. GreenR. KhalilR. MohapatraS.S. MohapatraS. Role of cannabidiol for improvement of the quality of life in cancer patients: Potential and challenges.Int. J. Mol. Sci.202223211295610.3390/ijms23211295636361743
    [Google Scholar]
  72. AguirreO.M. LópezT.L. GómezV.K. TapiaP.S.M. PottosinI. DobrovinskayaO. Cannabidiol on the path from the lab to the cancer patient: Opportunities and challenges.Pharmaceuticals202215336610.3390/ph1503036635337163
    [Google Scholar]
  73. CyrC. ArboledaM.F. AggarwalS.K. BalneavesL.G. DaeninckP. NéronA. ProskE. ViganoA. Cannabis in palliative care: Current challenges and practical recommendations.Ann. Palliat. Med.20187446347710.21037/apm.2018.06.0430180728
    [Google Scholar]
  74. CooperZ.D. AbramsD.I. GustS. SalicrupA. ThrockmortonD.C. Challenges for clinical cannabis and cannabinoid research in the United States.J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr.202120215811412210.1093/jncimonographs/lgab00934850896
    [Google Scholar]
  75. BoyajiS. MerkowJ. ElmanR.N.M. KayeA.D. YongR.J. UrmanR.D. The role of cannabidiol (CBD) in chronic pain management: An assessment of current evidence.Curr. Pain Headache Rep.2020242410.1007/s11916‑020‑0835‑431980957
    [Google Scholar]
  76. SperryA.J. YoussefT. TuongY. ChauhanA.S. A systematic review of cannabidiol based dosage forms.Precis. Nanomed.20214485187810.33218/001c.30706
    [Google Scholar]
  77. MillarS.A. MaguireR.F. YatesA.S. O’SullivanS.E. Towards better delivery of cannabidiol (CBD).Pharmaceuticals202013921910.3390/ph1309021932872355
    [Google Scholar]
  78. RamalhoÍ.M.D.M. PereiraD.T. GalvãoG.B.L. FreireD.T. AmaralM.L. AlencarÉ.D.N. EgitoE.S.T.D. Current trends on cannabidiol delivery systems: Where are we and where are we going?.Expert Opin. Drug Deliv.202118111577158710.1080/17425247.2021.1952978
    [Google Scholar]
  79. SchillingJ.M. HughesC.G. WallaceM.S. SextonM. BackonjaM. BertramM.T. Cannabidiol as a treatment for chronic pain: A survey of patients’ perspectives and attitudes.J. Pain Res.2021141241125010.2147/JPR.S27871833981161
    [Google Scholar]
  80. XuD.H. CullenB.D. TangM. FangY. The effectiveness of topical cannabidiol oil in symptomatic relief of peripheral neuropathy of the lower extremities.Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol.202021539040210.2174/138920102066619120211153431793418
    [Google Scholar]
  81. BruniN. PepaD.C. BossoO.S. PessioneE. GastaldiD. DosioF. Cannabinoid delivery systems for pain and inflammation treatment.Molecules20182310247810.3390/molecules23102478
    [Google Scholar]
  82. FitzcharlesM.A. ClauwD.J. HäuserW. Cautious hope for cannabidiol (CBD) in rheumatology care.Arthritis Care Res.20237561371137510.1002/acr.2417632144889
    [Google Scholar]
  83. BohusB.M. Cannabidiol (CBD) enriched alcohol.Patent: US 9539295 B22015
  84. LarsonR.L. Smokeless THC and administration method thereof.Patent: US 10639439 B22014
  85. SieversR.E. RebitsL. Purified cbd and cbda, and methods, compositions and products employing cbd or cbda.Patent: CA 2976004 C WO 2016/127111 A12016
