International Journal of Sensors Wireless Communications and Control - Volume 10, Issue 6, 2020

A high performance low power phase frequency detector is designed and simulated. The various different parameters of the circuit are obtained through various type of simulations. We worked mainly upon the power dissipation, power supply, input frequency range and its area. The proposed PFD will have the locking capability i.e. to lock at the edges either on the rising or falling edge w.r.t the reference and the feedback signal. The proposed design will have the very high performance and ultra-low phase noise. It has the added advantage of low cost and the compact size. The primary objective is to design a low power phase frequency detector for CMOS PLL Frequency Synthesizer using lows power technique. The pass transistor logic is used in the circuit to eliminate the reset path. By this change of the path the operating frequency and operating speed both are increased in the proposed design. The input Frequency can be taken up to 5 gigahertz. The power supply is taken to be 1 V. The proposed PFD design will have a less number of transistors and also a low consumption of power. The output pulses of the PFD at phase difference of 0, 0, π/2, π , 3π/2, 2п will have its average voltage as 0, VDD and VDD/2. The proposed phase detector will perfectly detect the phase difference between two signals so that the harmonics problem can be minimized. The proposed design is having its operating frequency as 5GHz over the conventional one which has its frequency as 800MHz. Power dissipation in the proposed design is reduced due to less number of transistors used as compared with the conventional one. The operating region has become much wider for proposed design as it is having operating frequency much higher than that of the conventional one the proposed PFD will increase the locking capability on the both rise and fall edge w.r.t. the reference and the feedback signal. The input Frequency can be taken up to 5 gigahertz. The power supply is taken to be 1 V. The proposed PFD circuit will have a less number of transistors and also a low consumption of power 7.14 mW.

Background & Objective: Organizations have started evaluating business applications which are on hosted model. Organizations need not to focus on choosing the deployment model or buying the hardware or setup infrastructure instead they are choosing business application which are easily available on SaaS model or platform model. Organizations are analyzing the adoption of Cloud Computing service models due to reduced the load of IT overheads and to bring agility in deploying applications. An organization should have the scientific way to choose and identify the right service model to fulfill its IT and business needs. Methods: This research paper focuses on proposing a decision model with the help of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and benefit-cost- opportunity-risk (BCOR) analysis to select the appropriate service models i.e. SaaS or PaaS or IaaS to fulfill the business needs. It suggests a range of key attributes which act as building blocks of the model based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The model will provide the benefits, cost, opportunity and risks of cloud computing services for the three service models of cloud computing. Conclusion: This study results will be useful for organizations to adopt cloud computing service model which suites the requirements as well as rapid deployment of the applications.

Background: The squarer or squaring circuit is extensively used in communication systems as a mathematical function with applications of frequency doublers, Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters, peak amplitude detectors, digital processors and analog multipliers, etc. and especially for square law detection circuits. Objectives: Vedic multipliers are popular mainly for their simplicity in the literature of digital multipliers. Methods: Recently, proposed 2-bit square calculator or self-multiplier already gained the attraction of the researchers. Results & Conclusion: In this paper, two bits squarer or self-multiplier or square calculator has been successfully coded using VHDL, verified in Xilinx tool and finally implemented in popular FPGA Spartan kit.

Background & Objective: In this paper contactless human fall detection system has been designed, developed and tested. Methods: Continuous wave radar system is implemented at 2.10 GHz of frequency. It consists of transmitter and receiver section. In Radio Frequency (RF) transmitter system is developed with the use of frequency synthesizer, power amplifier and patch antenna for the transmission of 2.10 GHz. Similarly, at the receiver side 2.1001GHz of frequency signal is generated with the use of frequency synthesizer. For the measurement of the fall detection high frequency signal is down converted to 100 KHz of signal with the use of mixer. Number of experiment has been performed for the measurement of fall detection. Here non-living object has been used for the experimental purpose. Results & Conclusion: A fall event has been detected according to the change in the received frequency in respect with the reference frequency.

Background & Objective: SVD based audio watermarking schemes met the requirements of imperceptibility, having moderate payload and are robust to most common signal processing attacks. But, when the watermarked audios are compressed at higher compression i.e. compression at lower bit rate, the percentage retrieval of the watermark is reduced. Since the audios posted on the networked environment i.e. world wide web (www) are mostly Mp3 audios compressed at different compression rate, there is a need to develop a watermarking scheme which is inherently robust to compression attack at different bit rates. Methods: Scheme presented in this paper uses a two phase approach for embedding the watermark. The proposed scheme is having a high payload and is inherently robust to compression attack. In the proposed scheme, watermarked audios are made inherently robust to mp3 compression at different bit rates and common signal processing attacks through selection of embedding frames that resist the attacks fully. Results & Conclusion: A preliminary analysis of mp3 attack on the individual frames is done prior to finally embedding the watermark for ensuring robustness to mp3 compression and other attacks.

