Skip to content
2000
Volume 11, Issue 5
  • ISSN: 2215-0838
  • E-ISSN: 2215-0846

Abstract

Background

Dysuria is a very prevalent urinary symptom experienced by the majority of people at least once over their lifetime. Despite the advantages of conventional medications for the management of dysuria, in some patients, there is no thoroughly successful treatment, so numerous patients have a tendency to use complementary or traditional treatments. Persian medicine (PM) consists of the sum total of all the knowledge and practices used in identification, prevention, and treatment in Iran from ancient times to the present. Persian Medicine (PM) manuscripts are a valuable source of experiences of Iranian scholars over the centuries, which contain a lot of information about medicinal herbs that have been used for dysuria.

Objectives

The goal of this study was to assess the etiology of dysuria, its types, and treatment according to the principles of PM.

Methods

A literature search compiled some PM manuscripts, including the Canon of Medicine, Exir-e-Azam, and Tebb-e-Akbari, on the concept of dysuria as a prevalent disorder to review the etiology, types, and management of dysuria by PM scholars' approaches.

Results

According to PM manuscripts, there are three main causes of dysuria. Also, dysuria was treated with three major approaches, including lifestyle modification, food substances, medicinal herbs, and finally, manual therapy.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it seems while there are flaws in the conventional management of dysuria, and PM recommendations have found empirical support over the centuries, some PM treatments can be helpful to conventional medicine as complementary medicine; however, more studies are necessary to confirm their effectiveness.

© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/ctm/10.2174/0122150838272445231127080059
2024-01-23
2026-01-03

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/ctm/10.2174/0122150838272445231127080059
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. MehtaP LeslieSW ReddivariAKR DysuriaStatPearls Treasure Island (FL):StatPearls Publishing202331751108
     [Google Scholar]
  2. MichelsT.C. SandsJ.E. Dysuria: Evaluation and differential diagnosis in adults.Am. Fam. Physician201592977878626554471
     [Google Scholar]
  3. BremnorJ.D. SadovskyR. Evaluation of dysuria in adults.Am. Fam. Physician20026581589159611989635
     [Google Scholar]
  4. HannoP. NordlingJ. FallM. Bladder pain syndrome.Med. Clin. North Am.2011951557310.1016/j.mcna.2010.08.01421095411
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Campbell-Walsh UrologyA.J.W. 10th edPhiladelphiaElsevier Saunders2012
  6. WyndaeleJ.J. De WachterS. The sensory bladder (1): An update on the different sensations described in the lower urinary tract and the physiological mechanisms behind them.Neurourol. Urodyn.200827427427810.1002/nau.2051017880015
     [Google Scholar]
  7. HannoP.M. EricksonD. MoldwinR. FaradayM.M. American Urological Association Diagnosis and treatment of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome: AUA guideline amendment.J. Urol.201519351545155310.1016/j.juro.2015.01.08625623737
     [Google Scholar]
  8. MargolisS. Johns Hopkins symptoms and remedies: The complete home medical reference.Univ Health Pub1999
     [Google Scholar]
  9. GuptaK. TrautnerB. In the clinic. Urinary tract infection.Ann. Intern. Med.20121565ITC3ITC110.7326/0003‑4819‑156‑5‑201203060‑0100322393148
     [Google Scholar]
  10. BentS. NallamothuB.K. SimelD.L. FihnS.D. SaintS. Does this woman have an acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection?JAMA2002287202701271010.1001/jama.287.20.270112020306
     [Google Scholar]
  11. GuptaK. HootonT.M. NaberK.G. WulltB. ColganR. MillerL.G. MoranG.J. NicolleL.E. RazR. SchaefferA.J. SoperD.E. Infectious Diseases Society of America European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: A 2010 update by the infectious diseases society of america and the european society for microbiology and infectious Diseases.Clin. Infect. Dis.2011525e103e12010.1093/cid/ciq25721292654
     [Google Scholar]
  12. WellsW.G. WoodsG.L. JiangQ. GesserR.M. Treatment of complicated urinary tract infection in adults: Combined analysis of two randomized, double-blind, multicentre trials comparing ertapenem and ceftriaxone followed by appropriate oral therapy.J. Antimicrob. Chemother.200453Suppl. 2ii67ii7410.1093/jac/dkh20815150185
     [Google Scholar]
  13. DicksonR.W. Differential Diagnosis of Common Complaints.Am Board Family Med1996
     [Google Scholar]
  14. HeydariradG. ChoopaniR. “Dry mouth” from the perspective of traditional Persian medicine and comparison with current management.J. Evid. Based Complementary Altern. Med.201520213714210.1177/215658721455859625488323
     [Google Scholar]
  15. HasheminasabF.S. AzimiM. KhodadoostM. ChoubanB. ShakeriN. GhasemiS. FarokhiA. MokaberinajadR. Efficacy of the barley-based remedy, a Persian medicine formula, in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) hospitalized patients: An open-labeled randomized controlled trial.Adv. Integr. Med.20229318519010.1016/j.aimed.2022.04.00135469143
     [Google Scholar]
  16. ZargaranA. ZarshenasM.M. KarimiA. YarmohammadiH. Borhani-HaghighiA. Management of stroke as described by Ibn Sina (Avicenna) in the canon of medicine.Int. J. Cardiol.2013169423323710.1016/j.ijcard.2013.08.11524063916
