Recent Advances in Electrical & Electronic Engineering - Volume 17, Issue 7, 2024

Aims and Background: A self-configured and infrastructure-less wireless network is named as a wireless sensor network (WSN), which has the role of monitoring physical or environmental conditions like sound, motion, temperature, vibration, and pollutants for passing their data throughout the network to a center of location where the data could be easily observed as well as analyzed. Methodology: In WSN, the small-sized sensor node is working with a very small battery with limited energy. Replacing the battery or recharging the battery is not feasible, and so, the energyefficient operation of WSN is the key factor. While designing routing protocols (RPs) for WSNs, one among the significant goals is energy conservation owing to this lower power. Totally, three models, namely, state, cluster, and content, were utilized for enhancing energy efficiency (EE). Each protocol has its own way of routing that varies from the other in terms of the parameters selected or the approach. Results: This paper explicates a survey on WSNs, upgrading EE in WSN based on the state model, EE improvement in WSN based on the cluster model, and EE enhancement in WSN using a contentbased model with its performance comparison. Conclusion: This paper evaluates the number of cluster heads (CHs) of CADS in different nodes with different schemes for WSNs and a comparison of the four schemes in WSNs.

Aims: A novel optimization model is introduced in this paper to achieve monitor placements of voltage sag. Background: Considering the uncertainty of system parameters, calculation errors and measurement errors, the method of MRA is not suitable. Objective: The contradiction between the number of monitors and observation areas can be coordinated to achieve voltage sag observation with fewer monitor quantities. Methods: A new generalized approach defined as a simple probability reach area matrix (SPMRA) is proposed. Results: SPMRA method is simulated by the IEEE-39 bus system, which reveals that monitor placement quantities can be reduced effectively under probabilistic observability. Conclusion: SPMRA method is a general method for monitor placements of voltage sag. This method not only performs the functions of conventional MRA methods, but also addresses the challenges of errors and conflicts between observation requirements and installation costs.

Background: Data regulation can effectively resist data privacy leakage and abuse in the process of external sharing of energy big data, but how to securely retrieve vast amounts of regulatory data is a challenge. Objective: To securely retrieve vast amounts of regulatory data, a secure and efficient searchable encryption scheme that supports multi-keyword fuzzy retrieval on the alliance chain is proposed. Methods: This scheme encrypts and stores the regulatory data on the hyperledger fabric alliance chain. Energy big data files (EBDF) are encrypted and stored on a cloud server. Using the symmetric searchable encryption technology to achieve secure retrieval of regulatory data on the chain and secure access to EBDF. To improve search efficiency, we propose a SDPHashMap index structure and use the special manhatton distance matrix(SMDM) measurement to calculate the similarity of queried keywords and index keywords to locate the trapdoor retrieval hash address. Utilizing the cuckoo filter cluster to test the membership of queried keywords. Results: This scheme stores EBDF off-chain, effectively relieving the storage and communication pressure of the blockchain, improving search speed, and providing more accurate retrieval services than single keyword fuzzy retrieval. By the simulation-based adversary- challenger game model, the security analysis demonstrates that the proposed scheme has adaptive selected keyword attack semantic security. Conclusion: Experimental results show that the proposed scheme has high efficiency in trapdoor generation and multi-keyword search stages.

Objective: To address the problems of various FRT (fault ride through) schemes in DFIG (doubly fed induction generator) systems, especially their applicability under different voltage sags, a combination scheme of an MSVC (minimized series voltage compensator) and FCL (fault current limiter) is proposed. Methods: Based on the analysis of the mathematical model of the DFIG and considering the capacity and volume in the process of practical engineering, the application structure and specific control strategy of an MSVC in DFIG systems are designed on the stator side, and the application effect is analyzed theoretically. Simultaneously, the application structure and control strategy of the FCL is proposed on the rotor side, and the application effect of the combination scheme is theoretically deduced and analyzed. Moreover, the simulation model is built on the MATLAB/Simulink platform. Results: The simulation results show that the scheme can quickly and effectively recover the fault voltage of the DFIG under different voltage sag degrees and has better dynamic performance. At the same time, it can effectively limit the fault current and suppress the DC-link voltage of the rotor side, and the transition process is relatively stable. Conclusion: The purpose of improving the FRT capability of the DFIG system is realized.

Aims and Background: Wireless Body Sensor Network (WBSN) technology is one of the major research areas in the medical and entertainment industries. A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a dense sensor network that senses environmental conditions, processes, and outgoing data at the sink node. A WBSN develops patient monitoring systems that provide the flexibility and mobility needed to monitor patient health. In data communications, it is difficult to find flexible optical routing paths, switching capabilities, and packet processing in the composition of optical networks. Information-centric networks (ICNs) are a new network model and are different from information- centric models. The priority of the information-centric model is the communication network. Objective: In the existing literature, such methods are typically developed using computationally expensive procedures, such as bilinear pairing, elliptic curve operations, etc., which are unsuitable for biomedical devices with limited resources. Using the concept of hyperelliptic curve cryptography (HECC), we propose a new solution: a smart card-based two-factor mutual authentication scheme. In this new scheme, HECC’s finest properties, such as compact parameters and key sizes, are utilized to enhance the real-time performance of an IoT-based TMIS system. Methodology: A fuzzy–based Priority Aware Data Sharing (FPADS) method is introduced to schedule the priority data and monitor the transmission length. The child node adjusts the transmission speed of the cluster head with the help of a fuzzy logic controller (FLC). Results: The proposed model estimated the traffic load of the child node and the priority of the different amounts of data to be transmitted. The principle of scheduling data packets to be developed is based on the precedence of the data with the lowest transmit length in the network. Conclusion: The proposed FPADS performance increases in terms of scheduling time utilisation, traffic distribution, and mean delay. Simulations have been done using NS2, and the outcomes have shown that the proposed methodology is efficient and improves the overall QoS of the system.

