Skip to content
2000
image of Association between Socioeconomic Inequality and the Burden of Stomach Cancer in Asia: Insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Abstract

Introduction

Stomach cancer represents a significant global health challenge, particularly in Asia, where it is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality. This study, analyzing incidence rates, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), explores how socioeconomic factors affect stomach cancer outcomes in various Asian countries.

Methods

The methodology involves a review of publicly available data to estimate the prevalence and mortality associated with stomach cancer in the region. Years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs) are calculated specifically to provide a nuanced understanding of the disease burden. The Human Development Index (HDI) serves as a primary measure of socioeconomic status, allowing us to explore how disparities in health outcomes correlate with socioeconomic conditions.

Results

Findings indicate a clear correlation: lower HDI values are associated with higher incidence and mortality rates of stomach cancer. Countries exhibiting greater socioeconomic inequality demonstrate a disproportionate burden of diseases, reflected in elevated DALYs, YLLs, and YLDs.

Discussion

These results underscore the pressing need for targeted public health interventions to address these disparities. Addressing socioeconomic inequalities is crucial for reducing the burden of stomach cancer in Asia. Our findings advocate for implementing strategic public health measures that focus on improving access to healthcare, enhancing nutritional education, and promoting preventive strategies in high-risk populations.

Conclusion

This study contributes to the growing body of evidence linking socioeconomic factors to health disparities and emphasizes the importance of equitable healthcare access in combating stomach cancer effectively.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cctr/10.2174/0115733947377243250503004112
2025-05-12
2025-09-08
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Huang J. Lucero-Prisno D.E. III Zhang L. Xu W. Wong S.H. Ng S.C. Wong M.C.S. Updated epidemiology of gastrointestinal cancers in East Asia. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2023 20 5 271 287 10.1038/s41575‑022‑00726‑3 36631716
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Balakrishnan M. George R. Sharma A. Graham D.Y. Changing trends in stomach cancer throughout the world. Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep. 2017 19 8 36 10.1007/s11894‑017‑0575‑8 28730504
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Ferlay J. Ervik M. Lam F. Colombet M. Mery L. Piñeros M. Global cancer observatory: cancer today. Lyon 2020
    [Google Scholar]
  4. World Health Oraganiztation Global health estimates: Leading causes of death. 2020 Available from:https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/mortality-and-global-health-estimates/ghe-leading-causes-of-death (accessed on 13-3-2025).
  5. Siegel R.L. Miller K.D. Fedewa S.A. Ahnen D.J. Meester R.G.S. Barzi A. Jemal A. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2017. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2017 67 3 177 193 10.3322/caac.21395 28248415
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Siegel R.L. Miller K.D. Goding Sauer A. Fedewa S.A. Butterly L.F. Anderson J.C. Cercek A. Smith R.A. Jemal A. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2020 70 3 145 164 10.3322/caac.21601 32133645
    [Google Scholar]
  7. McGuire S. World cancer report 2014. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, international agency for research on cancer, WHO Press, 2015. Adv. Nutr. 2016 7 2 418 419 10.3945/an.116.012211 26980827
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Yu G. Hsieh C. Risk factors for stomach cancer: A population-based case-control study in Shanghai. Cancer Causes Control 1991 2 3 169 174 10.1007/BF00056210 1873447
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Amieva M. Peek R.M. Pathobiology of Helicobacter pylori induced gastric cancer. Gastroenterology 2016 150 1 64 78 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.09.004 26385073
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Conteduca V. Sansonno D. Lauletta G. Russi S. Ingravallo G. Dammacco F. H. pylori infection and gastric cancer: State of the art. Int. J. Oncol. 2013 42 1 5 18 10.3892/ijo.2012.1701 23165522
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Ilic M. Ilic I. Epidemiology of stomach cancer. World J. Gastroenterol. 2022 28 12 1187 1203 10.3748/wjg.v28.i12.1187 35431510
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Matysiak-Budnik T. Mégraud F. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer. Eur. J. Cancer 2006 42 6 708 716 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.01.020 16556496
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Thrift A.P. Wenker T.N. El-Serag H.B. Global burden of gastric cancer: epidemiological trends, risk factors, screening and prevention. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 2023 20 5 338 349 10.1038/s41571‑023‑00747‑0 36959359
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Song Y. Liu X. Cheng W. Li H. Zhang D. The global, regional and national burden of stomach cancer and its attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2019. Sci. Rep. 2022 12 1 11542 10.1038/s41598‑022‑15839‑7 35798837
