Skip to content
2000
Volume 3, Issue 1
  • ISSN: 2210-299X
  • E-ISSN: 2210-3007

Abstract

Genus with a handful of the most extensively grown fruit crops in the world, is home to an unknown number of plant species. Since they are very perishable, many neglected citrus varietals are yet unexplored. Tan., sometimes known as Hill Lemon, is a lesser-known citrus species with relatively little research available on it when compared to other prominent citrus cultivars. To the best of our knowledge and search, there is no review article available detailing the in-depth phyto-pharmacological aspects of this plant with respect to its volatile and non-volatile contents. This review provides a thorough overview of this plant species with respect to the published material that is currently accessible. The current effort focuses on a thorough meta-analysis of the scientific literature and the most recent research updates that are currently accessible. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, which are intended for systematic review writing, 481 publications were screened for material relevant to the chosen plant species. An effort has been made to compile the pertinent data about its pharmacological and phytochemical features.

© 2025 The Author(s). Published by Bentham Science Publishers. This is an open access article published under CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cis/10.2174/012210299X367133250319044251
2025-01-01
2025-09-03
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/cis/3/1/CIS-3-E2210299X367133.html?itemId=/content/journals/cis/10.2174/012210299X367133250319044251&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. DengX. YangX. YamamotoM. BiswasM.K. Domestication and historyThe Genus CitrusWoodhead PublishingCambridge202010.1016/B978‑0‑12‑812163‑4.00003‑6
    [Google Scholar]
  2. MahatoN. SharmaK. SinhaM. ChoM.H. Citrus waste derived nutra-/pharmaceuticals for health benefits: Current trends and future perspectives.J. Funct. Foods20184030731610.1016/j.jff.2017.11.015
    [Google Scholar]
  3. MahatoN. SinhaM. SharmaK. KoteswararaoR. ChoM.H. Modern extraction and purification techniques for obtaining high purity food-grade bioactive compounds and value-added co-products from citrus wastes.Foods201981152360410.3390/foods811052331652773
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Ben HsounaA. Ben HalimaN. SmaouiS. HamdiN. Citrus lemon essential oil: Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities with its preservative effect against Listeria monocytogenes inoculated in minced beef meat.Lipids Health Dis.201716114610.1186/s12944‑017‑0487‑528774297
    [Google Scholar]
  5. RahaneR.D. BadeA.A. ShirkeA.S. BaisA.A. DateB.B. GordeP.L. Standardization of preservation technique and evaluation test of citrus pseudo limon (Hill Lemon) juice.J Adv Zool202445905912
    [Google Scholar]
  6. BarboraA.C. DekaS. KakotiR.K. DuttaJ.P. Genetic diversity of citrus germplasm in northeastern region of India.Int J Adv Biol Res.2020105361
    [Google Scholar]
  7. BarwalV.S. ShreraS.K. Standardization of extraction methods and preservation techniques of hill lemon juice.J. Sci. Ind. Res.200968608610
    [Google Scholar]
  8. PatilM.S. KaraleA.R. BadgujarC.D. AdigaJ.D. Rutaceae (orange family)Essence of HorticultureNIPA genx electronic resources and solutions P LtdNew Delhi2022413436
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Anonymous District wise production of different fruits in Himachal Pradesh during 2021-2022.Directorate of HorticultureShimla, Himachal Pradesh, India2022
    [Google Scholar]
  10. BehlT. KumarK. BriscC. RusM. Nistor-CseppentoD.C. BusteaC. AronR.A.C. PantisC. ZenginG. SehgalA. KaurR. KumarA. AroraS. SetiaD. ChandelD. BungauS. Exploring the multifocal role of phytochemicals as immunomodulators.Biomed. Pharmacother.202113311095910.1016/j.biopha.2020.11095933197758
    [Google Scholar]
  11. BhattacharyaT. SoaresG.A.B. ChopraH. RahmanM.M. HasanZ. SwainS.S. CavaluS. Applications of Phyto-Nanotechnology for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.Materials202215380410.3390/ma1503080435160749