     [Google Scholar]
  17. AvicennaCanon of Medicine.1593Available From: https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Canon-of-Medicine
  18. AzamK.M. Exir e Azam.DelhiIndia Nami Monshi Nolkshur1869477485
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Tebb-E-AkbariM.A.A. Institute of Medical History, Islamic and Complementary Medicine,Iran University of Medical SciencesTehran, Iran2005
     [Google Scholar]
  20. M. A. Makhzan-ol-Advieh Intisharat va Amoozesh Enghelab Islami Press.Tehran, Iran1992
  21. SalmannezhadH. MojahediM. EbadiA. MontazeriA. MozaffarpurS.A. SaghebiR. GheisariD. GoudarziS. An assessment of the correlation between happiness and Mizaj (temperament) of university students in Persian medicine.Iran. Red Crescent Med. J.2017In PressIn Press610.5812/ircmj.55627
     [Google Scholar]
  22. AkhtariM. MoeiniR. MojahediM. GorjiN. Assessment the studies on the concept of Mizaj (temperament) in persian medicine.J. Complement. Integr. Med.20201732018012210.1515/jcim‑2018‑012232045354
     [Google Scholar]
  23. AbbasianR. MojahediM. AlizadehM. KhafriS. AnsaripourM. MoosavyzadehA. KamaliM. BabaeianM. SourtijiH. ShaygannejadV. KerdarianH. RezaeizadehH. Mizaj assessment in multiple sclerosis patients based on persian medicine.J. Complement. Integr. Med.202219240741410.1515/jcim‑2020‑042833964198
     [Google Scholar]
  24. RhazesM. Ai-havi.Tehran, IranIranian Academy of Medical Sciences2005
     [Google Scholar]
  25. NaseriM. RezayizadeH. ChupaniR. AnushiravaniM. General overview of iranian traditional medicine.TehranIran Nashr-e-Shahr2009
     [Google Scholar]
  26. DasS. Natural therapeutics for urinary tract infections—a review. Futur J Pharm Sci20206164
     [Google Scholar]
  27. TargherG. BertoliniL. RodellaS. LippiG. ZoppiniG. ChoncholM. Relationship between kidney function and liver histology in subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.20105122166217110.2215/CJN.0505061020724519
     [Google Scholar]
  28. JunhoC.V.C. AzevedoC.A.B. da CunhaR.S. de YurreA.R. MedeiE. StinghenA.E.M. Carneiro-RamosM.S. Heat shock proteins: Connectors between heart and kidney.Cells2021108193910.3390/cells1008193934440708
     [Google Scholar]
  29. RitzE. Heart and kidney: Fatal twins?Am. J. Med.20061195Suppl. 1S31S3910.1016/j.amjmed.2006.01.01216563946
     [Google Scholar]
  30. MogiM HoriuchiM Clinical interaction between brain and kidney in small vessel disease. Cardiol Res Pract.2011201110.4061/2011/306189
     [Google Scholar]
  31. KobayashiM. HirawaN. YatsuK. KobayashiY. YamamotoY. SakaS. AndohD. ToyaY. YasudaG. UmemuraS. Relationship between silent brain infarction and chronic kidney disease.Nephrol. Dial. Transplant.200824120120710.1093/ndt/gfn41918697797
     [Google Scholar]
  32. AmeriA. HeydariradG. Mahdavi JafariJ. GhobadiA. RezaeizadehH. ChoopaniR. Medicinal plants contain mucilage used in traditional persian medicine (TPM).Pharm. Biol.201553461562310.3109/13880209.2014.92833025489641
     [Google Scholar]
  33. MozaffarianV. A dictionary of Iranian plant names. Tehran.Farhang Moaser.1996396396398
     [Google Scholar]
  34. AminG.R. Popular medicinal plants of Iran, vice chancellorship of research.IranTehran Univ Med Sci Press Tehran2005
     [Google Scholar]
  35. KaurR. KaurH. DhindsaA.S. Glycyrrhiza glabra: A phytopharmacological review.Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res.2013472470
     [Google Scholar]
  36. El-Saber BatihaG. Magdy BeshbishyA. El-MleehA. Abdel-DaimM.M. Prasad DevkotaH. Traditional uses, bioactive chemical constituents, and pharmacological and toxicological activities of Glycyrrhiza glabra L.(Fabaceae).Biomolecules202010335210.3390/biom1003035232106571
     [Google Scholar]
  37. PastorinoG. CornaraL. SoaresS. RodriguesF. OliveiraM.B.P.P. Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra): A phytochemical and pharmacological review.Phytother. Res.201832122323233910.1002/ptr.617830117204
     [Google Scholar]
  38. ZhangB PengH DengZ TsaoR. Phytochemicals of lentil (Lens culinaris) and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.J Food Bioact. 20181:93–103–93–103.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. ZhangB. DengZ. TangY. ChenP.X. LiuR. Dan RamdathD. LiuQ. HernandezM. TsaoR. Bioaccessibility, in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of phenolics in cooked green lentil (Lens culinaris).J. Funct. Foods20173224825510.1016/j.jff.2017.03.004
     [Google Scholar]
  40. ZouY. ChangS.K.C. GuY. QianS.Y. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compositions of lentil (Lens culinaris var. Morton) extract and its fractions.J. Agric. Food Chem.20115962268227610.1021/jf104640k21332205
     [Google Scholar]
  41. FratianniF. CardinaleF. CozzolinoA. GraneseT. AlbaneseD. Di MatteoM. ZaccardelliM. CoppolaR. NazzaroF. Polyphenol composition and antioxidant activity of different grass pea (Lathyrus sativus), lentils (Lens culinaris), and chickpea (Cicer arietinum) ecotypes of the Campania region (Southern Italy).J. Funct. Foods2014755155710.1016/j.jff.2013.12.030
     [Google Scholar]
  42. KonozyE. OsmanM. DirarA. Plant lectins as potent Anti-coronaviruses, Anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antiulcer agents.Saudi J. Biol. Sci.202229610330110.1016/j.sjbs.2022.10330135475119
     [Google Scholar]