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Manser C.N. Bauerfeind P. Impact of socioeconomic status on incidence, mortality, and survival of colorectal cancer patients: A systematic review. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2014 80 1 42 60 10.1016/j.gie.2014.03.011
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Le H. Ziogas A. Lipkin S.M. Zell J.A. Effects of socioeconomic status and treatment disparities in colorectal cancer survival. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2008 17 8 1950 1962 10.1158/1055‑9965.EPI‑07‑2774 18708384
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Andersen S.W. Blot W.J. Lipworth L. Steinwandel M. Murff H.J. Zheng W. Association of race and socioeconomic status with colorectal cancer screening, colorectal cancer risk, and mortality in southern US adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 2 12 e1917995 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.17995
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Kawakatsu Y. Koyanagi Y.N. Oze I. Kasugai Y. Morioka H. Yamaguchi R. Ito H. Matsuo K. Association between socioeconomic status and digestive tract cancers: A case-control study. Cancers 2020 12 11 3258 10.3390/cancers12113258 33158224
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Wu C.C. Hsu T.W. Chang C.M. Yu C.H. Wang Y.F. Lee C.C. The effect of individual and neighborhood socioeconomic status on gastric cancer survival. PLoS One 2014 9 2 e89655 10.1371/journal.pone.0089655 24586941
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Zanabria D. Galvez-Nino M. Araujo J.M. Alfaro A. Fajardo W. Saravia L. Quispe L. Velazque G. Carbajal J. López M.J. Jimenez S. Montenegro P. Zevallos A. Clavo M.A. Medina-Pérez P. Cornejo M. Requena M. Aguilar A. Pinto J.A. Socioeconomic disparities and the genomic landscape of gastric cancer. Sci. Rep. 2024 14 1 15070 10.1038/s41598‑024‑65912‑6 38956258
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Siemerink E.J.M. Hospers G.A.P. Mulder N.H. Siesling S. van der Aa M.A. Disparities in survival of stomach cancer among different socioeconomic groups in North-East Netherlands. Cancer Epidemiol. 2011 35 5 413 416 10.1016/j.canep.2011.02.015 21470931
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Rawla P. Barsouk A. Epidemiology of gastric cancer: Global trends, risk factors and prevention. Gastroenterol. Rev. 2019 14 1 26 38 10.5114/pg.2018.80001
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Nagel G. Linseisen J. Boshuizen H.C. Pera G. Del Giudice G. Westert G.P. Bueno-de-Mesquita H.B. Allen N.E. Key T.J. Numans M.E. Peeters P.H. Sieri S. Siman H. Berglund G. Hallmans G. Stenling R. Martinez C. Arriola L. Barricarte A. Chirlaque M.D. Quiros J.R. Vineis P. Masala G. Palli D. Panico S. Tumino R. Bingham S. Boeing H. Bergmann M.M. Overvad K. Boutron-Ruault M.C. Clavel-Chapelon F. Olsen A. Tjonneland A. Trichopoulou A. Bamia C. Soukara S. Sabourin J.C. Carneiro F. Slimani N. Jenab M. Norat T. Riboli E. González C.A. Socioeconomic position and the risk of gastric and oesophageal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-EURGAST). Int. J. Epidemiol. 2007 36 1 66 76 10.1093/ije/dyl275 17227779
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Williams D.R. Costa M.V. Odunlami A.O. Mohammed S.A. Moving Upstream. J. Public Health Manag. Pract. 2008 14 6 S8 S17 10.1097/01.PHH.0000338382.36695.42 18843244
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Yang L. Ying X. Liu S. Lyu G. Xu Z. Zhang X. Li H. Li Q. Wang N. Ji J. Gastric cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors and prevention strategies. Chin. J. Cancer Res. 2020 32 6 695 704 10.21147/j.issn.1000‑9604.2020.06.03 33446993
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Khazaei Z. Jarrahi A.M. Momenabadi V. Ghorat F. Adineh H. Sohrabivafa M. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide stomach cancers and their relationship with the human development index (HDI). World Cancer Res J. 2019 6 9 e1257
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Cummings L.C. Payes J.D. Cooper G.S. Survival after hepatic resection in metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer 2007 109 4 718 726 10.1002/cncr.22448 17238180
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Gupta A.K. Melton L.J. III Petersen G.M. Timmons L.J. Vege S.S. Harmsen W.S. Diehl N.N. Zinsmeister A.R. Ahlquist D.A. Changing trends in the incidence, stage, survival, and screen-detection of colorectal cancer: A population-based study. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2005 3 2 150 158 10.1016/S1542‑3565(04)00664‑0 15704049
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Karimi P. Islami F. Anandasabapathy S. Freedman N.D. Kamangar F. Gastric cancer: Descriptive epidemiology, risk factors, screening, and prevention. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2014 23 5 700 713 10.1158/1055‑9965.EPI‑13‑1057 24618998
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Khazaei S. Rezaeian S. Soheylizad M. Khazaei S. Biderafsh A. Global incidence and mortality rates of stomach cancer and the human development index: An ecological study. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2016 17 4 1701 1704 10.7314/APJCP.2016.17.4.1701 27221840
    [Google Scholar]
  31. RaFiei E. Mohammadian-Hafshejani A. Towhidi F. Makhsosi B.R. Salehiniya H. Lack of any relationship of stomach cancer incidence and mortality with development in Asia. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2016 17 8 3777 3783 27644616
