Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry - Volume 25, Issue 15, 2025

Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by the accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles and β-amyloid plaques, leading to a decline in cognitive function. AD is characterized by tau protein hyperphosphorylation and extracellular β-amyloid accumulation. Even after much research, there are still no proven cures for AD. The neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant qualities of melatonin, a hormone mostly produced by the pineal gland, have drawn interest as a possible treatment option for AD. This study looks at new evidence that suggests melatonin overexpression to be a promising therapy option for AD. Melatonin levels naturally decline with age and decrease more significantly in individuals with AD, worsening neurodegenerative processes. Melatonin has therapeutic potential as it inhibits Aβ formation, prevents amyloid fibril extension through structure-dependent interactions, and protects neurons from Aβ-induced toxicity. Melatonin promotes neurogenesis, which is decreased in AD, suggesting it may treat the disease's many pathologies. The review emphasizes the importance of melatonin's mechanisms of action, including its capacity to reduce neuroinflammation, regulate mitochondrial function, scavenge free radicals, and influence apoptotic pathways. As research into AD continues, this article provides a forward-looking perspective on how future studies could leverage melatonin’s multifaceted neuroprotective properties to develop more effective treatments for AD.

Statins are a class of hypolipidemic agents that have been shown to promote osteogenic differentiation through enhanced alveolar bone recovery, inserted osseointegration, and cartilage regeneration. This review uses Molecular Docking (MD) simulations and additional Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD) methods to present the state of the art in statin therapy. Furthermore, several studies have shown that factors such as limited overall absorption, metabolism in the first pass, and systemic side effects are among those that affect the oral administration of statins. In addition, these variables include susceptibility to efflux mechanisms, drug permeability, dissolution percentage, aqueous solubility, initial metabolism, and pre-systemic metabolism. Additionally examined are the pharmacokinetics of the statin and in vivo mechanisms of action. As a result of the numerous problems associated with the consumption of statins, including their low total bioavailability, first-pass metabolism, low aqueous solubility, and systemic adverse reactions, a non-oral mode of administration was looked into for this crucial and primary class of pharmacokinetic agents. However, to optimize bioavailability and minimize side effects, more research is required.

1,3,4-thiadiazole can be produced in several ways and has a wide range of possible biological uses. As a result, scientists have created novel procedures for producing 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives and their use in medicine. Among the activities are Anticancer, anticonvulsant, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiinflammatory, antiHIV, antidiabetic, antitubercular, antifungal, and other properties. We have compiled different biological activities of 1,3,4-thiadazole in this review study. Many researchers may find the material on this page helpful, which could result in the identification of new medicinal species beneficial to society.

Synthetic lethality represents a novel paradigm in molecular targeted cancer therapy. In synthetic lethality, perturbation of one gene alone does not hinder cell viability, yet simultaneous perturbation of both genes results in a loss of cellular viability. The presence of gene mutations in cancer cells, as opposed to normal cells, provides an opportunity for targeted therapies that mimic the effects of the second genetic mutation, enabling selective eradication of cancer cells. Recent advances in high-throughput screening technologies, such as CRISPR-Cas9 and RNA interference, have significantly enhanced the identification of synthetic lethal interactions, expanding the potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Challenges in exploiting synthetic lethality for cancer treatment include the complexities of tumor biology, limited comprehension of synthetic lethal interactions, drug resistance, and impediments in screening and clinical translation. Emerging strategies, such as combination therapies and novel drug designs, are being developed to overcome these obstacles. By virtue of its selective lethality towards cancer cells bearing specific genetic alterations, targeting synthetic lethal genes holds the promise to provide wider therapeutic windows compared to traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy. This review describes the current state of synthetic lethality applications in cancer treatment, encompassing both biological and methodological perspectives. It highlights the latest advancements in synthetic lethality with emerging interventional strategies. Furthermore, it explores future directions for research and clinical implementation, aiming to refine and expand the therapeutic potential of synthetic lethality in oncology.