    [Google Scholar]
  12. JanotiD.S. RanaM. RawatA.K.S. Comparative antioxidant activity of essential oil of leaves of Citrus limettioides and Citrus pseudolimon of Nainital District.J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem.201422426
    [Google Scholar]
  13. MalikSK ChaudhuryR KumarS DhariwalOP BhandariDC Citrus genetic resources in India: Present status and management.National Bureau of Plant Genetic ResourcesNew Delhi184
    [Google Scholar]
  14. ThakurN. KumariS. Preliminary screening of phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity of Citrus pseudolimon. ADTM202222242543510.1007/s13596‑021‑00561‑y
    [Google Scholar]
  15. SinghN.P. GillP.S. JawandhaS.K. KaurH. Genetic variability in hill lemon strains (Citrus pseudolimon Tanaka) under Punjab conditions.Not. Bot. Horti Agrobot. Cluj-Napoca20093723824310.15835/nbha3713128
    [Google Scholar]
  16. GuptaN. SoodM. BandralJ.D. Development and evaluation of osmo-dried peel sticks from galgal.Bangladesh J. Bot.2023521172510.3329/bjb.v52i1.65228
    [Google Scholar]
  17. KhajuriaA. Wild edible plant resources of Tehsil Hiranagar, district Kathua, J &K, India.Int J Creat Res Thoughts2021931723181
    [Google Scholar]
  18. VasudevaR. SthapitB. SalmaI. ChangtragoonS. ArsantiI.W. GertenD. Dum-ampaiN. RajanS. DineshM.R. SinghI.P. SinghS.K. ReddyB.M.C. ParthasarathyV.A. RaoV.R. Use values and cultural importance of major tropical fruit trees: An analysis from 24 village sites across South and South-East Asia.Indian J. Plant. Genet. Resour.2015281173010.5958/0976‑1926.2015.00003.0
    [Google Scholar]
  19. SharmaK. SharmaL.K. RahiS. YadavD.S. SoodP. Shelf life and sensory evaluation of hill lemon ( Citrus pseudolimon Tan. ) juice using organic and inorganic preservatives.J. Krishi Vigyan20208225725910.5958/2349‑4433.2020.00053.7
    [Google Scholar]
  20. SharmaP. Hill Lemon/Galgal: Nutrition, health benefits, uses, side effects and recipe2024Available from: https://www.netmeds.com/health-library/post/hill-lemon-galgal-nutrition-health-benefits-uses-side-effects-and-recipe 2024
  21. KaurS. AroraR. Recent advances in production of non-alcoholic naturally carbonated beverages.J. Emerg. Technol. Innov. Res.20196674691
    [Google Scholar]
  22. MamedeA.M.G.N. De Souza CoelhoC.C. Freitas-SilvaO. BarbozaH.T.G. SoaresA.G. Lemon.Elsevier eBooks2020377392
    [Google Scholar]
  23. GroverS. AggarwalP. KaurS. YadavR. KumarA. Physicochemical assessment, characterization, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential study of essential oil extracted from the peel of different Galgal Citrus Pseudolimon cultivars.Waste Biomass Valor.20241553157316710.1007/s12649‑023‑02321‑2
    [Google Scholar]
  24. SajidA. SarfrazR.A. HanifM.A. ShahidM. Evaluation of chemical composition and biological activities of Citrus pseudolimon and Citrus grandis peel essential oils.J. Chem. Soc. Pak.201638266273
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Citrus pseudolimon.2024Available from: https://neist.res.in/osadhi/detail.php?name=Citrus+pseudolimon
  26. HuY. ZhouY.J. BaoJ. HuangL. NielsenJ. KrivoruchkoA. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for production of germacrene A, a precursor of beta-elemene.J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol.20174471065107210.1007/s10295‑017‑1934‑z28547322
    [Google Scholar]
  27. SatouT. MatsuuraM. TakahashiM. UmezuT. HayashiS. SadamotoK. KoikeK. Anxiolytic‐like effect of essential oil extracted from Abies sachalinensis.Flavour Fragrance J.201126641642010.1002/ffj.2075
    [Google Scholar]
  28. HashieshH.M. MeeranM.F.N. SharmaC. SadekB. KaabiJ.A. OjhaS.K. Therapeutic potential of B-Caryophyllene: A dietary cannabinoid in diabetes and associated complications.Nutrients20201210296310.3390/nu1210296332998300
    [Google Scholar]
  29. FidytK. FiedorowiczA. StrządałaL. SzumnyA. β ‐caryophyllene and β ‐caryophyllene oxide—natural compounds of anticancer and analgesic properties.Cancer Med.20165103007301710.1002/cam4.81627696789