Background: Several rectangular Microstrip Patch Antennas (MPAs) with different substrates are designed to achieve high gain and high data rate for the 5G cellular band. One of these which uses a Polymethacrylate / Rohacell 51 as a substrate material provides a high gain of 10.054 dB and a moderate bandwidth of 80 MHz (2.28 % of f0). Objectives: This MPA can be preferred for 5G cellular base station antenna in 3.3 GHz - 3.7 GHz with center frequency (f0) 3.5 GHz. Considering this high gain rectangular MPA, several compact MPAs are designed with the help of simple pin shorting and chip impedance shorting techniques. Methods: Simple pin shorting compact design provides a patch area reduction of 97.09 %, a gain of 3.77 dB, and a bandwidth of 60 MHz. Chip impedance shorting is preferred to overcome the effect of narrowband in simple shorting and rectangular MPA. Results: One of these which provides an improved bandwidth of 170 MHz (4.86 % of f0) and significant gain of 1.51 dB with 93.575 % patch area reduction can be preferred for mobile devices for 5G cellular in 3.3 GHz - 3.7 GHz.

Aim: This paper presents the development of Co-Planar Waveguide (CPW) fed dualband, compact, and flexible antenna. The antenna is designed on flexible substrate jeans; so, it is suitable for wearable applications. Objectives: The proposed antenna generates dual-band at 3.36GHz-3.61GHz and at 5.01 GHz-5.18 GHz. The antenna has a compact size of 40x30 mm². The antenna consists of a rectangular patch having a slot which is responsible for the first band and slot in the ground plane which is responsible for the second band. Methods: By optimizing the dimensions, the antenna gives dual-band at 3.5 GHz and 5.1 GHz with impedance bandwidth of 250 MHz and 170 MHz, respectively. The performance of the antenna such as gain and radiation pattern over the operating band has been also discussed. Conclusion: This proposed antenna with the first band at 3.5GHz is suitable for Wi-MAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) and second band at 5.1GHz is suitable for Higher Wireless Local Area Network applications (WLAN).

Background and Objective: Today’s wireless systems i.e. 4G systems are facing major issues of spectral inefficiency, and unreliability for high speed applications. To address these issues, 5G systems have chosen LDPC codes and replaced earlier used Turbo Codes for the purpose of Channel encoding. This paper proposes a design method for Irregular QC- LDPC codes with better spectral efficiency and reliability that too at higher speed. Methods: This paper describes the analysis of LDPC codes and their comparison with different encoding techniques. Also, it describes the design method for Irregular QC- LDPC codes and elaborates its applications in high-pace vehicular 5G scenario. Conclusion: This paper focuses on the design method for irregular QC-LDPC codes and using MATLAB simulations illustrated that these codes have better reliability and spectral efficiency as compared with conventional LDPC codes in high-speed environments.

Background: Wireless Sensor Networks are widely used in different applications like environmental monitoring, health monitoring, wildlife monitoring, etc. The monitored area may be of any shape, such as circular, rectangular, and square. Finding an ideal node deployment technique in Wireless Sensor Systems Networks (WSNs) that would diminish cost, be powerful to node failure, shorten calculation, and communication overhead, and guarantee full coverage alongside network connectivity is a troublesome issue. Sensing coverage and system connectivity are two of the most basic issues in WSNs as they can straightforwardly affect the network lifetime and activity. In traditional WSNs, deployment of a single sink results in more traffic load on that sink causes higher energy consumption. Thus, it is necessary to deploy multiple sinks. Methods: The efficient deployment of sensors and multiple sinks is a challenging task as the performance of the network depends on it. This paper proposes “Sensor Sink Deployment Optimization Algorithm (SSDOA)” sensors and multiple sinks deployment technique in different monitoring area. The deployment strategy is based on the optimization technique. We have simulated it in Matlab simulator. The impact of sensors and sinks on various network performance parameters like coverage, network lifetime and energy consumption has been analyzed. Results: Compared to existing methods, our method performs better in any monitoring area. Reported numerical results show that the proposed approach SSDOA outperforms PSO, GA and Random deployment in the square monitoring area with 9% better network lifetime, 4% full coverage and 7.3% lesser energy consumption respectively. Furthermore, our proposed approach also performs better in circular and rectangular monitoring area.

