International Journal of Sensors Wireless Communications and Control - Volume 9, Issue 3, 2019

A wireless sensor network is a collection of a large number of sensors nodes densely deployed. Sensor nodes are used to sense environmental data and collect information at a central place. Sensors have been a regular part in our daily life, they can be very much used in isolation to solve many problems like in car, ac, and to measure temperature, sound, pollution levels, humidity, wind speed direction and pressure. They can be used in isolation. But the important focus is on some crucial applications where human life is associated, environmental is associated for example the battlefields, earth quick monitoring, flood monitoring, weather forecasting etc. These are some of the biggest applications which need the invention of sensor nodes rather than manual human forces. Here sensor nodes cannot work in isolation because one sensor cannot gather appropriate data. Therefore, it is needed to deploy a large number of sensor nodes, which can exchange data through some communication strategy or protocol, and thereafter the data should be maintained to a common place where some action should be taken. For providing efficient applications among these sensor nodes, an efficient routing protocol or algorithm needs which could provide the QoS to the end user. Most of the routing protocols for WSNs are designed without explicitly considering the Quality of Service (QoS) of the generated routes. It has been observed that such routing protocols are inadequate at the time of data delivery route which requires guaranteed QoS. QoS routing requires discovering a route from source to destination to fulfill the QoS necessities. QoS is more complicated to assurance in sensor network due to dynamic topology and energy constraints. In this paper, recent issues and challenges have been considered in terms of research gap yet, QoS routing approaches have been deliberated, distribution of literature over recent years and QoS parameters distribution over recent years have been exposed, which are valuable for researchers for further investigation.

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are networks that enable server and clients to impart without any settled foundation. MANET is a quickly developing region of research as it discovers use in different applications. In MANETs, network parceling and the fizzling of a mobile node because of weariness of their battery power can significantly diminish data accessibility. Data caching on the client is generally observed as a successful answer for enhancing data availability. Specifically, cooperative caching based on information sharing and coordination of cached data item among numerous clients is much time-consuming. Various cooperative caching plans have been proposed in the ongoing years. This paper examines the highlights for outlining a good cooperative cache management, and it overviews the current cooperative caching scheme. The paper likewise gives a correlation of the cooperative caching scheme and examines open doors for future research work.

Background and Objective: The public and group communication carried out in the social, cloud, and mobile networks suffer from unauthorized users. The data security is required for secure authentication, monetary transactions and other sensitive information. The steganography methods empower the user with invulnerable communication in public domain. In this paper, a region secure and pattern based alternate 2B-3C (2Bit-3Channel) Steganography method is proposed to improve the content reliability and data security. Methods: In this method, the cover pixels are retrieved by applying the spiral rectangular pattern over the cover image. This spiral pattern also secures the core content region and the pixels from the core ROI (Region of Interest) is used as a cover only for larger size secret information. In this proposed steganography method, two channels are considered alternatively based on the defined rules. The LSB (Least Significant Bit) of both channels is XOR with input data bits and key to perform data hiding. The method is applied on real time color images taken from COREL and USC-SIPI-ID. The evaluation of proposed steganography approach is done using MSE (Mean Square Error), PSNR (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio), BER (Bit Error Rate), NCC (Normalized Cross Correlation) and SSIM (Structural Similarity Index Matrix). Result: The comparative results are generated for 50 real time images against the existing LSB (Least Significant Bit), LSBM (Least Significant Bit Modulation), LSBMR (Least Significant bit Matched Revisited), SCC (Stego Color Cycle), SHSI (Simple Hue-Saturation-Intensity), HIS-MLSB(Simple Hue-Saturation-Intensity-Modified LSB) and IMMEA(Iterative Magic Matrix Encryption Algorithm) methods. Conclusion: The experimentation results verified that the proposed 2B-3C approach improved the data hiding in qualitative and quantitative aspects.

Background & Objective: Wireless networks are making its way for use in industrial control system applications. The installation of Wireless networks naturally provides a reduction in cable and its maintenance related costs, provides increased flexibility and mobility to enhance the performance of industrial control system. Method: This paper attempts to show the suitability of a wireless network in control system application of ECRH system at IIGTF. IEEE 802.11n network is implemented to interface field instruments with PLC based control system in an industry like environment. The two case studies with different control architecture are implemented with satisfactory test results. The first case demonstrates the use of a wireless network for monitoring and data acquisition of cooling water process parameters. The second case implements the control and monitoring of the DC power supply over the wireless network through a serial ASCII protocol. The performance of wireless communication alone in is evaluated using theoretical analysis, simulation and actual field measurement. Then overall performance of the case studies including field signals and PLC system is evaluated. Conclusion: The PLC application logic is developed for the implementation of logic functions to interface various field instruments and power supply. The DC power supply is simulated using Labview ™ for serial ASCII communication. The above said concept is proposed for the Local Control Unit being developed for ITER-India Test Gyrotron Facility.