    [Google Scholar]
  30. OnawunmiG.O. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of citral.Lett. Appl. Microbiol.19899310510810.1111/j.1472‑765X.1989.tb00301.x
    [Google Scholar]
  31. SantosP.L. MatosJ.P.S.C.F. PicotL. AlmeidaJ.R.G.S. QuintansJ.S.S. Quintans-JúniorL.J. Citronellol, a monoterpene alcohol with promising pharmacological activities - A systematic review.Food Chem. Toxicol.201912345946910.1016/j.fct.2018.11.03030453001
    [Google Scholar]
  32. WeimerP. Lisbôa MouraJ.G. MossmannV. ImmigM.L. de CastilhosJ. RossiR.C. Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm) Swingle: Biological potential and safety profile of essential oils from leaves and fruit peels.Food Biosci.20214010090510.1016/j.fbio.2021.100905
    [Google Scholar]
  33. AmbrosioC.M.S. IkedaN.Y. MianoA.C. SaldañaE. MorenoA.M. StashenkoE. Contreras-CastilloC.J. Da GloriaE.M. Unraveling the selective antibacterial activity and chemical composition of citrus essential oils.Sci. Rep.2019911771910.1038/s41598‑019‑54084‑331776388
    [Google Scholar]
  34. VieiraA.J. BeserraF.P. SouzaM.C. TottiB.M. RozzaA.L. Limonene: Aroma of innovation in health and disease.Chem. Biol. Interact.20182839710610.1016/j.cbi.2018.02.00729427589
    [Google Scholar]
  35. SongY. SeoS. LamichhaneS. SeoJ. HongJ.T. ChaH.J. YunJ. Limonene has anti-anxiety activity via adenosine A2A receptor-mediated regulation of dopaminergic and GABAergic neuronal function in the striatum.Phytomedicine20218315347410.1016/j.phymed.2021.15347433548867
    [Google Scholar]
  36. SeoS. SongY. GuS.M. MinH.K. HongJ.T. ChaH.J. YunJ. D-limonene inhibits Pentylenetetrazole-Induced seizure via adenosine A2A receptor modulation on GABAergic neuronal activity.Int. J. Mol. Sci.20202123927710.3390/ijms2123927733291789
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Mohammadi NejadS. ÖzgüneşH. BaşaranN. Pharmacological and toxicological properties of eugenol.Turk J Pharm Sci.201714220120610.4274/tjps.6220732454614
    [Google Scholar]
  38. SiyalF.J. SiddiquiR.A. MemonZ. AslamZ. NisarU. Eugenol and its liposome-based nano carrier reduce anxiety by inhibiting glyoxylase-1 expression in mice.Braz J Biol.202183e251219
    [Google Scholar]
  39. MusthafaK.S. HmotehJ. ThamjarungwongB. VoravuthikunchaiS.P. Antifungal potential of eugenyl acetate against clinical isolates of Candida species.Microb. Pathog.201699192910.1016/j.micpath.2016.07.01227452957
    [Google Scholar]
  40. SaraphanchotiwitthayaA. KhoranaN. SripalakitP. Comparative anti-inflammatory activity of eugenol and eugenyl acetate on the murine immune response in vitro.Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol.201941641648
    [Google Scholar]
  41. DengX.Y. LiH.Y. ChenJ.J. LiR.P. QuR. FuQ. MaS.P. Thymol produces an antidepressant-like effect in a chronic unpredictable mild stress model of depression in mice.Behav. Brain Res.2015291121910.1016/j.bbr.2015.04.05225958231
    [Google Scholar]
  42. LiraM.H.P. Andrade JúniorF.P. MoraesG.F.Q. MacenaG.S. PereiraF.O. LimaI.O. Antimicrobial activity of geraniol: An integrative review.J. Essent. Oil Res.202032318719710.1080/10412905.2020.1745697
    [Google Scholar]
  43. CanbekM. UyanogluM. CanbekS. CeyhanE. OzenA. DurmusB. TurgakO. The effect of geraniol on liver regeneration After hepatectomy in rats.In Vivo201731220921410.21873/invivo.1104728358702
    [Google Scholar]
  44. LvY. ZhangL. LiN. MaiN. ZhangY. PanS. Geraniol promotes functional recovery and attenuates neuropathic pain in rats with spinal cord injury.Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol.201795121389139510.1139/cjpp‑2016‑052828334550
    [Google Scholar]
  45. GongH.Y. LiuW.H. LvG.Y. ZhouX. Analysis of essential oils of Origanum vulgare from six production areas of China and Pakistan.Rev. Bras. Farmacogn.2014241253210.1590/0102‑695X2014241434
    [Google Scholar]
