Current Cancer Therapy Reviews - Volume 12, Issue 4, 2016

Aim: Prophylaxis is a treatment given or action taken to prevent disease or measures designed to preserve health (as of an individual or of society) and prevent the spread of disease. A prophylactic is also defined as a drug or device. Preventive Measures: Finding cure for cancer is one of the most important goals of medical research. Cancer is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Some types of cancer can be prevented to occur by taking the prophylactic measures like exercise, diet, reduced stress, good environment, life style, etc. Conclusion: By regular exercise and taking the correct treatment, a cancer patient can also survive for more time.

Introduction: The biggest challenge in the development of anti-cancer drugs is to target and kill only the cancer cells without harming the normal body cells. Interferons (IFNs) are naturally produced by our body cells in response to pathological compromisation and these chemical messengers render the neighboring normal cells resistant to similar type of infection. Interferons regulate angiogenesis, have immunomodulatory capacities and are hence a fantastic therapeutic choice against cancer. Material: Interferon supplement or its use in combination with other anti-cancer drugs are thought of and investigated around the globe with some promising results on hand. Interferons have been found to be effective in reducing the growth of tumor and also in triggering the anti-tumor immune response in humans. Method: Interferon therapy is being found to be effective against various types of cancer including lung cancer. Lung cancer is one of the most difficult cancers to deal clinically as it remains asymptomatic till metastasis in most of the cases. Depending on the appearance of pulmonary cancer cells under microscope, lung cancer has primarily been classified into small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Conclusion: Interferons have been found to be effective in both types of lung cancer even in advanced stage. IFN α β (type I IFN) have been extensively tried in various experimental models of lung cancer and clinical cases and have been found to be effective while other types and sub types of interferon like IFN gamma have also been tried in several cases of lung cancer and have yielded varied results. Studies are still in progress and we are looking ahead for further achievements related to potential and effective interferon therapy against pulmonary malignancies.

Introduction: Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a rare form of cancer characterized by the infiltration of abnormal white blood cells that accumulate in the bone marrow at a rapid rate. AML has an overall incidence of 4 per 100,000 persons and accounted for over 10,000 deaths within the United States in 2015 [1]. Indeed, AML also represents a disease typically associated with the elderly, as the median age of diagnosis for AML is around 72 years old [2]. Advances: Over the past decades we have seen major advances in terms of understanding AML's biology and prognosis, but some questions still remain unanswered, particularly for the elderly population. This gap in our understanding of AML translates into unmet needs for this population. Conclusion: The current paper seeks to describe these specific needs and their associated barriers related to treatment, prognostic factors and relapse, health-related quality of life, disease costs, and palliative care support. Acquiring a better understanding of AML for elderly patients can lead to improved therapy options and quality-of-life for this population.

Introduction: Herbal medicine has been used since ancient times and has been widely regarded by the physicians for their therapeutic values. The effect of using herbal medicine is less adverse as compared to modern medicine. The demand for herbal medicines has surged due to its ability to treat diseases with negligible or lesser side effects. On the contrary there has been a major concern using modern medicines in treating diseases like cancer using chemotherapy. Method: Hence, there has always been a demand of finding effective treatment with lesser side effects. An alternative drug delivery system had always been required for improved efficiency and safe drug delivery with convenience to patient. There have been reports of using bioactive and plant extracts with herbal formulations like liposomes, Phytosomes, Ethosomes, Microspheres, Transferosomes, Nano-particles and microemulsions. Conclusion: Herbal formulations improve component solubility, enhance bioavailability, assist in dose reduction, help in achieving constant therapeutic dose over extended time, enhance stability, and protect physical and chemical degradation. Herbal formulations have more advantages in comparison to conventional formulation. Hence, the use of novel drug delivery system for herbal medicines is more beneficial in comparison to others.

Background: Breast cancer is one of the high prevalence cancers worldwide affecting women based on various factors. Hormonal changes are amongst the factors involved in the development of breast cancer. The basic hormones involved include estrogen and progesterone with human epidermal receptor-2 (HER2) which could be either over expressed or not at all expressed. Therefore, studies were conducted on the DMBA induced breast cancer model. Methods: As per literature review, there has been complete befuddlement on the hormonal crisis of the DMBA induced model hence we performed the immunohistochemistry studies of estrogen, progesterone and human epidermal receptor-2 in order to prove the presence or absence of the major hormones involved in progression of breast cancer. Preceding morphological tumor detection, it was further confirmed with hematoxylineosin stained sections. Results: These data initially detected the probable presence of mucin in the hematoxylin- eosin stain hence we performed specific mucin stain using Meyer's mucincarmine concluding mucinous carcinoma. Thereafter, we obtained negative estrogen and HER2, with positive progesterone in the immunohistochemistry studies. Conclusion: Conclusively, DMBA induced breast cancer is a suitable model for mucinous carcinoma in estrogen and human epidermal receptor-2 negative and progesterone positive breast cancer.