Current Drug Metabolism - Current Issue

Numerous chronic illnesses, including diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders, are mostly caused by oxidative stress, which is defined as an imbalance between the body's antioxidant defenses and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The success of traditional treatments for oxidative stress has been limited because antioxidant medications are not well-absorbed, are quickly broken down, and do not target specific areas of the body.

Drug delivery methods based on nanotechnology offer a viable solution to these issues by providing therapeutic molecules with improved release characteristics, enhanced bioavailability, and targeted capabilities. Recent developments in nanotechnology have enabled the creation of multipurpose carriers that can simultaneously transmit genes for endogenous antioxidant enzymes and antioxidants.

This integration promotes a long-term healing response and addresses the immediate oxidative stress. Likewise, functionalizing nanocarriers with particular ligands improves localization to oxidative stress locations, including inflammatory tissues or tumor microenvironments, boosting therapeutic efficacy. The potential of nanotherapeutics in reducing oxidative stress-driven diseases is examined in this article.

Nanotechnology-based drug delivery approaches offer a novel avenue for the treatment of several oxidative stress-induced diseases. These delivery systems are highly target-specific and have a longer duration of action. Still, more research is needed to address issues, such as safety margins, large-scale production, and approval of medicine use.

We address several nanocarrier platforms, such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and metallic nanoparticles that have proven more effective in delivering therapeutic drugs and antioxidants to specific sites of oxidative damage. Furthermore, nanotherapeutics may enhance their therapeutic potential by protecting these bioactive substances from premature degradation and clearance.

Cancer poses a tough global health challenge, prompting the exploration of innovative prevention and treatment strategies. Polyphenols, bioactive compounds abundant in various plant-based foods, have gained significant attention for their potential anticancer properties. Legumes, characterized by their excellent nutritional profile, offer a promising source of polyphenols such as ferulic acid, caffeic acid, genistein, and kaempferol, which exhibit notable antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects.

This review systematically analyzed peer-reviewed literature on the polyphenolic content of various legumes. No original research or experimental work was carried out as part of this study. Databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, SpringerLink, and ScienceDirect were searched for studies focusing on the identification and pharmacokinetic profiles of legume-derived polyphenols. Emphasis was placed on examining the mechanisms of action, including modulation of cell signalling pathways, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis, and influence on detoxification enzymes. The review also assessed the ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) properties of key polyphenols to evaluate their bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy.

The analysis revealed that legumes are significant sources of polyphenols with demonstrated anticancer activity. Compounds like genistein and kaempferol modulate key signalling pathways such as PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and NF-kB, which are involved in cell proliferation, survival, and inflammation. Additionally, these polyphenols can promote apoptosis and inhibit angiogenesis, thereby impeding tumor growth and metastasis.

The findings underscore the potential of legume-derived polyphenols in cancer prevention and management. By addressing the ADME of Polyphenols, this study aims to deepen our understanding of their pharmacological potential, providing a foundation for developing dietary strategies and functional foods to effectively prevent and manage cancer. Addressing the limitations in bioavailability through novel delivery systems and dietary formulations could enhance their effectiveness.

Combining polyphenol-rich legume diets with conventional cancer therapies may offer a synergistic therapeutic effect and promote better health outcomes. However, it is essential to first establish through rigorous scientific research that polyphenols do not produce any unwanted adverse effects when used alongside standard medications. Further research focusing on improving bioavailability and validating in vivo efficacy will be crucial for translating these findings into practical cancer prevention treatment approaches.