  43. DueñasM. SunB. HernándezT. EstrellaI. SprangerM.I. Proanthocyanidin composition in the seed coat of lentils (Lens culinaris L.).J. Agric. Food Chem.200351277999800410.1021/jf030321514690386
     [Google Scholar]
  44. RomanovaS V VolochaiVI NemchenkoDB MinaievaAO Research of anatomikal features of the vegetative organs of lentil (Lens culinaris). 2018
     [Google Scholar]
  45. GizatullinaA.K. FinkinaE.I. MineevK.S. MelnikovaD.N. BogdanovI.V. TelezhinskayaI.N. BalandinS.V. ShenkarevZ.O. ArsenievA.S. OvchinnikovaT.V. Recombinant production and solution structure of lipid transfer protein from lentil Lens culinaris.Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.2013439442743210.1016/j.bbrc.2013.08.07823998937
     [Google Scholar]
  46. PaivaP.M.G. GomesF.S. NapoleãoT.H. SáR.A. CorreiaM.T.S. CoelhoL. Antimicrobial activity of secondary metabolites and lectins from plants.Curr Res Technol Educ Top Appl Microbiol Microb Biotechnol.20101396406
     [Google Scholar]
  47. KluskaM. JuszczakM. WysokińskiD. ŻuchowskiJ. StochmalA. WoźniakK. Kaempferol derivatives isolated from Lens culinaris Medik. reduce DNA damage induced by etoposide in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.Toxicol. Res. (Camb.)20198689690710.1039/c9tx00176j32190294
     [Google Scholar]
  48. BeuthJ. SchneiderB. Van LeendertR. UhlenbruckG. Large-scale survey of the impact of complementary medicine on side-effects of adjuvant hormone therapy in patients with breast cancer. In Vivo (Brooklyn). 20163017378
     [Google Scholar]
  49. ChoudharyBR HaldharSM MaheshwariSK BhargavaR SharmaSK Phytochemicals and antioxidants in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) genotypes under hot arid region. 201585341441710.56093/ijas.v85i3.47179
     [Google Scholar]
  50. CavalloroV. BraccoF. CollinaS. MartinoE. Focus on phytochemical and pharmacological profile of prunus lycioides (=amygdalus lycioides).Mini Rev. Med. Chem.202120202207221410.2174/138955752066620073015365332744969
     [Google Scholar]
  51. SafarianS. AzarmiY. Jahanban-EsfahlanA. Jahanban-EsfahlanH. The beneficial effects of almond (Prunus amygdalus Batsch) hull on serum lipid profile and antioxidant capacity in male rats.Turk. J. Med. Sci.20164641223123210.3906/sag‑1504‑12727513429
     [Google Scholar]
  52. HeydariradG. TavakoliA. CooleyK. PasalarM. A review on medical plants advised for neuralgia from the perspective of “canon of medicine”.Adv. Integr. Med.20218323023510.1016/j.aimed.2020.08.006
     [Google Scholar]
  53. MahboubiM. Taghizadeh KashaniL.M. A Narrative study about the role of Viola odorata as traditional medicinal plant in management of respiratory problems.Adv. Integr. Med.20185311211810.1016/j.aimed.2017.12.003
     [Google Scholar]
  54. BordeV.U. PawarD.P. ShelarS.R. ApturkarR.M. Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants.Sci Res Report.2013313337
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Musarra-PizzoM. GinestraG. SmeriglioA. PennisiR. SciortinoM.T. MandalariG. The antimicrobial and antiviral activity of polyphenols from almond (Prunus dulcis L.) skin.Nutrients20191110235510.3390/nu1110235531623329
     [Google Scholar]
  56. BouazizF. Ben RomdhaneM. Boisset HelbertC. BuonL. BhiriF. BardaaS. DrissD. KoubaaM. FakhfakhA. SahnounZ. KallelF. ZghalN. Ellouz ChaabouniS. Healing efficiency of oligosaccharides generated from almond gum (Prunus amygdalus) on dermal wounds of adult rats.J. Tissue Viability20142339810810.1016/j.jtv.2014.07.00125201790
     [Google Scholar]
  57. HalenárM. MedveďováM. MaruniakováN. KolesárováA. Amygdalin and its effects on animal cells.J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Food Sci.2021202122172226
     [Google Scholar]
  58. AbdollahnejadF. MosaddeghM. KamalinejadM. Mirnajafi-ZadehJ. NajafiF. FaiziM. Investigation of sedative and hypnotic effects of Amygdalus communis L. extract: behavioral assessments and EEG studies on rat.J. Nat. Med.201670219019710.1007/s11418‑015‑0958‑926711831
     [Google Scholar]
  59. JabeenA. BaigM.T. ShaikhS. SaroshN.A. KashifS.S. ShahnazS. In vivo study on laxative effect of Prunus amygdalus oil.Int. J. Med. Res. Health Sci.201983121125
     [Google Scholar]
  60. AkhbariM. BatooliH. KashiF.J. Composition of essential oil and biological activity of extracts of Viola odorata L. from central Iran.Nat. Prod. Res.201226980280910.1080/14786419.2011.55801322011110
     [Google Scholar]
  61. ZarrabiM. DalirfardoueiR. SepehrizadeZ. KermanshahiR.K. Comparison of the antimicrobial effects of semipurified cyclotides from Iranian Viola odorata against some of plant and human pathogenic bacteria.J. Appl. Microbiol.2013115236737510.1111/jam.1225123800264
     [Google Scholar]
  62. MittalP. GuptaV. GoswamiM. ThakurN. BansalP. Phytochemical and pharmacological potential of viola odorata.Int J Pharmacogn.20154693
     [Google Scholar]
  63. KannappanN. DiwanA. SainiP. SinghS. AntilV. KumarP. Evaluation of the analgesic activity of Viola odorata aerial parts in rats.Journal of Natural Pharmaceuticals2011212410.4103/2229‑5119.78493
     [Google Scholar]
  64. ZulfiqarI. AsifH.M. SultanaS. AkramM. QayoomI. In-vitro antiurease activity of aqueous-ethanol extract of some medicinal plants.Pak. J. Sci.201769115
     [Google Scholar]
  65. SedghiE. Moghtadaei-KhorasganiE. NorbakhshM. The histomorphological effect of Viola odorata flower extract on skin wound healing process in Wistar rats.KAUMS J.2020244366373
