Recent Advances in Electrical & Electronic Engineering - Volume 16, Issue 7, 2023

Background: Every system in the world is intelligent. The wastewater infrastructure is installed underground during the construction of homes and businesses. We set up lengthy, kilometers- long pipelines in the subsurface administrative architecture. However, due to the different discharges into pipelines from various sources, the pipeline typically becomes blocked. Methods: Due to their small dimensions, these blockages are challenging to clean. Knowing the cause of a blockage in the sewage pipeline is a problem because subterranean sewage pipelines are measured in kilometers. This study provides a response to this utilizing a moving underground vehicle for sewer pipes. Results: The robot is designed to provide assistance under difficult circumstances and to detect obstructions in sewer networks. Conclusion: This proposed robot model can be used to replace the conventional method of using manual foreagers to identify and remove obstructions.

Background: This paper proposes a new soft-switching flyback converter with a simple structure and high efficiency. The proposed converter has zero current switching conditions for the turning-on distance and zero voltage switching conditions for the turning-off distance of the switch. Objective: With a minimum number of elements, a soft switching condition is created for all semiconductor devices, and high efficiency is obtained. Methods: To create the ZCS condition, an inductor is used, and when the switch is turned on, the current due to the existence of this inductor increases slowly. But when the switch is turned off, this inductor has an energy that suddenly discharge on the switch, which is then controlled by a capacitor and discharged in capacitor. Then when the energy is discharge in capacitor, this capacitor is connected to the switch, which increases the voltage of the switch slowly and ZVS condition is stablished. Also the energy of leakage inductance in this state is discharged in that same capacitor which eliminates destructive effect of this inductor. Results: A prototype of the proposed converter is implemented and tested in 60 W power. The experimental results verified theoretical analysis and shown that soft switching condition is established. Also 92% efficiency at full load is obtained, which shows the efficiency has increased. The current of the diodes in experimental results shows that when the diodes are turned off, ZCS condition is created, therefore reverse recovery problem of the diodes does not exist. Conclusion: Therefore, the proposed converter has high efficiency and simple structure, which is suitable to convert AC voltage to DC voltage for the devices power supply.

Introduction: In the very large-scale integration (VLSI) industry, scaling plays an important role in providing compact size and high-speed digital circuits. The major drawbacks faced by logic circuits are power dissipation and process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations. In the VLSI industry, the prediction of variability tolerance capability is mandatory to know the future performance of the circuits. The impact of PVT variation is large in nanoscale logic circuits and it has the power to alter the output characteristics of any logic circuit. The reasons that cause PVT variations are manufacturing defects, environmental conditions, and mishandling issues. Aims and Objective: This paper aims to discuss the process variations and briefly describe the previous work related to variability and various factors involved in PVT simulations. It also provides the idea of Monte-Carlo simulation in the Cadence Virtuoso tool. Methods: In this paper, the impact of PVT variations on different fin-shaped field effect transistor (FinFET) circuits was evaluated using the Cadence Virtuoso tool. Monte-Carlo simulation was performed on various leakage reduction techniques for the domino logic with the help of a multi-gate predictive technology model (PTM) FinFET at a 16nm technology node. Results: The footer-less domino logic (FLDL) circuit is designed and simulated using different leakage reduction techniques for reliability analysis. Conclusion: Cascaded leakage control transistor (CLCT) approach shows 81.75%, 67.83%, and 51.25% less statistical mean value for power dissipation as compared to conventional, on-off logic (ONOFIC), and alternative ONOFIC approaches in the case of FLDL OR2 logic circuit, respectively.

Background: Millions of neurons make up the human brain, and they play an important role in controlling the body's response to internal and external motor and sensory stimuli. These neurons can function as contact conduits between the human body and the brain. Analyzing brain signals or photographs will help one better understand cognitive function. These states are linked to a particular signal frequency that aids in the comprehension of how a complex brain system works. Objective: Electroencephalography (EEG) is a useful method for locating brain waves associated with different countries on the scalp. Epilepsy is a condition where the brain or some part of it is overactive and sends too many signals. This results in seizures causing muscles to twitch or wholebody convulsions. Methods: In this paper, the author has designed a model to predict epilepsy using machine learning algorithms and deep learning models. For the machine learning algorithm, different features were extracted and a particle swarm optimization algorithm was used to select the best feature which was classified using wavelet transform.Vgg16, Vgg19, and Inception V3 models are used for the detection of epilepsy. Results: The inception V3 model results in 97.87% accuracy which is better than all other techniques. 5.1% accuracy improvement has been observed using a machine learning algorithm. The model is compared using existing work and it has been observed that the proposed model results better. Conclusion: The technique for modeling EEG signals and insight brain signals recorded during surgical procedures has been identified in detail. 0.7% and 0.13% accuracy improvement were achieved when the model is validated on Kaggle and CHB-MIT datasets respectively.

In this article, a Planar Inverted F Antenna (PIFA) has been designed using low-cost commercially available transparent laminated sheets. Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis is used to acquire the element composition of the transparent laminated sheet. Methods: The flexibility is attained using a market-available low-cost Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) sheet as a substrate. The dielectric properties of this non-conventional laminated sheet need to be identified for antenna design and the microstrip ring resonator test method is used to determine the dielectric properties of the multilayer PET sheets. Results: The linear match has been observed on multilayer laminated PET sheets for dielectric properties and radiation characteristics. Adhesive copper foil of a thickness of 0.08 mm has been used as for conducting layer on the PET lamination sheet. As per the literature survey, it is evident that this is the first attempt to use the reported methodology for PIFA design application. The gain of proposed antenna is 5.2 dB. Conclusion: The designed flexible antenna has been developed for wearable and IoT applications in 2.45 GHz ISM band. A good match has been observed between the simulated and measured characteristics.

