International Journal of Sensors Wireless Communications and Control - Volume 12, Issue 7, 2022

Aims and Background: Mobile workstations are frequently used in challenging environments of heterogeneous networks. Users must move between various networks for a myriad of purposes, including vertical handover. At this time, it is critical for the mobile station to quickly pick the most appropriate networks from all identified alternative connections with the decision outcome, avoiding the ping-pong effect to the greatest extent feasible. Objectives and Methodology: Based on a combination of network characteristics as well as user choice, this study offers a heterogeneous network selection method. This technique integrates three common Multi-Attribute Decision-Making (MADM) techniques, notably the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP), Entropy, and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), to take into consideration user preferences for every prospective network as well as the real scenario of heterogeneous networks. For different traffic classes, FAHP is first utilized to determine the weights of network parameters and the utility numbers of total options available. Next, entropies and TOPSIS are utilized to obtain only the unbiased weights of network factors and utility principles of totally different options. Results: The most suitable networks, whose utility number is the greatest and larger than that of the equivalent number of present networks of the phone station, are chosen to provide accessibility based on the utility numbers of each prospective system as a limit. The suggested method not only eliminates a particular algorithm's one-sided character but also dynamically changes the percentage of each method in the desired outcome based on real needs. Conclusion: The proposed model was compared to the three existing hybrid methods. The results showed that it could precisely choose the optimized network connectivity and significantly reduce the value of vertical handoffs. It also provides the requisite Quality of Service (QoS) and Quality of Everything (QoE) in terms of the quantitative benefits of vertical handovers.

Background: Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is viewed as the key multiple access technology for 5G and beyond networks, attracting the attention of academics and industries. NOMA and the multiple input multiple output (MIMO-NOMA) technology can improve a system’s throughput, latency, and energy efficiency (EE) in future-generation communication networks. Objective: The objective of this paper is to achieve maximum EE by applying the Max-min Power Control Algorithm (MMPCA) through sub-channel optimization, resource allocation (RA) optimization, access point selection (APS), and user association. The EE results obtained with and without using MMPCA are compared to the RA optimization from a conventional water-filling algorithm (WFA). Methods: This paper formulates a framework for user-centric (UC) joint resource allocation, such as backhaul connection via beam-forming and Access point (AP) to user connection via MIMO-NOMA. The user without interference is decoded using the NOMA principle. The MMPCA was also used to optimize cooperative power allocation, sub-channel allocation, and efficient user association. The RA for EE is framed as a mixed non-convex and non-linear function using successive convex approximation and sum ratio decoupling converted into convex and linear. A bisection method was used to achieve optimal RA, user association, and sub-channel assignment. Results and Conclusion: The simulation shows energy efficiency (EE) improvement. Similarly, it is observed that MMPCA outperforms the WFA.

Background: This paper proposes efficient employment of a self-powered VANET infrastructure. Miscellaneous techniques and algorithms are suggested to help the realization of such a framework. Objective: The current work attempts to enhance the network architecture of the Green VANET by adopting the self-powered fog computing concept for better networking, computing, and storage performance. Methods: The green fog layer consists of three components: a self-powered edge server, Wireless Solar Routers (WSRs), and a new device resulting from the integration between a solar-powered Smart Camera (SC) and a solar-powered Road Side Unit (RSU) in order to create a better sensing mechanism of the road traffic. Results: A proper power management strategy is suggested and installed locally in the self-powered devices to decrease their power utilization by 80% and lengthen their batteries' lifetime from 17 to 64 hours. Conclusion: The different methods and algorithms suggested in this paper are realized and tested using an experimental framework based on a mix of evaluation kits. It is noticed that the suggested power management algorithm can adjust the duty cycling according to the accessible energy levels, and thus, the SC-RSU nodes and the WSRs keep on working in a pre-managed and arranged manner.

Background: Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) is integral to lessen road mishappenings and to effortlessly control huge traffic on highways. Numerous protocols are researched and implemented for creating a secure medium between vehicular nodes. Objective: One of the visible problems is the loss of data between the nodes, which leads to delay, collision, and accidents in the VANET. This paper investigates traffic security and safety problems faced in VANET and provides a solution for them. Methods: For analyses of traffic safety issues, 3 types of Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols were compared, namely Conventional, Contention-Based and Contention-Free MAC Protocols. Plentiful of performance metrics have been studied under the transportation security issues, including signal received with error, throughput, and MAC Overhead and Packet loss. Results and Conclusion: By comparing the MAC Protocols, it can be concluded that Contention-Free multi-channel SD-TDMA is better with a security mechanism for continuous and safe communication between the vehicular nodes. It can be utilized in moderate to heavy traffic scenarios to have faster and safe communication.

Background: A method for the diagnosis of glucose was developed using square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). Objective: With mercury immobilized onto the carbon nanotube using a handmade paste electrode (HgPE). In this study, the method of modification probe was first tried directly on live cells and untreated human urine. Methods: The optimized results indicated a sensitive peak signal of glucose on the HgPE. Curves were obtained within a concentration range of 10ngL^-1~14mgL^-1 with a preconcentration time of 100 sec. Results: The observed relative standard deviation (RSD) was 0.279 (n=15), with a glucose concentration of 1 ugL^-1 under optimum conditions and a 50-sec accumulation. A low detection limit (S/N) of 0.6 ngL^-1 (2.99×10^-12 M) was also attained, which is better sensitive than other methods of 58 M, 7 uM, 2×10^-6M, 0.13 mg/ml, 8 mM, 40 mM. Conclusion: The final results indicate that the method could be applied to the diagnosis of glucose in human urine and deep live fish brain cells in real-time using wireless, and the method can be used in assays, in vivo and in real-time, without requiring any pretreatment and other pharmaceutical or medicinal analysis, as well as other materials requiring diagnostic analyses.