     [Google Scholar]
  66. JoukiM. YazdiF.T. MortazaviS.A. KoochekiA. Quince seed mucilage films incorporated with oregano essential oil: Physical, thermal, barrier, antioxidant and antibacterial properties.Food Hydrocoll.20143691910.1016/j.foodhyd.2013.08.030
     [Google Scholar]
  67. Al-SnafiA.E. The medical importance of Cydonia oblonga-A review.IOSR J. Pharm.2016668799
     [Google Scholar]
  68. ErdoğanT. GönençT. HortoğluZ.S. DemirciB. BaşerK.H. KıvçakB. Chemical composition of the essential oil of quince (Cydonia Oblonga Miller) leaves.Med. Aromat. Plants20121134
     [Google Scholar]
  69. SilvaB.M. AndradeP.B. ValentãoP. FerreresF. SeabraR.M. FerreiraM.A. Quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) fruit (pulp, peel, and seed) and Jam: Antioxidant activity.J. Agric. Food Chem.200452154705471210.1021/jf040057v15264903
     [Google Scholar]
  70. YadavAK SinghJ YadavSK Composition, nutritional and therapeutic values of goat milk: A review.Asian J Dairy Food Res. 20163529610210.18805/ajdfr.v35i2.10719
     [Google Scholar]
  71. ZenebeT. AhmedN. KabetaT. KebedeG. Review on medicinal and nutritional values of goat milk.Acad J Nutr.2014333039
     [Google Scholar]
  72. AlyaqoubiS. AbdullahA. SamudiM. AbdullahN. AddaiZ.R. Al-GhazaliM. Effect of different factors on goat milk antioxidant activity.Int. J. Chemtech Res.20146531913196
     [Google Scholar]
  73. LamotheS. RobitailleG. St-GelaisD. BrittenM. Short communication: Extraction of β-casein from goat milk.J. Dairy Sci.200790125380538210.3168/jds.2007‑048818024728
     [Google Scholar]
  74. GetanehG. MebratA. WubieA. KendieH. Review on goat milk composition and its nutritive value.J Nutr Heal Sci.201634401410
     [Google Scholar]
  75. EsmaeilpourM. EhsaniM.R. AminlariM. ShekarforoushS. HoseiniE. Antimicrobial activity of peptides derived from enzymatic hydrolysis of goat milk caseins.Comp. Clin. Pathol.201625359960510.1007/s00580‑016‑2237‑x
     [Google Scholar]
  76. VoloshynaI.M. SoloshenkoK.I. LychI.V. ShkotovaL.V. Practical use of goat milk and colostrum.Biotechnol. Acta2021145384810.15407/biotech14.05.038
     [Google Scholar]
  77. NagarA ShuklaAK BigoniyaP Anti-inflammatory potential of Spinacia oleracea leaf extract.J nat pharm. 2011228087
     [Google Scholar]
  78. MiraziziS. Haeri RohaniS.A. The effects of antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory spinacia oleracea ethanolic extract in NMRI mice.J Anim Biol.20181028190
     [Google Scholar]
  79. GutierrezR.M.P. VelazquezE.G. CarreraS.P.P. Spinacia oleracea linn considered as one of the most perfect foods: A pharmacological and phytochemical review.Mini Rev. Med. Chem.201919201666168010.2174/138955751966619060309034731161986
     [Google Scholar]
  80. KoS.H. ParkJ.H. KimS.Y. LeeS.W. ChunS.S. ParkE. Antioxidant effects of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) supplementation in hyperlipidemic rats.Prev. Nutr. Food Sci.2014191192610.3746/pnf.2014.19.1.01924772405
     [Google Scholar]
  81. RahatiS. EshraghianM. EbrahimiA. PishvaH. Effect of spinach aqueous extract on wound healing in experimental model diabetic rats with streptozotocin.J. Sci. Food Agric.20169672337234310.1002/jsfa.734926201288
     [Google Scholar]
  82. KoreKakasahebJ. RajkumarS. PatelApsariJ. KulkarniJitendraB. Antiulcer activity of aqueous extract of Spinacia oleracia in rats.IJRPC2011132931
     [Google Scholar]
  83. HassanM. KhanS. ShaikatA. HossainM. HoqueM. UllahM. IslamS. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extracted leaves of selected medicinal plants in animal model.Vet. World2013626810.5455/vetworld.2013.68‑71
     [Google Scholar]
  84. KanchanaA. AgarwalI. SunkarS. NelloreJ. NamasivayamK. Biogenic silver nanoparticles from Spinacia oleracea and Lactuca sativa and their potential antimicrobial activity.Dig. J. Nanomater. Biostruct.20116417411750
     [Google Scholar]
  85. IqbalM. GhousT. KhanA.N. AkhtarK. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of extracts of fresh and spoiled Spinacia oleracea against some mammalian pathogens.Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.201262958475851
     [Google Scholar]
  86. IsmaelN.M.M. ShehataM.G. Improvement of lipid profile and antioxidant of hyperlipidemic albino rats by functional Plantago psyllium cake.Curr. Res. Nutr. Food Sci.20208242443710.12944/CRNFSJ.8.2.08
     [Google Scholar]
  87. AbouziedM.M. MahmoudS.M. WahidA. AhmedA.E. OkashaA.M. SolimanH.A. Al ThagfanS.S. AttiaE.Z. A study of the hepatoprotective effect of Plantago psyllium L. seed extract against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic injury in rats.J. Appl. Biomed.2020182-3808610.32725/jab.2020.00634907729
     [Google Scholar]
  88. PatilB.S. MastiholimathV.S. KulkarniA.R. Development and evaluation of psyllium seed husk polysaccharide based wound dressing films.Orient. Pharm. Exp. Med.201111212312910.1007/s13596‑011‑0012‑8
     [Google Scholar]
  89. PourabouliI. MehrabaniM. PourabouliB. AbbasnezhadM. MirtajA.S.M. Analgesic effect of methanolic seed extracts of plantago major and p.Ovata in male rat. 2007
     [Google Scholar]
  90. KeshavarziS. SepehrimaneshM. MirzaeiB. Kuhi Hossein AbadiO. SardariZ. SajjadpurM.M. Antimicrobial effects of aqueous and hydro-alcoholic plantago psyllium leaf extracts on the experimental infection of helicobacter pylori in a rat model.Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research20212913731732310.30699/jambs.29.137.317