Background & Objective: Partially grounded frequency reconfigurable antenna is discussed in this paper. Antenna frequency cover is 4.2 GHz to 7 GHz and it has reconfigurable notchband near 5 GHz frequency. Frequency rejection is achieved by using circular split-ring slots in radiating element. The antenna can be reconfigured at 5.1 GHz, 5.4 GHz and 5.9 GHz by creating more slots in outer most split-ring. Designed antennas are printed on FR-4, low-cost substrate having relative permittivity of 4.4 and thickness of 1.6 mm. Results & Conclusion: Simulation of antennas is carried out using High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software. Designed antenna has omni directional radiation pattern. The prototype antennas are fabricated and tested using network analyzer. Good matching is observed between simulated and measured results.

Aim: In this paper, a novel estimator is presented, for online time delay estimation, in single input-single output LTI systems, with time variant and uncertain delay in control input. Background: The main studies made on systems with time-varying delay are divided into three general categories: (1) Identification and estimation of the delay. (2) Criteria presented for stability and robust stability. (3) Control methods presented with goals like tracking. Objective: It is obvious that Laplace transfer function of a delayed system includes a time delay factor (exponential and non-rational). In this study, it is assumed that the only uncertain and time varying parameter in the system is the system’s time delay. The objective of this paper is to online estimate of this time delay. Methods: For designing the proposed estimator, first, a Pade approximation is used for exponential factor of time delay to rationalize the system transfer function. Therefore, the new transfer function, which is an approximation of the main transfer function of the system, will include a time delay parameter (time-variant). After writing a state space realization of the mentioned transfer function and considering time delay parameter as an extra state variable, a system of nonlinear state equations will be generated. Eventually, using a kalman filter (linear and extended for linearized and nonlinear state equations), the systems states, such as system time delay, are estimated. Results: Simulations were made on a sample system with input time delay, for different types of time delay signal. Conclusion: Finally, simulations results show rather desirable performance of the proposed estimator in dealing with time varying and uncertain delays.

Background & Objective: The channel coding improves the performance of the mobile network link by adding redundant bits in the message in order to detect and correct the errors occurred during transmission of the data. The traditional method involved in channel coding for GSM has a number of operations, its computation time and complexity were very high which increases the latency in communication. To reduce the latency, we propose a novel and efficient Look Up Table (LUT) based implementation using Fire codes for Control Channel Coding in GSM. Methods: In this research paper, a new and competent LUT based implementation towards channel coding in GSM is projected. This proposed technique will significantly decrease the computation time and number of cycles with less complexity. The suggested method improvises the coding scheme of FIRE codes adopted in GSM communication system by reducing the number of shift operations to zero. Results: The proposed LUT based method outperforms the conventional method by reducing the number of cycles, XOR operations, shift operations, execution time and memory consumption. Our algorithm achieved around 89% improvement in Fire code implementation compared to Shift and XOR method, which is, considered as significant growth for GSM communication system. Conclusion: The proposed technique demonstrated the significant improvement in reducing the latency and memory usage in comparison to the conventional method.

Background and Objective: The functionalities of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are growing in various areas, so to handle the energy consumption of the network in an efficient manner is a challenging task. The sensor nodes in the WSN are equipped with limited battery power, therefore there is a need to utilize the sensor power in an efficient way. The clustering of nodes in the network is one of the ways to handle the limited energy of nodes to enhance the lifetime of the network for its longer working without failure. Methods: The proposed approach is based on forming a cluster of various sensor nodes and then selecting a sensor as a Cluster Head (CH). The heterogeneous sensor nodes are used in the proposed approach in which sensors are provided with different energy levels. The selection of an efficient node as CH can help in enhancing the network's lifetime. The threshold function and random function are used to select the cluster head among various sensors for selecting the efficient node as CH. Various performance parameters such as network lifespan, packets transferred to the Base Station (BS) and energy consumption are used to perform the comparison between the proposed technique and previous approaches. Results and Discussion: To validate the working of the proposed technique, the simulation is performed in MATLAB simulator. The proposed approach has enhanced the lifetime of the network as compared to the existing approaches. The proposed algorithm is compared with various existing techniques to measure its performance and effectiveness. The sensor nodes are randomly deployed in a 100m*100m area. Conclusion: The simulation results showed that the proposed technique had enhanced the lifespan of the network by utilizing the node’s energy in an efficient manner and reduced the consumption of energy for better network performance.

