Current Drug Therapy - Online First

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Despite continuous efforts made to improve the shortcomings of the conventional approach, it remains formidable with high mortality. Contrary to the traditional approach, targeted therapies have emerged as a solution to fight against cancer. Nanoparticles containing targeted moiety have emerged as a cornerstone in cancer therapy. However, nano-cargo-based targeted therapy mainly involves biological molecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and immunomodulators, which target the mechanism involved in deranging cancer. Therefore, these biologically active molecules and their drug products require long-term stability inside and outside the body that can be enhanced using lyophilization and molecular recognition techniques. The paper attempts to provide a general overview of medication administration via nanoparticles for targeted cancer treatment and the effect of lyophilization on the stability of the formulation. This comprehensive review explores cutting-edge advancements in the fabrication of nanoparticles with an extensive range of methods and updated insights into lyophilization to improve the physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles. The lyophilized process' development, scaling up, and transfer necessitate a number of NP formulation considerations as well as an optimized freeze-drying procedure to provide a high-quality cancer product. The review highlights the critical findings of in vitro and in vivo studies that have shown a strong and significant impact of lyophilization on the stability of nanoparticles, resulting in long shelf-life and potential biological response in cancer treatment. In summary, drug delivery using nanoparticles is a revolutionary strategy for treating cancer that requires stability and endurance for improved therapeutic results. The convergence of freeze drying in nano-based oncology can enhance the stability with a strong impact on cellular uptake by maintaining the intact concentration with less aggregation. This technique can have high potential for hybrid nanoparticles conjugated with biomolecules and improve the function of macromolecules, like proteins, antibodies, and nucleic acids, for cancer treatment.

The preclinical antidiabetic and anti-obesity potential of hydrotropic solid dispersions of hesperidin and naringenin was investigated in streptozotocin [STZ]/nicotinamide [NIC]-induced diabetic rats on a high-fat diet. The hydrotropic solid dispersions showed significant glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, and lipid profiles while reducing body weight, adipose tissue mass, and inflammatory markers. These formulations showed superior efficacy over pure compounds, likely due to enhanced solubility compared to the pure drugs. Findings suggested that hesperidin and naringenin hydrotropic solid dispersions are promising agents for showing antihyperglycemic, antidyslipidemic, and cardiac function-improving potential in high-fat diet/STZ-induced type 2 diabetic rats, supporting their potential clinical application as adjunct therapies. These findings support the utility of the tested samples in clinical applications as an adjunct therapy.

Plants have been a source of medicinal phytoconstituents since ancient times and the knowledge has passed through generations of medicinal use. Medicinal plants contain not one but an amalgamation of various Phyto-derived moieties that are therapeutically active. One such plant that has come into light for its various employabilities is Albizia lebbeck, more commonly known as Siris. It is mainly grown in the Indian subcontinent and nearby countries such as Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and eastern Pakistan. Various studies investigating the dynamics of siris have reported therapeutic actions such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-diarrheal activity, and anti-diabetic activity. These activities can be attributed to various Phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, and saponins. However, apart from these well-reported actions, multiple other therapeutic uses are currently under investigation such as anti-hyperlipidaemic. In this review, we presented its different types of therapeutic uses, its various Phyto constituents, and its botanical classification.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is responsible for about half of all primary malignant tumors in the central nervous system (CNS). Nanotechnology and nanocarrier-based drug delivery may prove to be an asset in the ongoing fight against the difficulties associated with treating GBM. Obstacles to effective drug delivery in GBM treatment include prolonged blood circulation, sufficient BBB transit, effective internalization, and controlled drug release within GBM cells. By virtue of the non-specific and non-targeted character of anti-tumor medicines, the efficiency of medication delivery to gliomas is still impoverished. Glioma diagnosis and therapy have undergone a paradigm change solely because of nanotechnology. The highly invasive nature of this malignant glioma makes surgical resection a challenging procedure, and the current approved standard of care—follow-up radiation therapy with concurrent temozolomide (TMZ)—will only prolong the lifespan of patients by a few months. Drug delivery nanosystems (DDNSs) have garnered attention in the treatment of cancer, particularly gastrointestinal cancer, according to recent studies. This is because DDNPs have proven to be effective substitutes for conventional formulations currently on the market, in addition to optimizing the delivery of drugs to neoplastic cells, ameliorating the profile of toxicity and unfavorable effects, and reducing the overall harmful effects of formulations that include antineoplastic agents. Specifically, nanocarriers have proven to have an exceptional ability to get over the difficulties to achieve drug accumulation in the brain without going through the system delivering by IN route. Pre-clinical research on polymeric nanocarriers for treating GBM is ongoing, with few drug delivery systems entering clinical trials. This study examines nanoparticle forms, and brain tumor statistics, and summaries the diagnosis and treatment of GBM utilizing nanotechnology.