     [Google Scholar]
  91. NkoanaD.K. MashiloJ. ShimelisH. NgwepeR.M. Nutritional, phytochemical compositions and natural therapeutic values of citron watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides): A review.S. Afr. J. Bot.2021145210.1016/j.sajb.2020.12.008
     [Google Scholar]
  92. BhardwajA. KumarR. DabasaV. AlamN. Evaluation of anti-ulcer activity of Citrullus lanatus seed extract in Wistar albino rats.Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci.201245135139
     [Google Scholar]
  93. ŁopusiewiczŁ. DrozłowskaE. TrocerP. KostekM. ŚliwińskiM. HenriquesM.H.F. BartkowiakA. SobolewskiP. Whey protein concentrate/isolate biofunctional films modified with melanin from watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) seeds.Materials20201317387610.3390/ma1317387632887321
     [Google Scholar]
  94. TarhanL. KayaliH.A. UrekR.O. In vitro antioxidant properties of Cucurbita pepo L. male and female flowers extracts.Plant Foods Hum. Nutr.2007622495110.1007/s11130‑006‑0038‑017308962
     [Google Scholar]
  95. NkosiC.Z. OpokuA.R. TerblancheS.E. Antioxidative effects of pumpkin seed ( Cucurbita pepo ) protein isolate in CCl4‐Induced liver injury in low‐protein fed rats.Phytother. Res.2006201193594010.1002/ptr.197716909447
     [Google Scholar]
  96. Abou SeifH.S. Ameliorative effect of pumpkin oil (Cucurbita pepo L.) against alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in albino rats.Beni. Suef Univ. J. Basic Appl. Sci.20143317818510.1016/j.bjbas.2014.08.001
     [Google Scholar]
  97. DamianoR. CaiT. FornaraP. FranzeseC.A. LeonardiR. MironeV. The role of Cucurbita pepo in the management of patients affected by lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia: A narrative review.Arch. Ital. Urol. Androl.201688213614310.4081/aiua.2016.2.13627377091
     [Google Scholar]
  98. AdnanM GulS BatoolS FatimaB RehmanA YaqoobS A review on the ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and nutritional composition of Cucurbita pepo LJ Phytopharm.201762133139
     [Google Scholar]
  99. WinklerC. SchroecksnK. WirleitnerB. SchennachH. FuchsD. Extracts of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) seeds suppress stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro.Am. J. Immunol.20051161110.3844/ajisp.2005.6.11
     [Google Scholar]
  100. El-KamaliH.H. MahjoubS.A-T. Antibacterial activity of Francoeuria crispa, Pulicaria undulata, Ziziphus spina-christi and Cucurbita pepo against seven standard pathogenic bacteria.Ethnobot Leafl.2009200966
     [Google Scholar]
  101. Abdel-RahmanM.K. Effect of pumpkin seed (Cucurbita pepo L.) diets on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): chemical and morphometric evaluation in rats.World J Chem.2006113340
     [Google Scholar]
  102. BardaaS. Ben HalimaN. AlouiF. Ben MansourR. JabeurH. BouazizM. SahnounZ. Oil from pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) seeds: Evaluation of its functional properties on wound healing in rats.Lipids Health Dis.20161517310.1186/s12944‑016‑0237‑027068642
     [Google Scholar]
  103. SarkarS GuhaD Effect of ripe fruit pulp extract of Cucurbita pepo Linn. in aspirin induced gastric and duodenal ulcer in rats. 200846963945
     [Google Scholar]
  104. KarpagamT. VaralakshmiB. BaiJ.S. GomathiS. Effect of different doses of Cucurbita pepo linn extract as an anti-Inflammatory and analgesic nutraceautical agent on inflamed rats.Int J Pharm Res Dev.20113184192
     [Google Scholar]
  105. ArarunaK. CarlosB. Anti-inflammatory activities of triterpene lactones from Lactuca sativa.Phytopharmacology.20101116
     [Google Scholar]
  106. MaheswariB. DeviP.R. AjithK. VedPrakashP. SeshaSai GayatriK. Evaluation of antiulcer activity of ethanol extract of leaves of lactuca sativa.J. Drug Deliv. Ther.202010419619910.22270/jddt.v10i4.4190
     [Google Scholar]
  107. SayyahM. HadidiN. KamalinejadM. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Lactuca sativa seed extract in rats.J. Ethnopharmacol.2004922-332532910.1016/j.jep.2004.03.01615138019
     [Google Scholar]
  108. IsmailH. MirzaB. Evaluation of analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant and anti-coagulant properties of Lactuca sativa (CV. Grand Rapids) plant tissues and cell suspension in rats.BMC Complement. Altern. Med.201515119910.1186/s12906‑015‑0742‑026115918
     [Google Scholar]
  109. GargM. GargC. MukherjeeP.K. SureshB. Antioxidant potential of Lactuca sativa.Anc. Sci. Life200424161022557144
     [Google Scholar]
  110. MughrbiH.N. AuziA.A. MaghrbiH. Phytochemicals, nutritional value, antioxidant, and anticoagulant activity of Lactuca sativa L. Leaves and Stems.Borneo J Pharm20203315216110.33084/bjop.v3i3.1394
     [Google Scholar]
  111. NoumedemJ.A.K. DjeussiD.E. HritcuL. MihasanM. KueteV. Lactuca sativa.Medicinal spices and vegetables from Africa.Elsevier201743744910.1016/B978‑0‑12‑809286‑6.00020‑0
     [Google Scholar]
  112. Al-SnafiA.E. Medical importance of Cichorium intybus–A review.IOSR J. Pharm.2016634156
     [Google Scholar]
  113. StreetR.A. SidanaJ. PrinslooG. Cichorium intybus: Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology.Evidence-Based Complement Altern Med2013: 579319.10.1155/2013/579319.
