Recent Advances in Electrical & Electronic Engineering - Volume 15, Issue 8, 2022

Environmentally friendly renewable energy sources have shown substantial development over the last few years. Compared with other RES, extracting power from solar has become the most beneficial and profitable source because of its environmentally friendly nature. In the process of power extraction, DC-DC converters have given conspicuous interest due to their broad use in various applications. Although many advancements, research work, and continuous tuning of circuits of photovoltaic systems, remarkable efficiency and stability have not been achieved yet. This paper identifies and studies the exhaustive research and development of DC-DC converters. It surveys the difficulties associated with implementing new converter topologies in photovoltaic applications and presents new topologies with simpler control and a lower number of economic components that are suitable for solar applications. Various types of isolated converters are explained, such as different bidirectional converters, high step-up converters, zero current switchings, highfrequency isolated converters, isolated converters with discontinuous input, quasi-Z-source converters, multiport converters, high efficient converters, single-switch converters and single-switch resonant converters. Different types of structural characteristics and operations of the converters are presented. Based on the distinct features, a comparison of the converters has been carried out. From the review, a single converter topology does not fulfill all of the requirements in the industry. Future scopes of the research trend are suggested. The current survey is to update the research carried out during the time gap.

The lifetime of PV modules is reduced due to a variety of degradation modes. Failure modes that contribute significantly to PV module output power losses include snail trails, hotspots, micro cracks, bubbles or delamination, and dust accumulation. The correlations between these phenomena, like those between corrosive environment and potential-induced breakdown, are not well understood. As a result, in this review, we will try to explain the relationship between snail trails, hotspots, microcracks, bubbles or delamination, and dust accumulation on photovoltaic module components in order to ensure the PV modules' reliability. This paper in the Photovoltaic literature gives an overview of several Maximum Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques that have been recently designed, simulated and/or experimentally validated. The main objective of every MPPT technology is to maximize the output of a photovoltaic array with shade or unshade conditions. The characteristics presented in this paper are unique, and they provide researchers with a starting point for choosing and implementing an appropriate MPPT technique.

Background: 3D printing technology is widely used, with its application majorly prevailing in the medical field. Objective: In this paper, the applications of 3D printing technology in the medical field are classified and summarized, and their characteristics are introduced. Methods: This paper mainly summarizes the contribution of 3D printing technology to the field of medicine, as well as four applications of 3D printing technology in medicine, and also introduces some examples of clinical application of 3D printing. Results: 3D printing has proved to be an emerging art and a new innovation. It has a variety of different medical applications. Because of its limitations, it is not routinely used in clinical practice. However, it will be open to the public in the near future due to technological advances. It will provide new opportunities for every healthcare provider and seeker, and it will become a modern technology for innovative medical practices. Conclusion: 3D printing technology has been significantly developed and applied to oral cavity, implants and even human organs in the medical fieldand shows a vigorous development trend. It is believed that this technology will significantly benefit mankind in the future.

Background: Recently, the development of information technology has promoted the application of the internet of things in all aspects of life. Amongst them, the intelligent home system designed by WiFi and ZigBee is widely accepted and used. With the wide applications of the internet of things, the intelligent home design system is playing an important role in our lifestyle. Methods: In this paper, an intelligent home design system based on the internet of things is proposed, which includes a temperature monitor, humidity monitor, human body infrared monitor, illumination monitor, smoke monitor and PM2.5 monitor. Results: As a result, the proposed system is able to achieve the tasks of real-time acquisition and monitoring of humiture, illumination intensity, noxious gas, fire smoke, burglary, etc. Different from the existing systems, the designed system is expected to provide a comfortable, safe and friendly environment with various applications. Conclusion: The ZigBee-based intelligent home design system not only changes the dwelling and living forms of senior citizens, but also improves the quality of life, especially the customized functions designed for empty-nesters, providing a more favorable means for the quality of life.

Background: Since many EVs (EVs) are connected to the grid, several issues occur with transactions between EVs and the grid, such as poor privacy and system instability. This paper uses consortium blockchain to design a safe and privacy-preserving scheme for the two-way power transaction between EVs and the grid. Objective: To reduce the adverse impact of disorderly charging of large-scale EVs on the power grid, the total load variance is minimized by optimizing EVs' charging/discharging period. Methods: We proposed to use a heuristic algorithm, an improved multi-objective gray wolf algorithm, to solve this problem. Results: The simulation results show that the model can effectively smooth load fluctuations and improve user benefits. Conclusion: Our method can effectively reduce the load fluctuation of the grid while ensuring the economic benefits of users. Qualitative security and privacy analysis show that the solution helps improve the security and privacy of electricity transactions.