  46. CrespoR. Rodenak-KladniewB.E. CastroM.A. SoberónM.V. LavaríasS.M.L. Induction of oxidative stress as a possible mechanism by which geraniol affects the proliferation of human A549 and HepG2 tumor cells.Chem. Biol. Interact.202032010902910.1016/j.cbi.2020.10902932119866
    [Google Scholar]
  47. IbrahimS.M. El- DensharyE.S. AbdallahD.M. Geraniol, alone and in combination with pioglitazone, ameliorates fructose-induced metabolic syndrome in rats via the modulation of both inflammatory and oxidative stress status.PLoS One2015102e011751610.1371/journal.pone.011751625679220
    [Google Scholar]
  48. BabukumarS. VinothkumarV. SankaranarayananC. SrinivasanS. Geraniol, a natural monoterpene, ameliorates hyperglycemia by attenuating the key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.Pharm. Biol.20175511442144910.1080/13880209.2017.130149428330423
    [Google Scholar]
  49. MajdiA. HosseiniS.H. RoozbehM. MohammadiA. Antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of geraniol in mice: The possible role of oxidative stress and apoptosis.Iran. Red Crescent Med. J.2019216e9159310.5812/ircmj.91593
    [Google Scholar]
  50. QiF. YanQ. ZhengZ. LiuJ. ChenY. ZhangG. Geraniol and geranyl acetate induce potent anticancer effects in colon cancer Colo-205 cells by inducing apoptosis, DNA damage and cell cycle arrest.J. BUON201823234635229745075
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Mendes de Lacerda LeiteG. de Oliveira BarbosaM. Pereira LopesM.J. de Araújo DelmondesG. BezerraD.S. AraújoI.M. Carvalho de AlencarC.D. Melo CoutinhoH.D. PeixotoL.R. Barbosa-FilhoJ.M. Bezerra FelipeC.F. BarbosaR. Alencar de MenezesI.R. KerntofM.R. Pharmacological and toxicological activities of α-humulene and its isomers: A systematic review.Trends Food Sci. Technol.202111525527410.1016/j.tifs.2021.06.049
    [Google Scholar]
  52. DawoodK.M. AbbasA.A. Inhibitory activities of indolizine derivatives: A patent review.Expert Opin. Ther. Pat.202030969571410.1080/13543776.2020.179840232684068
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Weston-GreenK. ClunasH. Jimenez NaranjoC. A review of the potential use of pinene and linalool as Terpene-Based Medicines for Brain Health: Discovering novel therapeutics in the flavours and fragrances of cannabis.Front. Psychiatry20211258321110.3389/fpsyt.2021.58321134512404
    [Google Scholar]
  54. SampaioL.F.S. MaiaJ.G.S. de ParijósA.M. de SouzaR.Z. BarataL.E.S. Linalool from rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora Ducke) oil inhibits adenylate cyclase in the retina, contributing to understanding its biological activity.Phytother. Res.2012261737710.1002/ptr.351821544884
    [Google Scholar]
  55. de Moraes PultriniA. Almeida GalindoL. CostaM. Effects of the essential oil from Citrus aurantium L. in experimental anxiety models in mice.Life Sci.200678151720172510.1016/j.lfs.2005.08.00416253279
    [Google Scholar]
  56. SurendranS. QassadiF. SurendranG. LilleyD. HeinrichM. Myrcene—What are the potential health benefits of this flavouring and aroma agent?Front. Nutr.2021869966610.3389/fnut.2021.69966634350208
    [Google Scholar]
  57. RufinoA.T. RibeiroM. SousaC. JudasF. SalgueiroL. CavaleiroC. MendesA.F. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, anti-catabolic and pro-anabolic effects of E-caryophyllene, myrcene and limonene in a cell model of osteoarthritis.Eur. J. Pharmacol.201575014115010.1016/j.ejphar.2015.01.01825622554
    [Google Scholar]
  58. LinJ.J. LinJ.H. HsuS.C. WengS.W. HuangY.P. TangN.Y. LinJ.G. ChungJ.G. Alpha-phellandrene promotes immune responses in normal mice through enhancing macrophage phagocytosis and natural killer cell activities.In Vivo201327680981424292586
    [Google Scholar]
  59. VespermannK.A.C. PaulinoB.N. BarcelosM.C.S. PessôaM.G. PastoreG.M. MolinaG. Biotransformation of α- and β-pinene into flavor compounds.Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.201710151805181710.1007/s00253‑016‑8066‑728105487
    [Google Scholar]
  60. RamezaniM. Khaje-KaramoddinM. Karimi-FardV. Chemical Composition and Anti– Helicobacter pylori Activity of the Essential Oil of Pistacia vera.Pharm. Biol.200442748849010.3109/13880200490891755