     [Google Scholar]
  114. JurgońskiA. JuśkiewiczJ. ZduńczykZ. KrólB. Caffeoylquinic acid-rich extract from chicory seeds improves glycemia, atherogenic index, and antioxidant status in rats.Nutrition2012283300306Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22014632 [cited 2018 Sep 12];10.1016/j.nut.2011.06.01022014632
     [Google Scholar]
  115. KrylovaS.G. VymyatninaZ.K. ZuevaE.P. AmosovaE.N. RazinaT.G. LitvinenkoV.I. Root Extract on Secretory Activity of the Stomach in Health and Ulcer Disease Effects of Cichorium Intybus L.Bull. Exp. Biol. Med.2015159563864110.1007/s10517‑015‑3035‑126468023
     [Google Scholar]
  116. Gürbüzİ. ÜstünO. YeşiladaE. SezikE. AkyürekN. In vivo gastroprotective effects of five Turkish folk remedies against ethanol-induced lesions.J. Ethnopharmacol.200283324124410.1016/S0378‑8741(02)00248‑912426092
     [Google Scholar]
  117. NoreenH MadeehaR ZarminaRK MinhasA JanM HassanW Biochemical Analysis and Mineral Composition of Methanolic Extract of Astragalus Gummifer. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2019114736e41
     [Google Scholar]
  118. YusufogluH.S. AlamA. ZaghloulA.M. Al-salkiniM.A. AlamP. Comparative anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities of Astragalus gummifer Labill herb and roots in rats.Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med.201411326827410.4314/ajtcam.v11i3.3725371592
     [Google Scholar]
  119. MontvaleN.J. BrendlerT. JaenickeC. PDR for herbal medicines.Med. Econ.2002362363
     [Google Scholar]
  120. PistelliL. BertoliA. LeporiE. MorelliI. PanizziL. Antimicrobial and antifungal activity of crude extracts and isolated saponins from Astragalus verrucosus.Fitoterapia200273433633910.1016/S0367‑326X(02)00087‑412234579
     [Google Scholar]
  121. SolimanG.A. GabrG.A. Al-SaikhanF.I. AnsariM.N. KhanT.H. GanaieM.A. AbdulazizS.S. Alankuş-ÇalışkanÖ. Protective effects of two Astragalus species on ulcerative colitis in rats.Trop. J. Pharm. Res.201615102155216310.4314/tjpr.v15i10.14
     [Google Scholar]
  122. FayazzadehE. RahimpourS. AhmadiS.M. FarzampourS. Sotoudeh AnvariM. BoroumandM.A. AhmadiS.H. Acceleration of skin wound healing with tragacanth (Astragalus) preparation: An experimental pilot study in rats.Acta Med. Iran.20145213824658979
     [Google Scholar]
  123. Dashti-RM.H. BagheriS.M. KeyhaniL. HeydariM. Antinociceptive activity of Astragalus gummifer gum (gum tragacanth) through the adrenergic system: A in vivo study in mice.J. Ayurveda Integr. Med.201561192310.4103/0975‑9476.14654325878459
     [Google Scholar]
  124. KeihaniL. RezvaniM.E. Dashti-RahmatabadiM.H. A comparison between the analgesic effect of tragacanth gum, diclofenac and morphine in mice using writhing and hot-plate analgesic tests.Daneshvar Med.20122052534
     [Google Scholar]
  125. MehraM. PasrichaV. GuptaR.K. Estimation of nutritional, phytochemical and antioxidant activity of seeds of musk melon (Cucumis melo) and water melon (Citrullus lanatus) and nutritional analysis of their respective oils.J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem.20153698102
     [Google Scholar]
  126. KrishnamachariH. vN. Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant potential of Cucumis melo seeds.Int. J. Life Sci. Res.20173186386710.21276/ijlssr.2017.3.1.19
     [Google Scholar]
  127. VishwakarmaV.K. GuptaJ.K. UpadhyayP.K. Pharmacological importance of Cucumis melo L.: An overview.Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res.201710381210.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i3.13849
     [Google Scholar]
  128. Hage-SleimanR. MrouehM. DaherC.F. Pharmacological evaluation of aqueous extract of Althaea officinalis flower grown in Lebanon.Pharm. Biol.201149332733310.3109/13880209.2010.51675421281251
     [Google Scholar]
  129. AmeriA. HeydariradG. RezaeizadehH. ChoopaniR. GhobadiA. GachkarL. Evaluation of efficacy of an herbal compound on dry mouth in patients with head and neck cancers: A randomized clinical trial.J. Evid. Based Complementary Altern. Med.2016211303310.1177/215658721559023226137850
     [Google Scholar]
  130. KardošováA. MachováE. Antioxidant activity of medicinal plant polysaccharides.Fitoterapia200677536737310.1016/j.fitote.2006.05.00116797146
     [Google Scholar]
  131. SutovskaM. CapekP. FranovaS. JoskovaM. SutovskyJ. MarcinekJ. KalmanM. Antitussive activity of Althaea officinalis L. polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan and its changes in guinea pigs with ovalbumine-induced airways inflammation.Bratisl. Lek Listy20111121267067522372330
     [Google Scholar]
  132. Al-SnafiA.E. The pharmaceutical importance of Althaea officinalis and Althaea rosea: A review.Int. J. Pharm. Tech. Res.20135313851387