Background: Visible light communication (VLC) is a new communication method for transmitting information through semiconductor lighting devices. One of the applicable methods to improve the spectral efficiency of the system is the multi-input-multiple-output (MIMO) structure. Also, carrierless amplitude-phase (CAP) modulation is a high-dimensional modulation technique that can be used to improve the data transmission rate in modern communication systems. Methods: In this paper, carrierless amplitude-phase method is introduced in indoor optical communication systems to improve the performance of multi-input multi-output (MIMO) structures. The CAP modulation is considered a suitable method due to its low complexity and is introduced and studied in two structures with one carrier or CAP and multiple carriers or m-CAP. Results: In this study, the target system is simulated in m-CAP structures and the improvement is measured in the MIMO structure using this modulation. The results show that by using this method, the PAPR of the system was reduced compared to other research with the MIMO-OFDM structure. In addition, by not using FFT blocks, the computational and processing complexity was also reduced. Conclusion: It has been shown that the use of m-CAP increases the data transfer rate and improves the spectral efficiency of the system. In addition to CAP, spatial modulation schemes can also help improve the spectral efficiency and power efficiency of the system. Moreover, the space-time code is combined with m-CAP modulation and it is shown that this idea improves the efficiency of the MIMO system.

Background: Reactive power optimization (RPO) is crucial for distribution networks in the context of large-scale renewable distributed generation (RDG) access. Objective: To address the problems caused by the connection of RDG, an RPO model and an improved quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization (IQPSO) algorithm are proposed. Methods: In this study, a dynamic S-type function is proposed as the objective function of the minimum active power loss, whereas an exponential function is proposed as the objective function of the minimum voltage deviation to establish an RPO objective function. The operating cost of distribution is considered as the third objective function. To address the RPO problem, a QPSO algorithm based on the -greedy strategy is proposed in this paper. ModifiedIEEE33 bus and IEEE69 bus systems were used to evaluate the proposed RPO method in simulations. Results: The simulation results reveal that the IQPSO algorithm obtains a better solution, and the proposed RPO model can considerably reduce active power loss, node voltage deviation, and distribution network operating costs. Conclusion: The RPO model and IQPSO algorithm proposed in this study provide a highperformance method to analyze and optimize reactive power management in distribution network.

Background: There are some problems in the synchronous control system of electrohydraulic servo double hydraulic cylinders, such as uncertainty of system parameters, time variation, difference between two subsystems, and unbalanced load disturbance during operation. The above problems cause the output responses of the two cylinders to be inconsistent, resulting in the situation that the output flows of the two cylinders are not synchronized. Objective: Further improve the accuracy of synchronous control while reducing the cost of using synchronous control system. Methods: The AMEsim simulation model of electro-hydraulic servo dual-cylinder synchronous control system is established, and based on this model, the dynamic characteristics, coupling characteristics, and synchronization characteristics of the double-cylinder system are analyzed theoretically and simulated. Results: Analyze and verify the influence of various factors on the synchronization of double hydraulic cylinders, and summarize the influence law of the change of different factors on the output and synchronization accuracy of the double hydraulic cylinder system. Conclusion: This study analyzes the influence of various factors on the synchronization of double cylinders by adjusting the parameters, and summarizes the influence law of the change of different factors on the output and synchronization accuracy of the double cylinder system.

Introduction: Hybrid bicycles combine the features of road bikes and mountain bikes, offering a versatile and practical mode of transportation. The focus of the hybrid bicycle project is on energy conservation. Designed with a lightweight frame, comfortable seating, and efficient wheels, these bikes provide riders with speed, control, and flexibility on various terrains. Their adaptability, ease of use, and low maintenance requirements contribute to their growing popularity. Methods: The hybrid bicycles in this project include a 250 W brushless motor, a lead-acid battery, a controller, and a 110 cc internal combustion engine commonly used in motorcycles and scooters. The engine operates on the principle of internal combustion, delivering optimal performance in a compact and lightweight package. The BLDC motor, known for its efficiency and reliability, utilizes permanent magnets to generate magnetic fields, eliminating the need for brushes and commutators. Lead-acid batteries, widely used in various applications, store and release electrical energy effectively. Controllers play a crucial role in managing electric motor operations, regulating speed, torque, and direction of rotation. Results: Hybrid bicycles offer a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to cars for commuting. The paper explores hybrid bicycles' design, advantages, and potential impact on the environment and public health, aiming to encourage their adoption for daily commutes and recreational activities. The Speed range about 40-45 km/hr with 2.688 hrs of effective battery. Conclusion: It also discusses the potential for advancements in battery-powered electric hybrid bikes to enhance their appeal and impact. Ultimately, hybrid bicycles have the potential to reduce traffic congestion and decrease air pollution.