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2000

Journal of Current Toxicology and Venomics - Current Issue

Volume 5, Issue 1

Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025

    • A Comprehensive Examination of Common Poisoning and Snakebite Envenoming: Clinical Characteristics, Therapeutic Approaches, and Implications

      https://doi.org/10.2174/0126661217322059240917183927

      Human toxin poisoning from a variety of sources, including plants, animals, and chemical compounds, is a major concern for global health. Snake envenomation is a common and possibly fatal kind of poisoning among these. In addition to covering other well-known toxin exposures, this page offers a thorough study of human poisoning episodes with a special focus on snake envenomation. The study begins by outlining the geographic distribution of venomous snake species and their effects on various populations. It next discusses the occurrence of snakebite incidents worldwide. It explores the complex structure of snake venom and clarifies the many impacts of its constituent parts on human physiology.

      The article investigates the corresponding clinical signs and medical care strategies by classifying venoms into hemotoxic, neurotoxic, and cytotoxic forms. The essay also looks into the socioeconomic effects of snakebite envenomation, highlighting how rural and low-income groups suffer disproportionately in areas with limited access to antivenom and medical care. It also emphasizes the efforts made by local programs and international health organizations to lessen the burden of morbidity and mortality associated with snakebite injuries. The article extends its focus beyond snake envenomation to include additional causes of human poisoning, such as plant toxins, chemical pollutants, and animal venoms. It provides prominent examples of poisoning occurrences produced by various compounds as well as an explanation of the mechanics of toxicity. The difficulties in diagnosing and treating such situations are also discussed, emphasizing the value of prompt and precise medical interventions.

    • Case Report of a Presumed Stonefish () Envenomation and Successful Treatment with Antivenom

      Authors: Shannon Baso and Mark Little
      https://doi.org/10.2174/0129505704350803250204061303
      Introduction

      Stonefish envenoming occurs when a person comes in contact with the fish’s dorsal spines. This results in immediate and severe pain, with some reports of necrosis and limb swelling, and rare reports of death. While management focuses on pain management, an antivenom is available with a number of reports of improving pain. However, the evidence of the effectiveness of antivenom is based on case reports and animal work. A recent case series from Australia reported five cases where stonefish antivenom did not relieve pain and further analgesia was required. There are differing opinions in Australia on whether stonefish antivenom should be used in the management of stonefish envenoming.

      Case Report

      Two patients, aged 40 and 50 years, were stung on a finger when putting their hands into water in northern Australia. Both of them felt immediate and severe pain, and developed cyanosed fingers. Both of the patients received 20 mg intravenous morphine and hot water first aid, but remained in severe pain. Both of them also received 1 ampoule (2000 U) of Sequirus stonefish antivenom, and within 1 hour of the antivenom commencement, the pain was gone, and digit discolouration had markedly improved. There was no adverse reaction of the antivenom observed, and both the patients were pain-free with normal fingers at follow-up weeks later.

      Conclusion

      We have, herein, reported two cases of presumed stonefish sting where early administration of intravenous stonefish antivenom has appeared to resolve the severe pain and resulted in a marked improvement in digit discolouration. Further work is required to better understand the stonefish venom and how effective stonefish antivenom is in the treatment of stonefish envenoming.

    • Human Stem Cells for Drug Toxicity Evaluation: A Comprehensive Review

      https://doi.org/10.2174/0129505704335182241218112943

      Conducting repeated-dose toxicity testing is essential in the health risk assessment process. Currently, evaluating human safety relies heavily on animal studies to identify toxicity endpoints due to the absence of suitable human cell systems designed for regulatory purposes. However, reliance on animal models exhibiting inter-species variations often results in inaccurate predictions of toxicity in humans, resulting in the late-stage elimination of tested substances. Consequently, the cosmetic industry is actively searching for dependable human cell systems for repeated-dose toxicity assessments. Due to boundless human pluripotent cell’s ability to differentiate and proliferate into diverse cell types, these cells are considered a valuable and cost-effective resource for the development of organotypic cells. These cells are crucial for assessing long-term human organ toxicity. The recent advancements in high-throughput screening platforms and artificial intelligence present a promising avenue for the development and exploration of human biomarkers for repeated-dose toxicity in cellular models.

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