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Fidler M.M. Soerjomataram I. Bray F. A global view on cancer incidence and national levels of the human development index. Int. J. Cancer 2016 139 11 2436 2446 10.1002/ijc.30382 27522007
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Goodarzi E. Sohrabivafa M. Haddad M.F. Naemi H. Khazaei Z. Esophagus cancer geographical distribution, incidence, mortality and their world human development index (HDI) relationship: an ecology study in 2018. World Cancer Res. J. 2019 6 8
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Yamashita K. Sakuramoto S. Nemoto M. Shibata T. Mieno H. Katada N. Kikuchi S. Watanabe M. Trend in gastric cancer: 35 years of surgical experience in Japan. World J. Gastroenterol. 2011 17 29 3390 3397 10.3748/wjg.v17.i29.3390 21876631
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Morgan E. Arnold M. Camargo M.C. Gini A. Kunzmann A.T. Matsuda T. Meheus F. Verhoeven R.H.A. Vignat J. Laversanne M. Ferlay J. Soerjomataram I. The current and future incidence and mortality of gastric cancer in 185 countries, 2020–40: A population-based modelling study. EClinicalMedicine 2022 47 101404 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101404 35497064
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Znaor A. Skakkebaek N.E. Rajpert-De Meyts E. Kuliš T. Laversanne M. Gurney J. Sarfati D. McGlynn K.A. Bray F. Global patterns in testicular cancer incidence and mortality in 2020. Int. J. Cancer 2022 151 5 692 698 10.1002/ijc.33999 35277970
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Sawicki T. Ruszkowska M. Danielewicz A. Niedźwiedzka E. Arłukowicz T. Przybyłowicz K.E. A review of colorectal cancer in terms of epidemiology, risk factors, development, symptoms and diagnosis. Cancers 2021 13 9 2025 10.3390/cancers13092025 33922197
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Doubeni C.A. Major J.M. Laiyemo A.O. Schootman M. Zauber A.G. Hollenbeck A.R. Sinha R. Allison J. Contribution of behavioral risk factors and obesity to socioeconomic differences in colorectal cancer incidence. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2012 104 18 1353 1362 10.1093/jnci/djs346 22952311
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Aarts M.J. Lemmens V.E.P.P. Louwman M.W.J. Kunst A.E. Coebergh J.W.W. Socioeconomic status and changing inequalities in colorectal cancer? A review of the associations with risk, treatment and outcome. Eur. J. Cancer 2010 46 15 2681 2695 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.04.026 20570136
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Mitry E. Bouvier A.M. Esteve J. Faivre J. Improvement in colorectal cancer survival: A population-based study. Eur. J. Cancer 2005 41 15 2297 2303 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.01.028 16140008
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Faivre J. Lemmens V.E.P.P. Quipourt V. Bouvier A.M. Management and survival of colorectal cancer in the elderly in population-based studies. Eur. J. Cancer 2007 43 15 2279 2284 10.1016/j.ejca.2007.08.008 17904353
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Guilford P. Hopkins J. Harraway J. McLeod M. McLeod N. Harawira P. Taite H. Scoular R. Miller A. Reeve A.E. E-cadherin germline mutations in familial gastric cancer. Nature 1998 392 6674 402 405 10.1038/32918 9537325
    [Google Scholar]
  43. González C.A. Sala N. Capellá G. Genetic susceptibility and gastric cancer risk. Int. J. Cancer 2002 100 3 249 260 10.1002/ijc.10466 12115538
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Loh M. Koh K.X. Yeo B.H. Song C.M. Chia K.S. Zhu F. Yeoh K.G. Hill J. Iacopetta B. Soong R. Meta-analysis of genetic polymorphisms and gastric cancer risk: Variability in associations according to race. Eur. J. Cancer 2009 45 14 2562 2568 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.03.017 19375306
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Forman D. Burley V.J. Gastric cancer: Global pattern of the disease and an overview of environmental risk factors. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2006 20 4 633 649 10.1016/j.bpg.2006.04.008 16997150
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Walsh B. Laudicella M. Disparities in cancer care and costs at the end of life: evidence from England’s national health service. Health Aff. (Millwood) 2017 36 7 1218 1226 10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0167 28679808
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Klingelhöfer D. Braun M. Schöffel N. Brüggmann D. Groneberg D.A. Gastric cancer: Bibliometric analysis of epidemiological, geographical and socio-economic parameters of the global research landscape. Int. J. Health Policy Manag. 2021 10 3 118 128 32610747
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Cole S.W. Hawkley L.C. Arevalo J.M. Sung C.Y. Rose R.M. Cacioppo J.T. Social regulation of gene expression in human leukocytes. Genome Biol. 2007 8 9 R189 10.1186/gb‑2007‑8‑9‑r189 17854483
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Mohan A. Huybrechts I. Michels N. Psychosocial stress and cancer risk: a narrative review. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 2022 31 6 585 599 10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000752 35352705
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/cctr/10.2174/0115733947377243250503004112
Loading
/content/journals/cctr/10.2174/0115733947377243250503004112
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test