Background & Objective: The demand of Wireless sensor networks have elevated exceedingly by virtue of broad capability of the sensor networks to relate the physical environment. Sensor devices depend on battery capability and are deployed in adverse environments and it becomes extremely difficult to replace. Thus, elaborating the energy of sensor nodes becomes vital. Methods: G-LEACH is proposed by introducing competent cluster head replacement strategy and adding a relay node to increase the network stability and node lifetime. Results & Conclusion: Simulation is performed in NS-2. The proposed G-LEACH is examined with existing LEACH and MODLEACH protocols and the simulation results depicts that GLEACH outperforms the conventional LEACH and MODLEACH and thereby enhancing the lifetime by rotating the CHs and minimizing the energy dissipation.

Background and Objective: This communication introduces a multiple secondary user (SU) cognitive radio (CR) system in a dynamic fading environment, specifically Nakagami-m fading. The transmission parameters of the CR system are optimized to turn it into an optimal design. Methods: For this purpose, a new hybrid of differential evolution, biogeography-based optimization with simulated annealing, namely DE/BBO/SA is proposed. The suggested method searches the best CR parameter values while accomplishing general communication objectives. Fitness functions of these objectives are modified to include fading as well as to accommodate multiple carriers. Results and Conclusion: DE/BBO/SA generated results in terms of optimized parameters, fitness core and values of the objectives are compared with the ones acquired by other available techniques in the literature to show the efficacy of DE/BBO/SA in cognitive radio optimization. The performances are further validated by conducting a non-parametric statistical test to prove the use of proposed technique for solving CR problem.

Background: Traffic congestion is one of the most severe problems especially in metro cities due to ever increasing number of vehicles on roads by 20% per year even with well-planned road management system and sufficient infra. Objectives: Most of the existing traffic signal controllers use fixed cycle type, giving a constant green/red/yellow phase for each traffic signal cycle. These traditional controllers cannot adapt the dynamics of traffic at real time which a traffic man can do. Methods: Deploying traffic men at every traffic light junction is not feasible due to manpower shortage and cost considerations. In this work a three input fuzzy controller is proposed which can adapt the dynamics of real time traffic and reduce the congestion at the traffic light junction. Proposed fuzzy controller has three inputs namely; queue length, arrival rate and peak hours and one output parameter, time extension which is to be controlled by the use of the three input parameters. Results: All four lanes have been allocated a fixed green signal time of 60 seconds at the start. Extension/ decrease of the green light is done dynamically with ±28 seconds. Compared to conventional fixed cycle type, proposed approach gives a minimum improvement of 6% and a maximum of 47% depending on various traffic conditions at the junction. Conclusion: In terms of CO2 emission improvement of 20% and 42.12% and in terms of fuel consumption improvement of 34.73% and 57.18% has been observed compared to UCONDES (Urban CONgestion DEtection System) and OVMT (Original Vehicular Mobility Trace) respectively.

Background: The paper reports on typical characteristics of resonant electromagnetic modes propagation through interfaces of a multilayer device. Methods: Using the transfer matrix method, p-reflectance is analyzed in angular interrogation for a symmetrical cavity performed with left-handed metamaterial layer mediated with GaAs. Result: An advantage of SPR sensor is demonstrated in terms of optimal performances by controlling thicknesses, refractive indices and dielectric gap layers of the media involved. Conclusion: The functionality of the proposed design, as a tunable filter, has been also identified.

Background: The 5G will lead to a great transformation in the mobile telecommunications sector. Objective: The huge challenges being faced by wireless communications such as the increased number of users have given a chance for 5G systems to be developed and considered as an alternative solution. The 5G technology will provide a higher data rate, reduced latency, more efficient power than the previous generations, higher system capacity, and more connected devices. Method: It will offer new different technologies and enhanced versions of the existing ones, as well as new features. 5G systems are going to use massive MIMO (mMIMO), which is a promising technology in the development of these systems. Furthermore, mMIMO will increase the wireless spectrum efficiency and improve the network coverage. Result: In this paper we present a brief survey on 5G and its technologies, discuss the mMIMO technology with its features and advantages, review the mMIMO capacity and energy efficiency and also presents the recent beamforming techniques. Conclusion: Finally, simulation of adopting different mMIMO detection algorithms are presented, which shows the Alternating Direction Method Of Multipliers (ADMM)-based infinity-norm (ADMIN) detector has the best performance.

Background: A novel type of control strategy is presented for the control of chaotic systems, particularly a chaotic robot in joint and workspace, which is the result of applying fractional calculus to dynamic sliding mode control. Objectives: To guarantee the sliding mode condition, a control law is introduced based on the Lyapunov stability theory. Methods: A control scheme is proposed for reducing the chattering problem in finite time tracking and robust in the presence of system matched disturbances. Results: Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the chaotic robot are all proven to be viable thru simulations. Conclusion: In addition, all of the chaotic robot’s qualitative and quantitative characteristics have been investigated. Numerical simulations indicate the viability of our control method.