Background: Wireless sensor networks are considered as one of the 21st century's most important technologies. Sensors in wireless sensor networks usually have limited and sometimes non-rechargeable batteries, which they are supposed to be preserved for months or even years. That's why the energy consumption in these networks is of a great importance. Objective: One way to improve energy consumption in a wireless sensor network is to use clustering. In clustered networks, one node is known as the cluster head and other nodes as normal members, which normal nodes send the collected data to the cluster head, and the cluster head sends the information to the base station either by a single step or by multiple steps. Method: Using clustering simplifies resource management and increases scalability, reliability, and the network lifetime. Although the cluster formation involves a time- overhead and how to choose the cluster head is another problem, but its advantages are more than its disadvantages. The primary aim of this study is to offer a solution to reduce energy consumption in the sensor network. In this study, during the selection of cluster heads, Honeybee Algorithm is used and also for routing, Harmonic Search Algorithm is used. In this paper, the simulation is performed by using MATLAB software and the proposed method is compared with the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and the multi-objective fuzzy clustering algorithm (MOFCA). Result and Conclusion: By simulations of this study, we conclude that this research has remarkably increased the network lifetime with respect to EECS, LEACH, and MOFCA algorithms. In view of the energy constraints of the wireless sensor network and the non-rechargeable batteries in most cases, providing such solutions and using metaheuristic algorithms can result in a significant reduction in energy consumption and, consequently, increase in the network lifetime.

Background & Objective: One of the disadvantages of Multi-carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) system is the high value of Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR). This paper proposes an approach called Iterative Invertible Clipping Method (IICM) to address the PAPR for MC-CDMA signal based on wireless communication system characteristics. This is mainly concentrated in clipping function making use of a polynomial of degree three at the transmitter, and its inverse at the receiver, to recover the original signal. Method: A Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)-based frequency domain filter is employed to reduce the overall peak regrowth which is supported by measuring the Adjacent Channel Power Ratio (ACPR) after soft clipping and filtering. This technique is compared with Ragusa method using a polynomial of degree 5. Result: The simulated results of the proposed method showed better performance in terms of PAPR reduction, Bit Error Rate (BER), and computational complexity requiring two iterations only. The Complementary Cumulative Complementary Density Function (CCDF) is served to measure and improve PAPR performance of the system. Conclusion: The channel coding process is applied to strengthen the obtained results in the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel and fading channel (Rayleigh). The High-Power Amplifier (HPA) is used for validation purposes.

Background & Objective: MEMS-based gyroscopes are used in angular rate detection where precision is an important parameter; however, gyroscope output is limited by angular rate error. For minimizing these types of non-idealities, conventional external hardware-based analog or digital circuits have limitations for using in compact applications. CMOS analog ASIC for angular rate error compensation is necessary as both MEMS-CMOS technologies are supplementary and compatible. Method: In this paper, the output of MEMS gyroscope is taken as input for the compensation circuit which results in compensated angular rate. ANN is used in intelligent compensation circuit for error reduction in which offline data is trained and minimum optimum error of MSE of 1.72e-4 is achieved. ANN uses tanh sigmoidal activation function and back propagation trained MLP model with three neurons in the hidden layer. The equivalent ANN is implemented by CMOS ASIC where each neuron is implemented using Gilbert multiplier cell, differential analog adder, and differential amplifier as tanh sigmoidal circuit using OrCAD-PSpice 10.5 with 0.35 μ m technology. These blocks consist of differential configuration which has the capability of common mode interference rejection as noise becomes comparable at lower values of input analog signal. The entire ASIC consumes 77.8 mW of power which is far less and compact in size as compared to available external hardware interface circuits. Result and Conclusion: MEMS gyroscope with proposed analog ASIC becomes smart sensor with ANN based intelligent interface circuit. The proposed compensation cum interface circuit gives the average angular rate error of 1.91% in the range of minimum 0% to maximum 27% leading to improved accuracy.

Background & Objective: In this work, we introduced a mathematical network model which follows on the recommendations of 3GPP to evaluate the downlink Long Term Evolution (LTE) network utilizing Strict Frequency Reuse (FR) scheme. The network modelling bases on the establishment phase and communications of the FR scheme. The user average coverage probability is derived and analysed under Rayleigh fading environment and furthermore the closed-form formulations of the performance are found using Gauss Quadratures. Through the Monte Carlo simulation, it is proved that the proposed analytical approach is more accurate than other approaches in the literature. Conclusion: Furthermore, this paper stated that the overall system can achieve the better performance with a higher number of Cell-Edge Users (CEUs), which contrasts with other works in the literature.