Nanoscience & Nanotechnology-Asia - Volume 13, Issue 6, 2023

Nanotechnology is a rapidly expanding field of study because of its numerous dermal applications and benefits in dermal care. It also represents progress in research and development by enhancing product efficacy through the adoption of novel technologies. Nanotechnology is increasingly being used in dermal applications to avoid some of the problems associated with traditional treatments. Dermal applications are the segment of the consumer products market that is expanding the fastest, and their popularity has exploded in recent years. In addition to wrinkles, hyperpigmentation, photoaging, hair damage, and dandruff, nanofibers are now frequently used in dermal treatments for skincare, hair, lips, and nails. These innovative dermal applications using nanofibers provide improved skin penetration, higher stability, site-specific targeting, controlled and prolonged drug release, and high entrapment effectiveness. The outcome of dermal applications can be improved with nanofibers by modifying their structure, functionality, chemical and mechanical resistance, and additional attributes. The importance of biopolymers in processing nanofibers, nanofiber processing methods, an overview of dermal applications' significance, and dermal applications based on nanofibers will all be discussed in this review.

Nanotechnology has emerged as one of the key scientific initiatives of the early 21^st century. Scientists take advantage of the distinctive features of atomic and molecular assemblages constructed at the nanometer scale. In order to gather the necessary collective expertise needed to develop these revolutionary technologies, classical sciences such as chemistry, physics, materials science, biology including genomics are brought together in the field of nanotechnology. Systems and materials related to nanotechnology have parts and structures which are due to their nanoscale size, exhibit innovative, greatly improved chemical, physical, and biological properties, processes and phenomena. In a variety of sectors, including tissue engineering, drug delivery systems and physiology, nanotechnology and nanoengineering have the potential to significantly enhance science and technology.

The aim of this review article is an overview of the tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles, and the literature addresses the existing research related to the various modifications and characterization of SnO2 nanoparticles with their physicochemical investigations. Among various metal-oxide nanoparticles, SnO2 nanoparticles are considered one of the potential candidates for electronic and electrical device fabrication, sensors, display devices, gas sensing, photovoltaic devices, LIBs (Lithium-ion batteries), photocatalysis and optoelectronic devices, supercapacitors, SnO2 nanowires would provide electrolyte channels for effective transport, catalyst, and anode materials. Apart from their technological supremacy, SnO2 nanoparticles have demonstrated their compatibility with human cervical cancer cells and have successfully achieved hyperthermia temperature when subjected to an alternating current magnetic field. Doping with some of the potential rare-earth dopants via various synthesis methods such as Chemical co-precipitation, sol-gel, polymeric precursor method, and nebulizer spray pyrolysis method is the major highlight of this review article. As per the requirement of the system, SnO2 nanoparticles can be tuned by size, shape, and functionality.

Background: Worldwide, cancer has become the most disastrous disease, causing an enormous number of deaths in the population. According to GLOBOCON, in the year 2020, there were 1.93 crore cases of cancer reported and 10 million deaths caused by cancer.Methods: Metallic nanoparticles, such as gold, silver, and platinum, which possess properties of bioenvironmental stability, safety, and lower toxicity, have become preferred materials for drug delivery. Bimetallic nanoparticles, in particular, have shown enhanced optical, magnetic, electrical, catalytic, and medicinal properties compared to monometallic nanoparticles. We have developed gold-platinum PtAuBNPs containing H. indicus methanolic extract using a green synthesis approach. The PtAuBNPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, particle size analysis, zeta potential measurement, and surface characteristics using TEM, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and DSC. The anticancer activity of PtAuBNPs was investigated using two distinctive cell lines, MCF-7 and B16F10.Results: The change in the colour of the prepared systems after incubation indicated the development of nanoparticles, as analysed by UV spectroscopy. The PtAuBNPs showed a particle size of 243.3 nm and a zeta potential of -14.4 mV. TEM analysis showed the hexagonal and cubic nature of the nanoparticles. XRD analysis indicated the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles. The bimetallic nanoparticles showed greater anticancer activity against the breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and the skin cancer cell line (B16F10), with IC50 values of 35.52μg mL^-1and 30.22 μg mL^-1, respectively, which have been found to be lower than the standard 5-FU.Conclusion: The development of PtAuBNPs may pave the way for a new era of enhancing the anticancer activity of herbal extracts through the synergistic effects of gold and platinum metals. The developed PtAuBNPs have been shown to exhibit excellent anticancer activity against skin and breast cancer.

Nanotechnology is a captivating scientific field with numerous practical applications. The study of nanomaterials and their unique and enhanced capabilities has prompted extensive research into their diverse uses, spanning disciplines from biology and materials science to chemistry and physics. Nanotechnology is expected to play a crucial role in addressing environmental challenges such as sensing, monitoring, mitigation, and power generation. However, it is important to consider the potential environmental impact of nanotechnology, although the specific pathways of such impact have yet to be fully defined. The utilization of nanomaterials in instruments, gadgets, equipment, and other products, as well as the energy required for their production and operation, directly and indirectly influence our environment. In both cases, it is desirable to minimize their impact. Additionally, advancements in nanoscale catalysts, inline and remote detectors, and nano-chemical reactors hold promise for the detection and mitigation of low-level contaminants. Therefore, this chapter focuses on exploring the foundational concepts of nanoscience and nanotechnology as they relate to the field of environmental engineering.

Aim: Formulation and evaluation of the POQCL drug delivery system.Background: One of the major barriers in the formulation of dosage forms is the poor solubility of the drug. BCS class IV drugs are having a problem with pharmacokinetics or reaching the site of action. Poor water-soluble drugs of BCS class IV obstruct drug bioavailability and decrease their pharmaceutical development. An attempt has been made in this work to deliver the BCS class IV drug into a novel carrier dosage form i.e., liposomes using a novel lipid.Objective: Formulation of the POQCL drug delivery system. Characterization by average particle size, surface morphological analysis, % drug entrapment, drug loading, in vitro study of drug release, and kinetic models of drug release of the prepared POQCL formulation.Methods: POQCL was prepared by emulsification-evaporation technique with some modifications and evaluation was done by average particle size, surface morphological analysis, drug entrapment percentage, drug loading, in vitro study of drug release, and kinetic models of drug release.Results: The average size of particle and surface morphology of prepared POQCL were found to be 76.89 nm and spherical in shape. The percentage yield was found to be 62.5% for the POQCL formulation. The percentages of drug entrapment efficiency and loading capacity were found to be 90% and 47.36% respectively. The drug in vitro release outcomes were 24.27% within the 2 hours and 75.18% within 12 hours and followed the zero-order drug release kinetic model for the POQCL formulation.Conclusion: In this research study, we found that pilu oil is a useful novel lipid source in the formulation of liposome drug delivery for the encapsulation of BCS class IV drugs. POQCL formulation showed optimum average particle size with enhanced entrapment efficiency and drug loading as well as a sustained release of drug was found. In the future, the prepared liposomes of pilu oil may be considered as the choice of drug delivery system for BCS class IV drugs.