Current Nanomedicine - Volume 15, Issue 2, 2025

Brinzolamide (BRZ) represents a significant advancement in glaucoma treatment as a topically active carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (CAI). It exhibits selectivity and potent inhibitory activity for carbonic anhydrase type II isozyme (CA-II), which is crucial in aqueous humor secretion. With excellent ocular bioavailability and a formulation optimized for physiologic pH, brinzolamide effectively lowers intraocular pressure by inhibiting CA-II in ciliary processes. Its superior ocular comfort profile enhances patient compliance. Preclinical evaluations confirm its specific CA inhibition without notable side effects, and its low systemic absorption minimizes systemic CA inhibition-related issues. BRZ's prolonged tissue half-life in the eye ensures sustained IOP reduction, supported by clinical trials demonstrating comparable efficacy with reduced dosing frequency. Challenges in ocular disease treatment arise from physiological, anatomical, and dynamic barriers hindering effective drug delivery to the eye. Nanocarriers, such as micelles, nanoparticles, liposomes, niosomes, and dendrimers, offer promising solutions by improving permeation, targeting specific sites, and overcoming the limitations of conventional forms. This review explores diverse nanomedicines, detailing their applications, advantages, and disadvantages in ophthalmic drug delivery. It also includes recent research findings for a comprehensive overview of the current landscape.

An ocular drug delivery system, or ODDS, is the method for executing a prescription to the peeper in order to treat or manage conditions related to the eyes. The range of ODDS modalities is broad and includes simple aseptic eye drops for the optic surface as well as complex implants for intraocular tissue. The use of ODDS is often necessary for states such as cataracts, progressive retinal illness, inflammation, dry eye syndrome, diabetic retinopathy (DR), and other related diseases or disorders. To sustain the intended drug concentrations at the prescribed place, new drug delivery technologies have been developed, incorporating fibrin-sealing materials and sticky gels. The advancement of long-lasting drug delivery systems that are non-invasive and applied externally to the back portion of the eye possesses the potential to improve drug administration significantly. The progress made in the field of ophthalmic drug delivery has resulted in promising advancements in the treatment of diseases affecting both the front and back portions of the eye. These groundbreaking strategies for administering medication hold immense potential for enhancing drug delivery in the future. Furthermore, these inventive devices and/or formulations are easy to develop, causing minimal or negligible irritation, boasting a prolonged period residing in front of the cornea, sustaining the release of drugs, and increasing the therapeutic availability of medications within the eye. To remain up to date with the current advancements in the field of ocular drug delivery, it is essential to acquire the latest information. This helps drug delivery scientists improve their thought processes and also makes it possible to create fresh, trustworthy drug delivery methods. The objective of this investigation is to provide a thorough investigation while also tracking their advancement. Next, we shall examine the latest breakthroughs in formulation innovations based on nanotechnology. We will also discuss the most recent developments in additional ocular medication administration methods, including in-situ gels, implants, contact lenses, and microneedles.

Recently, the delivery of hydrophobic/ poorly water-soluble drugs has been a difficult task. Various approaches have been developed to counter the former and other main issues, such as solubility, bioavailability, etc. However, only a few formulations have successfully addressed the problems and nanoemulgels are a standout among them. The nanoemulgel drug delivery approach combines multiple benefits associated with emulsion and gel technologies to improve active moiety solubility, bioavailability, and longevity. The article discusses the present status of nanoemulgel research and development, including its preparation methods and characterization techniques. Additionally, the possible uses of nanoemulgel in targeted drug delivery and cosmetic/ personal care products are discussed. Overall, nanoemulgel technology has shown significant promise as a novel approach to augment the transport of water-insoluble moieties. With further research as well as development, it is expected to have a substantial impact on the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. This inclusive review highlighted the role of nanoemulgels as a promising carrier for drug delivery, with an overview of a few illustrations supporting the cause.

This review focuses on the use of Colchicum species that have been capsuled to treat lower back pain. Low levels of physical activity produce atypical spinal loading, which increases the risk of discomfort and damage. Acetylcholine (AChE inhibitors acetylcholinesterase AChE-I) has a crucial role in the development of amyloid- plaques, one of the disease's main pathogenic processes, and in boosting psychological function. To increase the natural preservatives in food, research on the encapsulation of phytochemicals has been employed to create nanoparticle delivery systems for a combination of terpenes that have been isolated from plants. For the administration of formulations containing encapsulated plant extracts, dermal and oral routes are used. The current strategies of encapsulation should be enhanced, as well as techniques to achieve the goal.

For an extended period, lipid-based drugs have been employed to enhance the effectiveness of medications. Nevertheless, the notion of using lipids as carriers for drugs remains a fascinating concept. Lipid-based drug delivery systems (LBDDS) represent a cutting-edge technology aimed at tackling the challenges associated with bioavailability and solubility of drugs that are not readily soluble in water.

The primary objective of lipid-based medicine formulation is to increase its bioavailability. The use of lipids in medicine administration is a feasible concept even if it is no longer new. LBDDS is one of the newest techniques for resolving problems with low water-soluble medication solubility and bioavailability. Pharmaceuticals may be marketed successfully formulated using these formulations for parenteral, pulmonary, topical, or oral administration.

This article functions as a comprehensive review of existing literature on LBDDS. It involves a thorough investigation across various databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, with the aim of identifying relevant research studies.

LBDDS are an effective method for making poorly soluble medications (BCS Classes II & IV) more soluble and more bioavailable. This review article aims to draw attention to the importance of distinguishing between SMEDDS and SNEDDS, as well as the roles played by the many components that are needed for creating LBDDS. It also provides motivation and guts to expand the use of LBDDS on a pilot and industrial scale.

Medication delivery systems based on lipids provide a wide range of possible applications by improving the bioavailability of some poorly soluble medicines and enabling the creation of physiologically well-tolerated medication formulations. Comprehending the physicochemical properties of molecules, fatty excipients, and gastrointestinal digestion is crucial for the creation of these systems. In conclusion, these delivery methods seem to have a bright future.