     [Google Scholar]
  133. RezaeiM. DadgarZ. Noori-ZadehA. Mesbah-NaminS.A. PakzadI. DavodianE. Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the Althaea officinalis L. leaf extract and its wound healing potency in the rat model of excision wound creation.Avicenna J. Phytomed.20155210511225949951
     [Google Scholar]
  134. KianitalaeiA. FeyzabadiZ. HamediS. QaraatyM. Althaea officinalis in traditional medicine and modern phytotherapy.J. Adv. Pharm. Educ. Res.20199S2155
     [Google Scholar]
  135. ShahS.M.A. AkhtarN. AkramM. ShahP.A. SaeedT. AhmedK. Pharmacological activity of Althaea officinalis L.J. Med. Plants Res.201152456625666
     [Google Scholar]
  136. ValizadehR. HemmatiA.A. HoushmandG. BayatS. BahadoramM. Wound healing potential of Althaea officinalis flower mucilage in rabbit full thickness wounds.Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed.201551193794310.1016/j.apjtb.2015.07.018
     [Google Scholar]
  137. TangJ. MengX. LiuH. ZhaoJ. ZhouL. QiuM. ZhangX. YuZ. YangF. Antimicrobial activity of sphingolipids isolated from the stems of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.).Molecules201015129288929710.3390/molecules1512928821160453
     [Google Scholar]
  138. ZhuZ. WeiG. LiJ. QianQ. YuJ. Silicon alleviates salt stress and increases antioxidant enzymes activity in leaves of salt-stressed cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.).Plant Sci.2004167352753310.1016/j.plantsci.2004.04.020
     [Google Scholar]
  139. WahidS. AlqahtaniA. Alam KhanR. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects and safety profile of Cucurbita maxima and Cucumis sativus seeds.Saudi J. Biol. Sci.20212884334434110.1016/j.sjbs.2021.04.02034354417
     [Google Scholar]
  140. BegumH.A. AsadF. SadiqA. MulkS. AliK. 44. Antioxidant, antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of the seeds extract of Cucumis sativus Linn.Pure Appl. Biol.201981433441
     [Google Scholar]
  141. AgatemorU. NwodoO. AnosikeC. Anti-inflammatory activity of Cucumis sativus L.Br. J. Pharm. Res.2015821810.9734/BJPR/2015/19700
     [Google Scholar]
  142. NasrinF. BulbulI.J. AktarF. RashidM.A. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of cucumis sativus leaves.Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal201518216917310.3329/bpj.v18i2.24317
     [Google Scholar]
  143. PradhanD. BiswasroyP. SinghG. SuriK.A. Anti-ulcerogenic activity of Ethanolic Extract of Cucumis sativus L. against NSAID (Aspirin) induced Gastric Ulcer in wistar albino rats.Int. J. Herb. Med.20131115119
     [Google Scholar]
  144. PatilMVK KandhareAD BhiseSD Pharmacological evaluation of ameliorative effect of aqueous extract of Cucumis sativus L. fruit formulation on wound healing in Wistar rats. Chronicles young Sci. 201124207213
     [Google Scholar]
  145. VenkatachalamP SangeethaP GeethaN SahiSV Phytofabrication of bioactive molecules encapsulated metallic silver nanoparticles from Cucumis sativus L. and its enhanced wound healing potential in rat model.J Nanomaterials. 201519
     [Google Scholar]
  146. HeydariradG ChoopaniR. ‘Dry Mouth’’ from the perspective of traditional Persian medicine and comparison with current management. Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine16
     [Google Scholar]
  147. SakaiN. InadaK. OkamotoM. ShizuriY. FukuyamaY. Portuloside A, a monoterpene glucoside, from Portulaca oleracea.Phytochemistry19964261625162810.1016/0031‑9422(96)00202‑68722093
     [Google Scholar]
  148. ZhaoR. GaoX. CaiY. ShaoX. JiaG. HuangY. QinX. WangJ. ZhengX. Antitumor activity of Portulaca oleracea L. polysaccharides against cervical carcinoma in vitro and in vivo.Carbohydr. Polym.201396237638310.1016/j.carbpol.2013.04.02323768576
     [Google Scholar]
  149. Baradaran RahimiV. RakhshandehH. RaucciF. BuonoB. ShiraziniaR. Samzadeh KermaniA. MaioneF. MascoloN. AskariV.R. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity of Portulaca oleracea extract on LPS-induced rat lung injury.Molecules201924113910.3390/molecules2401013930609661
     [Google Scholar]
  150. KavehM. EidiA. NematiA. BoskabadyM.H. The extract of Portulaca oleracea and its constituent, alpha linolenic acid affects serum oxidant levels and inflammatory cells in sensitized rats.Iran. J. Allergy Asthma Immunol.201716325627028732439
     [Google Scholar]
  151. RahimiV.B. AjamF. RakhshandehH. AskariV.R. A pharmacological review on Portulaca oleracea L.: focusing on anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, immuno-modulatory and antitumor activities.J. Pharmacopuncture201922171510.3831/KPI.2019.22.00130988996
     [Google Scholar]