Background: An investigation of Automatic Generation Control (AGC) for a two-area, multi-source, interconnected power system under deregulation is presented in this article. For a more realistic approach, physical constraints namely Generation Rate Constraints (GRC) and Time Delay (TD) are incorporated into the system. Objective: This article proposed a novel hybrid Improved Gravitational Search Algorithm – Binary Particle Search Optimization (IGSA-BPSO) optimized Fractional Order Proportional-Integral- Derivative (FOPID) controller to regulate the frequency of a multi-area multi-source (thermalhydro- gas) interconnected power system in a deregulated environment. Methods: Integral Time Multiplied by Absolute Error (ITAE) is used as the objective function to be minimized by optimization techniques for getting optimum parameters of FOPID controllers installed in each area. Results: To inspect the efficacy of the suggested method, the dynamics of the system are investigated for poolco, bilateral and contract violation cases and the comparative results are also presented and analyzed. The supremacy of the recommended technique is studied by comparing with other well-known techniques namely GSA and PSO. Conclusion: The robustness of the proposed system is examined by sensitivity analysis after variations in different system parameters. In this paper, the AC-DC tie-line model is incorporated for the AGC mechanism. Dynamic load changes condition is also tested and verified. The study found that the proposed controller provides improved system dynamics in all competitive electricity market contract situations under varied system uncertainties.

Aims: With the in-depth study of microgrid system planning and operation strategy, comprehensive management and effective evaluation of various planning schemes and implementation effects are required. Introduction: A comprehensive evaluation method based on the elasticity coefficient analytic hierarchy process (EC-AHP) and triangle fuzzy number is proposed. Meanwhile, considering the changes in the internal and external environment of the system, a comprehensive evaluation index system for a microgrid with the coordinated operation of "source-grid-load-storage" is constructed combined with the existing microgrid planning and operation evaluation index system. Methods: The EC-AHP method avoids the limitation of using the "1-9" scaling method to determine the judgment matrix in the traditional AHP method, and uses the elasticity coefficient to reflect the degree of influence of the index changes on the expert's score, which reflects the importance of the index for the evaluation result. Introducing triangular fuzzy numbers to the evaluation of microgrid planning and operation can provide a comprehensive linguistic rating for evaluation indexes and systems. Results: Through applying the constructed evaluation index system and evaluation method to the calculation example of a regional microgrid, the pros and cons of various evaluation indexes of the microgrid and the weak links in the planning and operation process are obtained. Conclusion: The results show that the index system and evaluation method constructed in this paper can provide a basis for the improvement of microgrid planning and operation strategies, which can then be applied to the general management of the microgrid system.

Aims: Aim of this research is to propose a novel concurrent UPQC scheme for improving the power quality issues in grid integrated solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. Background: The power quality is a major issue for the grid integration of renewable energy sources. Issues like voltage sag, voltage swell, harmonics & non-linear load variations are certainly observed in the distributed energy system and it is mandated that any system has to depend on advanced controllers to improve power quality and stabilize the electrical parameters. Controller related power quality improvements are a bit easier to design but the tuning of power is difficult in this aspect. Objective: In order to overcome the aforesaid limitation, this particular paper proposes a new concurrent UPQC scheme for improving the four different power quality issues in grid integrated solar photovoltaic (PV) system such as voltage sag, voltage swell, non-linear load variations and current harmonics. Methods: The operating regions of each power quality issues are examined in the I-V curves of PV specifications and the new operating modes of PV systems are mapped for every quality improvement considering the power, current and frequency of the grid and load as well. The pool of solutions is developed from the real power, reactive power and converter duty cycle and verified with the proposed solutions. Additionally, the designed switching frequency of the proposed system has a 5% variation for practical irradiance. The PV uniform irradiance profile matches the real power for various proposed concurrent UPQC schemes. Results: Finally, the simulation results are presented to validate the operation of the proposed concurrent UPQC schemes for PV system. The comparative study of the proposed concurrent UPQC scheme for PV system with appropriate literature is presented. The superiority of the proposed schemes infers studying the odd harmonic components up to 100th order after implementing the proposed concurrent UPQC scheme for PV system. Conclusion: From the measured results, it is concluded that a new concurrent optimization scheme enhances the operation of solar PV system that integrates with the grid. The power quality issues like voltage & current swell, voltage & current sag, voltage imbalance, and harmonics are reduced compared to existing methods. The validation of the schemes is achieved through the group constraints and the operating slopes in each region.

Aims: Medical imaging requires special operating procedures causing mis-images that occur when someone is getting imaged, which can lead to inaccurate results. Background: Adaptive illustration of the signal is imperative in signal processing. Empirical Wavelet Transform (EWT) is a new-fangled adaptive signal decomposition technique. Objective: Brain image fusion understands a dynamic job in medical imaging applications by assisting radiologists in detecting the variation in CT and MR images. Methods: This paper presents a fusion of filter banks of CT-MR image modalities of the Brain using the Empirical Curvelet Transform and Hybrid technique. In the hybrid technique filter banks of CT curvelet-MR little wood and CT little wood -MR curvelet were fused. The images were preprocessed using the Top Hat transform technique. The evaluation was performed based on the performance evaluation parameter. PSNR and SSIM are considered performance evaluation parameters. Results: It has been observed that the results of fused filter banks using the curvelet technique show remarkable results in terms of PSNR and SSIM. The fused results show 29.10 dB PSNR and 0.819 SSIM. Conclusion: It has been observed that the fusion using only curvelet results in a 47.25% improvement in comparison with CT curvelet-MR little wood and a 42.68% improvement in comparison with CT little wood -MR curvelet.