Since ancient times, Indian Balam Kheera or Kigelia africana sausage trees have been utilized to heal a variety of human afflictions. Ethnobotanists have documented the traditional uses of K. africana, which include the management of skin conditions, cancer, and gynaecological problems. Scientists have been interested in assessing the bioactivity of plant components of K. africana. Numerous researchers have been most interested in its fruit and leaves due to their diverse pharmacological properties. K. africana has been used to develop items that are sold commercially, yet many of them lack complete standardization. It is necessary to carry out additional research, extract novel bioactive phytochemicals, standardize K. africana products, and scientifically confirm other traditional applications of K. africana; despite numerous efforts by researchers to do so, many of these claims remain unsupported. The purpose of this review was to draw attention to Kigelia africana's undiscovered cosmetic potential.

Parkinson's Disease (PD) presents as a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a gradual decline in brain function, typically advancing slowly over time in most individuals. However, as the disease evolves and impacts the Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT), the window for effective treatment response often becomes narrower for many patients. Recent advancements in medical science have spurred improvements in drug delivery, primarily through the development of enhanced oral formulations or the exploration of alternative administration routes, such as intestinal infusion, transcutaneous delivery, and inhaled levodopa. Among the recent oral formulation breakthroughs is IPX066, a novel formulation combining immediate and extended-release Carbidopa-Levodopa (CD/LD). Another notable example is levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel, an authorized treatment involving the direct infusion of LD/CD suspension into the brain. Concurrent investigations are assessing the effectiveness of the 'accordion pill' (AP09004), an Extended-release (ER) LD/CD mixture designed to retain within the GIT for an extended period. Additionally, other formulations in various stages of clinical trials include ND0612, a proprietary liquid formulation intended for the purpose of subcutaneous delivery using a compact patch-pump apparatus, and CVT-301, a levodopa aerosol solution distinguished by its prompt initiation of therapeutic effects. However, several other promising formulations, such as DM-1992 and XP21279, have been terminated. This study aimed to thoroughly examine the pharmacokinetics, clinical effectiveness, and possible adverse reactions linked to innovative medication formulations that are now accessible or being developed for treating PD.

Transdermal patches, conceived to extend drug release, enhance bioavailability, and foster patient adherence, witnessed their inaugural approval by the USFDA in the 1980s. These patches, varying in size, constitute medicinal formulations with one or more active components that permeate the bloodstream through the skin. This review undertakes a comprehensive examination of recent strides in transdermal patch technology, encompassing critical facets such as their merits and demerits, advancements in microneedle technology, the evolution of transdermal patch generation, the integration of Artificial Intelligence, and the role of 3D printing technology. Additionally, the focus is placed on USFDA-approved patches. Various literature databases viz. Science Direct, PubMed, and Web of Sciences were explored for this research. The review furnished insights into the application of 3D printing technology in the fabrication of transdermal patches and disseminated information on USFDA-approved patches. The exploration delved into diverse strategies aimed at augmenting the efficiency of drug delivery and promoting patient compliance. Major transdermal products being marketed with details of their active substance have been discussed. Various applications of artificial intelligence in drug delivery have been summarized. It may be summarized that transdermal patch technology is not a thing of the past but a technology to stay and meet the demands of drug delivery in the present and future.