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Abstract

The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous plant extracts has emerged as a sustainable, cost-effective, and biocompatible alternative to conventional chemical methods. This review systematically examines recent advancements (2020–2025) in plant-mediated AgNP synthesis, focusing on synthesis mechanisms, critical process parameters, and comprehensive physicochemical characterization. Phytochemicals such as flavonoids, polyphenols, and alkaloids act as natural reducing and stabilizing agents, facilitating the bioreduction of Ag+ ions under eco-friendly redox conditions. Key synthesis parameters, including pH, temperature, extract concentration, and silver nitrate concentration, significantly influence nanoparticle size, morphology, crystallinity, and colloidal stability. A suite of characterization techniques, including UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and Zeta Potential analysis, is used to assess particle structure, surface chemistry, and dispersion quality. The review highlights the critical role of synthesis conditions in tailoring nanoparticle attributes and discusses methodological variations across studies. Standardization of protocols and integration of advanced analytical tools are recommended to improve reproducibility and enable scalable green synthesis for biomedical, environmental, and industrial applications.

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2025-10-29
2026-02-20

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/content/journals/cdth/10.2174/0115748855414247251012171623
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Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Plant Extracts: Recent Advances in Mechanisms, Parameters, and Characterization Methods
Bentham Science Publishers ; https://doi.org/10.2174/0115748855414247251012171623
/content/journals/cdth/10.2174/0115748855414247251012171623
/content/journals/cdth/10.2174/0115748855414247251012171623
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  • Article Type:     Review Article
Keywords: nanoparticle characterization ; Green synthesis ; surface plasmon resonance ; biocompatible nanomaterials ; silver nanoparticles ; plant extracts ; phytochemical reduction

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