  86. MonaM.J. Novel process for generating hemp oil with a high cannabidiol (cbd) content.Patent: US 2017/0022132 A12016
  87. FinleyC. BestwickH.P. Cannabis oil compositions and methods for preparation thereof.Patent: WO 2017/091764 A12016
  88. FinleyC. Methods for preparation of cannabis oil extracts and compositions.Patent: WO 2016/123475 A12016
  89. BhairamC. Method for making coffee products containing cannabis ingredients.Patent: US 9565865 B2.
  90. Goldner Cannabis tablet or capsule.Patent: US 2017/0157041 A12016
  91. RossF.M. Method for conducing concentrated cannabis oil to be stable, emulsifiable and flavorless for use in hot beverages and resulting powderized cannabis oil.Patent: US 2017/0189463 A12017
  92. LidermanT. Composition, commericial product and method for treating cannabis toxicity.Patent: US 2016/0213624 A12016
  93. SinaiA. TurnerZ. Preparations of cannabis emulsions and methods thereof.Patent: WO 2016147186 A12016
  94. Eiroa Martinez CM, Van Houten D, Fernandez Cid MV, Feye Woerlee G. Cannabidiol isolate from industrial-hemp and use thereof in pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic preparations.Patent: WO 2016153347 A12016
  95. SilverR. Cannabis infused sweeteners and elixirs.Patent: WO 2017/180953 A12017
  96. DeGeeterD.M. JohnsonL. Water soluble cannabinoid inclusion complexes.Patent: WO 2017/183011A1.
  97. AndrewM. Hydrogenation of cannabis oil.Patent: CA 2985065 A12016
  98. ShemanskiM.E. Formulations of argan oil and cannabidiol.Patent: WO 2017/160923 A1.
  99. SinaiA. TurnerZ. BaruchY. Novel condom comprising cannabis derived compositions for enhancement of sexual pleasure and decrease of erectile dysfunction symptoms.Patent: US 20170367875 A1.
  100. RadermanJ.M. Method for increasing cannabinol content in a lipid-based extract of cannabis.Patent: US 2017/0020943 A12016
  101. SacksH. EdvinssonT. Oral solid cannabinoid formulations, methods for producing and using thereof.Patent: WO 2017/137992 A12017
  102. MckayW. Liposomal preparation and methods of treatment.Patent: WO 2017/177261 A12017
  103. SilverR. Method of making cannabis oil hydrophiilic using emulsifiers and related cannabinoid compositions.Patent: WO 2017/180954 A12017
  104. ShahH. Oral cannabinoid formulations.Patent: WO 2018/002637A12017
  105. CasiraghiA. RodaG. CasagniE. CristinaC. MusazziU. FranzèS. RoccoP. GiulianiC. FicoG. MinghettiP. GambaroV. Extraction method and analysis of cannabinoids in cannabis olive oil preparations.Planta Med.201884424224910.1055/s‑0043‑12307429202510
    [Google Scholar]
  106. HartmanM.S. BoylesJ.V.C. Mdi related products and methods of use.Patent: US 2017/0209409 A12015
  107. BachR.A. JamR. Extraction of cannabidiol.Patent: US 2017/0106030 A12015
  108. KolskyJ.A. Medical cannabis lozenges and compositions thereof.Patent: US 10137161 B22013
  109. GoldsteinB. GoldsteinD. BakharevaM. Method and system for medical cannabinoid treatment and product selection.Patent: US 2016/0335543 A12016
  110. BatesL.D. Method and system for processing whole hemp stalks including extracting oil from processed hemp.Patent: US 2016/0325288 A12016
  111. LoweJ CurranM FranzB High cannabidiol cannabis strains.Patent: US 2016/0000843 A12015
  112. GhaliliB BorjaMJ Novel fertilzer.Patent: WO 2016/025580 A12015
  113. AbidiSHI Microbial engineering for the production of cannabinoids and cannabinoid precursors.Patent: WO 2017/139496 A12017
  114. Vangara Stable cannabinoid formulations.Patent: WO 2016/191651 A12016
  115. LoweGA LoweV Composition of cannabinoids, odorous volatile compounds, and emu oil for topical application, and a method for cannabinoid transdermal delivery.Patent: US 9526752 B12015
