International Journal of Sensors Wireless Communications and Control - Volume 6, Issue 1, 2016

The paper gives the analysis of extending the implementation of Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchical protocol from the 2D plane to the 3D space in wireless sensor network, having various sensor nodes spread in a particular geographical area or region for collecting the application specific data. The comparison has been shown between the implementation of homogeneous LEACH in 2D plane and 3D space, emphasizing on a node observed from three dimensions, which is more suitable for practical scenarios.

In wireless sensor network, sensor nodes have limited power and processing capability. So, the main issue is to increase the network lifetime. The multichain concept in PEGASIS and sink mobility increases the network lifetime in wireless sensor network. In this research paper, we have proposed a revised multi-chain PEGASIS protocol by revising the position of the mobile sink to maximize the network lifetime. The simulation is done in MATLAB R2008a and results are compared with MIEEPB (Mobile sink improved energy- efficient PEGASIS-based routing protocol). Also, we have simulated revised multi-chain PEGASIS according to standard assumptions and results are satisfactory.

Background: The fast emerging Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and its growing demand in each and every sphere of our lives has shifted our focus on the performance of the networks involved in varied fields. Recent studies depict that the performance of network and its utilization can be enhanced by QoS (Quality of Service) routing protocol. Thus, QoS is the essence of the WSNs. So, in this paper, we would like to present a detailed survey of the various routing protocols which play a vital role in attaining the QoS in WSNs. Methods: There are various levels of QoS which are required by the WSNs depending on the applications that they focus upon. The QoS support to WSNs can be achieved by various routing protocols. Thus, a detailed research on various routing protocols is done depicting their strengths and weakness and a comparison table of various protocols on various parameters is provided. Results: The QoS basically aims to focus on the quality that is perceived by the users of various applications. The QoS facilitates the above aim in terms of delay, packet delivery ratio, reduction in power of the sensor nodes, energy efficiency, bandwidth utilization, amount of through put generated and many other factors. However, there are few challenges faced by QoS which may occur due to dynamic topology and constrained resources. Even after these challenges the research suggests QoS is undisputedly the essence of WSNs. Conclusion: The QoS is very advantageous as it helps in improving the service provided to the users, and is accountable in improving the quality of output perceived by the users of various applications. Researchers have started working to overcome the challenges of QoS with the aim to minimize its constraints and maximize its multiple objectives.

The paper presents an auto gain control (AGC) method and/or technology developed by its author based on the Variable Electricity Bridge (VEB) principle. This new close-loop AGC method aims to control the change of the decibel value of the relative gain. Specifically, the proposed method does not control the changes of the gain by way of the reverse feedback, but it controls the regulated results of the decibel attenuation in a linear way by using the changes of the decibel values of the relative gain. The contributions of this paper include the founding and development of the VEB AGC theory and the related technology. We demonstrates the results via the radio frequency channels of the VEB AGC technology, in which changes in decibel value of the output power are equal to that of the input, and irrelevant to the perturbation of the total gain.

Background: Wireless sensor network has become very popular due to its wide range of applications such as environmental monitoring, precision agriculture, industrial site monitoring, target tracking, wildlife prevention and military applications. In most of the cases, the sensors are deployed in unattended environment. Sensor nodes are powered by batteries and frequent replacement of batteries is not an easy task. With this constraint, the sensor nodes must conserve energy and prolong the life time as much as possible. Methods: Many protocols are proposed at different layers to conserve energy. In this paper, we explore the current MAC protocols and propose an efficient MAC protocol for achieving energy efficiency using leader follower communication mechanism. Results: Through simulation, we prove the efficiency of the proposed solution compared to most used MAC protocols in wireless sensor networks. Conclusion: By using two MAC protocol stack, the proposed MAC reduces inter zone collisions and avoids intra zone collisions. By implimenting duty cycle as part of MAC protocol, we introduce sleep schedule to save idle energy.

With increase in human population and economic development, population of private vehicles on road has also increased. This has resulted in increased accident probability and fatalities on the roads. Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) have shown promise of bringing down road accidents and fatalities thereof by enabling communication between vehicles. VANETs also allow the road operators to control and monitor vehicles for rash driving and quick relief. However, these networks face challenges of Design, Routing, Communication and Security. Use of wireless medium for communication has left these networks vulnerable to different type of security attacks. One of the important vulnerability in such networks is caused when a malicious vehicle or RSU is able to acquire multiple identities. The attack is termed as Sybil Attack. In VANETs, a malicious vehicle may send wrong messages related to traffic, accident ahead, road closed, etc. This may force the motor driver to take a different route thus making him prone to an untoward incident. In this paper, we present a survey on different detection schemes for detecting Sybil attack. Comparison among these schemes is also presented.

Background: Deploying wireless sensor networks in nuclear power plant has lows of benefits: it costs less, installs easily, and extends the range of equipment condition monitoring. But effects of total ionization dose,single event latchup and single event upset shorten the life cycle of electronic device of instrument and control system (I system) in NPP. Currently, the FPGA application in NPP is more concerned than the PLC, for its advantages of no operating system, less software error and less common cause failures, and so on. To this end, paper reviews the design of radiation hardened wireless sensor nodes based on FPGA. Methods: This survey reviews the design of rad-hard sensor nodes of wireless sensor networks based on FPGA under nuclear irradiation environment, focusing on their hardware and software design technology, their reliability and robust design technology. Results: These wireless sensor nodes consist of rad hard FPGAs, power and crystal oscillator circuit, rad-hard sensors, and redundancy communication modules. There are four kinds of rad-hard FPGA that can be used in the post accidents processing of nuclear power plants (NPPs). The software design technology are reconfigurable data acquisition, signal processing, acceleration of data compression techniques protocol. The design technology of these nodes also include the worst cast analysis, reliability analysis and failure mode anlysis. The comparison of PLC and FPGA application in NPP is also presented. Conclusion: The design method and technical analysis of radiation hardened sensor nodes based on FPGA are reviewed. The robust and reliability design technology of sensor nodes in deploying WSN in sensor networks is distinguished, especially in the application of the post accidents processing of NPPs.