Aims: The study aims to improve the position control accuracy of a class of permanent magnet synchronous motors under friction. Background: Permanent magnet synchronous motor and servo system are important parts of modern industry, in which the friction effect is a typical nonlinear factor. To overcome the nonlinear friction effect, it is necessary to design a compound feedforward algorithm to improve the motion control accuracy. Objective: The objective of the study is to design a compound adaptive friction feedforward controller to overcome the nonlinear friction effect in the servo system while ensuring tracking accuracy. Methods: A compound algorithm combining velocity-acceleration double feedforward and adaptive friction feedforward is proposed to ensure the control accuracy, and then the backstepping control is used to ensure strict convergence. Finally, the friction parameter observer is used to estimate the parameters, and the performance of the control system is simulated in the Simulink module. Results: Compared to Pure Friction Feedforward Compensation (PFFC) and Adaptive Friction Compensation (AFC), Adaptive Backstepping Feedforward Friction Compensation (ABFFC) has a faster convergence speed, higher steady-state accuracy, and less friction nonlinear effect. Conclusion: The servo system with adaptive backstepping and feedforward friction compensation improves the accuracy and convergence of control performance. Moreover, the adaptive permanent magnet synchronous motor control system can effectively overcome the nonlinear friction effect.

Introduction: The 3D integrated circuit technology, which smooths out the massive increase in transistors on a chip by stacking numerous silicon layers vertically, is quickly becoming a revolutionary technology. Thermal issues are more relevant for 3D Network-on-Chip (NoC) systems than their 2D counterparts. Methods: This paper presents a novel Vertically-Partially-Connected 3D-Network on-chip architecture that reduces the total length of interconnects and reduces the number of 3D routers. We also present an efficient XYZ routing technique for thermal management. The proposed algorithm distributes traffic based on the number of layers and congestion to achieve chip heat balancing, avoid high peak temperatures, improve average packet latency, and extend chip service life. Results: Simulation results showed that the routing technique reduces the peak temperature of the chip by an average of 17 °C compared to the exiting routing algorithms, with minimized negative impact on performance. Conclusion: Furthermore, the Vertically-Partially-Connected 3D-Network on-chip implemented in this study using VHDL exhibits improved area occupation by reducing the number of employed LUT in the FPGA compared to previous works.

Background: Improving the accuracy of decentralized wind power forecasting has become an important means to ensure the safe and stable operation of the power grid. Traditional prediction methods cannot meet the requirements of precise wind power prediction for long time series. Methods: A decentralized wind power prediction model based on Informer is established. Introducing the model's sparse self-attention mechanism, self-attention distillation mechanism and The generative decoder model realizes the long-term sequence power prediction of decentralized wind power. Results: The results of the proposed model are analyzed by comparing it with traditional neural network models such as LSTM and feed-forward neural networks. The root mean square error (RMSE) can be reduced by up to 6.3%. Conclusion: It is proved that the Informer model prediction has a lower prediction error and performs better in long-term sequence power pre-tasks.

Background: Antennas size reduction with good performance characteristics is an essential part of designing a microstrip patch antenna (MPA) to select a suitable dielectric substrate. Methods: A conventional MPA is designed at 10GHz frequency, and later Minkowski fractal (1st iteration) defected ground structure (DGS) technique is applied for size reduction. The design is made to keep the radiation and reflection characteristics in contention. Results: A miniaturized MPA with 11% size reduction has been simulated using HFSS. The simulation results show the realization and selection of the substrate materials in the design process. Here, five different substrates are judiciously implemented and later compared. The comparison is made based on return loss, bandwidth, impedance, gain and efficiency. Conclusion: We found a miniaturized MPA using the proposed first iteration of Minkowski fractal DGS. This MPA is suitable for X-band satellite communication and may be applied in government institutions, civil, military, monitoring weather, air traffic, defence tracking, maritime vessel traffic, etc., due to conformal and planar shape with reduced electrical length at 10GHz operating frequency.