  116. BjorncrantzW. Winterized crude cannabis extracts and methods of preparation and use.Patent: US 9333229 B22014
  117. BrysonN SharmaAC Nasal cannabidiol compositions.Patent: WO 2017/208072 A2.
  118. SiurkusJ. The oleo gel composition and delivery system with active compounds from cannabis sativa and mentha arvensis for reduction of inflammation and pain in deep tissues.Patent: WO 2017/178937 A12017
  119. KleidonW KirklandJ. Microencapsulated cannabinoid compositions.Patent: US 2017/0172977 A12017
  120. PaulCW Process to suspend cannabis oil in glycerin.Patent: US 2016/0136213 A12014
  121. AnastassovG ChangoerL Oral care composition comprising cannabinoids.Patent: WO 2016/100516 A12015
  122. RadermanJM Method for modifying THC content in a lipid-based extract of cannabis.Patent: US 009259449 B22014
  123. WilkinsonJ.D. WilliamsonE.M. Use of cannabis to treat psoriasis.J. Dermatol. Sci.2015452879210.1016/j.jdermsci.2006.10.00917157480
    [Google Scholar]
  124. PayackJF Method and apparatus for extracting plant oils using ethanol water.Patent: US 2016/0228787 A12016
  125. GuyG WrightS MeadA JoshiC WilfongA Use of cannabinoids in the treatment of epilepsy.Patent: US 009474726 B22016
  126. RutzA. Preparative isolation of cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa by centrifugal partition chromatography.Patent: WO 2016/135346 A12016
  127. BoudkoEA ShipleyT JohnsonD Cannabis plants having modified expression of thca synthase.Patent: WO 2016/189384 A12016
  128. KikuchiT MaedaK GuyG RobsonP StottC Use of cannabinoids in combination with an anti-psychotic medicament.Patent: EP 2249848 B12008
  129. DammeV. Chewing gum compositions comprising cannabinoids.Patent: US 9433601 B2
  130. WeimannLJ Device and method for the transdermal delivery of cannabidiol.Patent: US 9962340 B22016
  131. GedoT. Compositions comprising cannabidiol and hyaluronic acid for treating inflammatory joint diseases.Patent: WO 2017/203529 A12017
  132. DombAJ HoffmanA IzgelovD Novel cannabinoid formulations.Patent: WO 2017/072762 A12016
  133. NeergaardJ OgbonnaA Medical chewing gum comprising cannabinoid.Patent: WO 2017/059859 A12015
  134. StottC JonesN WilliamsR WhalleyB Use of cannabinoids in the treatment of epilepsy.Patent: WO 2017/ 025712 A12017
  135. AnastassovG ChangoerL Cannabinoid and sugar alcohol complex, methods to make and use.Patent: US2016/0220593A12016
  136. Perry Composition with pharmacological effect for vaporizing and method.Patent: US 009849108 B22016
  137. RouraXN Methods of purifying cannabinoids, compositions and kits thereof.Patent: US 2016/0214920 A12016
  138. AllenE DavidsonR LaRosaT ReidD Oral dissolvable film that includes plant extract.Patent: US 2016/0051510 A12015
  139. LiuW ScottK DalgleishA DuncanM StottC Use of tetrahydrocannabinol and/or cannabidiol for increasing radiosensitivity in the treatment of a brain tumour.Patent: EP 3010497 B12014
  140. SinghM. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising hemp and turmeric to treat pain and inflammation.Patent: US 2017/0042835 A12015
  141. GuyG WrightS MeadA ComiA Use of cannabinoids in the treatment of sturge weber syndrome.Patent: WO 2017/168138 A12017
  142. DialerL PetrovicD WeiglU Process for the production of cannabidiol and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol.Patent: US 2017/0008868 A12016
  143. GuyG WrightS BrodieJ Use of cannabidivarin in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder, associated disorders and schizophrenia.Patent: WO 2017/178807 A12017
  144. BoecklAJ CooksonDE Encapsulation of lipophilic ingredients in dispensible spray dried powders suitable for inhalation.Patent: US 2017/0232210 A12017
  145. HerkenrothT SteupC Cannabinoid carboxylic acids, salts of cannabinoid carboxylic acids, and the production and uses of same.Patent: US 009376367 B22012
  146. WillinskyM. Composition and methods to improve stability, dosing, pharmacodynamics and product shelf life of endocannabinoids, phytocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids delivered by nasal inhaler.Patent: WO 2017/054071 A12016
  147. UrenMB Cannabis infused chewing composition.Patent: US 2016/0199299 A12015
  148. WhittleBA Cannabinoid liquid formulations for mucosal administration.Patent: EP 2314284 B12003