    [Google Scholar]
  61. KhaleelC. TabancaN. BuchbauerG. α-Terpineol, a natural monoterpene: A review of its biological properties.Open Chem.201816134936110.1515/chem‑2018‑0040
    [Google Scholar]
  62. YeoS.K. AliA.Y. HaywardO.A. TurnhamD. JacksonT. BowenI.D. ClarksonR. β‐Bisabolene, a sesquiterpene from the essential oil extract of opoponax ( Commiphora guidottii ), exhibits cytotoxicity in breast cancer cell lines.Phytother. Res.201630341842510.1002/ptr.554326666387
    [Google Scholar]
  63. De FalcoE. ManciniE. RoscignoG. MignolaE. Taglialatela-ScafatiO. SenatoreF. Chemical composition and biological activity of essential oils of Origanum vulgare L. subsp. vulgare L. under different growth conditions.Molecules20131812149481496010.3390/molecules18121494824304588
    [Google Scholar]
  64. BéjaouiA. ChaabaneH. JemliM. BoulilaA. BoussaidM. Essential oil composition and antibacterial activity of Origanum vulgare subsp. glandulosum Desf. at different phenological stages.J. Med. Food201316121115112010.1089/jmf.2013.007924320986
    [Google Scholar]
  65. RamalhoT. Pacheco de OliveiraM. LimaA. Bezerra-SantosC. PiuvezamM. Gamma-terpinene modulates acute inflammatory response in mice.Planta Med.201581141248125410.1055/s‑0035‑154616926132854
    [Google Scholar]
  66. KumarD. LadaniyaM.S. GurjarM. KumarS. MendkeS. Metabolic diversity of flavonoids and antioxidant potential for characterization of underutilized citrus species for nutritional security.Plants202211786210.3390/plants1107086235406843
    [Google Scholar]
  67. KunduSenS. Antitumor activity of citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. Leaves in Ehrlich's Ascites carcinoma cell-treated mice.ISRN Pharmacol.2011201113873710.5402/2011/138737
    [Google Scholar]
  68. RautelaI. SinghP. ParveenA. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration and antimicrobial activity of some wild citrus plant species of Uttarakhand.J. Emerg. Technol. Innov. Res.20196566567
    [Google Scholar]
  69. GroverS. AggarwalP. KaurS. YadavR. KumarA. Physicochemical assessment, characterization, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of essential oil extracted from peel of different galgal (Citrus pseudolimon) cultivars.Waste Biomass Valoriz.20241553157316710.1007/s12649‑023‑02321‑2
    [Google Scholar]
  70. PrabuseenivasanS. JayakumarM. IgnacimuthuS. In vitro antibacterial activity of some plant essential oils.BMC Complement. Altern. Med.2006613910.1186/1472‑6882‑6‑3917134518
    [Google Scholar]
  71. VasudevaN. SharmaT. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Citrus limettioides Tanaka.J. Pharm. Technol. Drug Res.201211210.7243/2050‑120X‑1‑2
    [Google Scholar]
  72. KumarP. SharmaH. DevK. RanaA.C. KumarS. Preclinical studies of the lemon hill as a multi-approach antioxidant and antidiabetic plant: Citrus pseudolimon tanaka.J. Herbs Spices Med. Plants2019252698710.1080/10496475.2019.1570994
    [Google Scholar]
  73. BarghouthyY. SomaniB.K. Role of citrus fruit juices in prevention of kidney stone disease (KSD): A narrative review.Nutrients20211311411710.3390/nu1311411734836376
    [Google Scholar]
  74. GamageK.N. JamnadassE. SulaimanS.K. PietropaoloA. AboumarzoukO. SomaniB.K. The role of fluid intake in the prevention of kidney stone disease: A systematic review over the last two decades.Turk. J. Urol.202046Suppl. 1S92S10310.5152/tud.2020.2015532525478
    [Google Scholar]
  75. SridharanB. MichaelS.T. AryaR. Mohana RoopanS. GaneshR.N. ViswanathanP. Beneficial effect of Citrus limon peel aqueous methanol extract on experimentally induced urolithic rats.Pharm. Biol.201654575976910.3109/13880209.2015.107972426452728
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/cis/10.2174/012210299X367133250319044251
Loading
/content/journals/cis/10.2174/012210299X367133250319044251
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:
    Review Article
Keyword(s): Citrus; Citrus pseudolimon; Herbal; Hill lemon; Lemon; Rutaceae
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test