  149. KubbySW Cannabis plant named ‘Ecuadorian Sativa,’Patent: US PP27475 P22010
  150. EishplyMA MajumdarS GulW AshfagMK SufkaKJ HarrisHM Biologically active cannabidiol analogs.Patent: WO 2017/132526 A12017
  151. AlfieriAJ KatzSM SharkeyJT Cannabinoid-enriched supplement.Patent: US 2017/0188616 A12017
  152. StottC JonesN WhalleyB StephensG WilliamsC. 7-oh-cannabidiol (7-oh-cbd) and/or 7-oh-cannabidivarin (7-oh-cbdv) for use in the treatment of epilepsy.Patent: US 2017/0209390 A12015
  153. RichardRC Lipid nanoparticle compositions and methods as carriers of cannabinoids in standardized precision-metered dosage forms.Patent: US 2017/0000744 A12015
  154. NaheedS. Medication dispensing system.Patent: US 2017/0021025 A12015
  155. GieseMW LewisMA Systems, apparatuses, and methods for classification.Patent: WO 2016/123160 A12016
  156. SkuratovichO MirzakhanovF. Cannabinoid alcoholic drinks (CADs) and method for producing CADs.Patent: US 9642884 B12016
  157. AtkinsonW CostelloM. Medicated produce.Patent: US 2017/0368021 A12017
  158. HospodorAD RappRJ Recycling cannabinoid extractor.Patent: US 9358259 B22012
  159. StinchcombAL BanksSL GolinskiMJ HowardJL HammellDC Use of cannabidiol prodrugs in topical and transdermal administration with microneedles.Patent: US 9533942 B22014
  160. OgilvieK BonillaG Method of cannabinoid preservation through crystallization and other crystal structures.Patent: US 9815810 B12016
  161. CranfordJ. Method of manufacturing standardized cannabis cigarettes.Patent: US 2017/0188623 A12016
  162. DibbleCJ ColeIB Methods for obtaining purified cannabis extracts and THCA crystals.Patent: US 2017/0008870 A12016
  163. GoldsteinJH SingerJE VerwolfA NicodemusG Homogenous cannabis compositions and methods of making the same.Patent: US 2018/0007924 A92016
  164. AnknerCE Inhalable cannabinoid formulation for the incapacitation of a human or animal.Patent: US 2017/0112801 A12017
  165. KotraLP LewisMM WasilewskiE GroverH Decarboxylated cannabis resins, uses thereof and methods of making same.Patent: WO 2018/000094 A12017
  166. KanCKW Formulation for the nebulization of oil based substances suitable for use with a vibrating mesh nebulizer.Patent: US 2017/0281701 A12017
  167. BachmannL EsteyR Method for manufacturing medicated chewing gum without cooling.Patent: US 009744128 B22015
  168. GreenspoonA. Orally administrable formulation.Patent: CA 2937471 A12016
  169. GutmanAL EtingerM FedotevI Methods for purifying trans-(-)-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and trans-(+)-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol.Patent: US 2016/0184261 A12016
  170. AeschbachR. Cannabidiol compositions and uses thereof.Patent: EP 3251668 A12016
  171. HumphreysJD Van Der VugtJP Methods for extracting target compounds from cannabis.Patent: WO 2016/092376 A12016
  172. KinzerCE Connected systems, devices, and methods including cannabis profile management.Patent: US 2016/0171164 A12016
  173. KwiecinskiM. Compositions for improving safety of pharmacological formulations.Patent: US 2017/0165224 A12016
  174. GuyG WrightS BrodieJ Use of cannabidiolic acid in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder and associated disorders.Patent: WO 2017/178810 A12017
  175. BachRJ Production of 11-hydroxy-THC.Patent: US 2017/0226077 A12016
  176. BritchS.C. BabalonisS. WalshS.L. Cannabidiol: Pharmacology and therapeutic targets.Psychopharmacology2021238192810.1007/s00213‑020‑05712‑833221931
    [Google Scholar]
  177. AnknerCE Cannabinod formulation for the sedation of a human or animal.Patent: US OO9585867 B22015
  178. HuestisM.A. SoliminiR. PichiniS. PacificiR. CarlierJ. BusardòF.P. Cannabidiol adverse effects and toxicity.Curr. Neuropharmacol.2019171097498910.2174/1570159X1766619060317190131161980
    [Google Scholar]
  179. ZalmanD. SelaB.G. Cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids for cancer patients: Multiple palliative.In: Handbook of Cannabis and Related PathologiesAcademic Press2017857868
    [Google Scholar]
  180. LucasP EadesC Methods for cannabinoid quantification.Patent: US 2017/0234897 A12017
/content/journals/cnsnddt/10.2174/0118715273337554250311060327
Loading
/content/journals/cnsnddt/10.2174/0118715273337554250311060327
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test