  152. LiC.Y. MengY.H. YingZ.M. XuN. HaoD. GaoM.Z. ZhangW.J. XuL. GaoY.C. YingX.X. Three novel alkaloids from Portulaca oleracea L. and their anti-inflammatory effects.J. Agric. Food Chem.201664295837584410.1021/acs.jafc.6b0267327396870
     [Google Scholar]
  153. ChanK. IslamM.W. KamilM. RadhakrishnanR. ZakariaM.N.M. HabibullahM. AttasA. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Portulaca oleracea L. subsp. sativa (Haw.) Celak.J. Ethnopharmacol.200073344545110.1016/S0378‑8741(00)00318‑411090998
     [Google Scholar]
  154. RashedA. AfifiF.U. DisiA.M. Simple evaluation of the wound healing activity of a crude extract of Portulaca oleracea L. (growing in Jordan) in Mus musculus JVI-1.J. Ethnopharmacol.2003882-313113610.1016/S0378‑8741(03)00194‑612963132
     [Google Scholar]
  155. KumarA. SharmaA. VijayakumarM. RaoC. Antiulcerogenic effect of ethanolic extract of Portulaca oleracea experimental study.Pharmacologyonline20101417432
     [Google Scholar]
  156. ImamM.Z. AkterS. Paradisiaca LMusa Sapientum L.Musa A phytochemical and pharmacological review.J. Appl. Pharm. Sci.2011151420
     [Google Scholar]
  157. YueiLP SingaramN HassanH Study of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Musa spp. peel20164653
     [Google Scholar]
  158. ScarminioV. FruetA.C. WitaicenisA. RallV.L.M. Di StasiL.C. Dietary intervention with green dwarf banana flour (Musa sp AAA) prevents intestinal inflammation in a trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid model of rat colitis.Nutr. Res.201232320220910.1016/j.nutres.2012.01.00222464807
     [Google Scholar]
  159. KumarK.P.S. BhowmikD. DuraivelS. UmadeviM. Traditional and medicinal uses of banana.J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem.2012135163
     [Google Scholar]
  160. AgarwalPK SinghA GauravK GoelS KhannaHD GoelRK Evaluation of wound healing activity of extracts of plantain banana (Musa sapientum var. paradisiaca) in rats. Indian J Exp Biol.2009 Jan4713240
     [Google Scholar]
  161. Ado AhmadB. Antiulcer activity of musa paradisiaca (banana) tepal and skin extracts in ulcer induced albino mice.Malays. J. Anal. Sci.20162051203121610.17576/mjas‑2016‑2005‑27
     [Google Scholar]
  162. PannangpetchP. VuttivirojanaA. KularbkaewC. TesanaS. KongyingyoesB. KukongviriyapanV. The antiulcerative effect of ThaiMusa species in rats.Phytother. Res.200115540741010.1002/ptr.76611507732
     [Google Scholar]
  163. SuvarnaP.I. PramodL.I. AnaghaM.J. To study analgesic activity of stem of Musa sapientum Linn.J. Pharm. Res.20092913811382
     [Google Scholar]
  164. kumar GangwarA. GhoshAK. SaxenaV. To evaluate the analgesic activity of leaves of Musa sapientum linn.J. Herb. Pharmacother.20055719
     [Google Scholar]
  165. RomaniA. CoinuR. CartaS. PinelliP. GalardiC. VincieriF.F. FranconiF. Evaluation of antioxidant effect of different extracts of Myrtus communis L.Free Radic. Res.20043819710310.1080/1071576031000162560915061659
     [Google Scholar]
  166. AlipourG. DashtiS. HosseinzadehH. Review of pharmacological effects of Myrtus communis L. and its active constituents.Phytother. Res.20142881125113610.1002/ptr.512224497171
     [Google Scholar]
  167. SisayM. GashawT. Ethnobotanical, ethnopharmacological, and phytochemical studies of Myrtus communis Linn: A popular herb in Unani system of medicine.J. Evid. Based Complementary Altern. Med.20172241035104310.1177/215658721771895828745081
     [Google Scholar]
  168. RaeiszadehM. Esmaeili-TarziM. Bahrampour-JuybariK. Nematollahi-mahaniS.N. PardakhtyA. NematollahiM.H. MehrabaniM. MehrabaniM. Evaluation the effect of Myrtus communis L. extract on several underlying mechanisms involved in wound healing: An in vitro study.S. Afr. J. Bot.201811814415010.1016/j.sajb.2018.07.006
     [Google Scholar]
  169. SamavatiV. ManoochehrizadeA. Polysaccharide extraction from Malva sylvestris and its anti-oxidant activity.Int. J. Biol. Macromol.20136042743610.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.04.05023612362
     [Google Scholar]
  170. PrudenteA.S. LoddiA.M.V. DuarteM.R. SantosA.R.S. PochapskiM.T. PizzolattiM.G. HayashiS.S. CamposF.R. PontaroloR. SantosF.A. CabriniD.A. OtukiM.F. Pre-clinical anti-inflammatory aspects of a cuisine and medicinal millennial herb: Malva sylvestris L.Food Chem. Toxicol.20135832433110.1016/j.fct.2013.04.04223684757
     [Google Scholar]
  171. RazaviS.M. ZarriniG. MolaviG. GhasemiG. Bioactivity of malva sylvestris L., a medicinal plant from iran.Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci.201114657457923493458
     [Google Scholar]
  172. AfsharM. RavarianB. ZardastM. MoallemS.A. FardM.H. ValaviM. Evaluation of cutaneous wound healing activity of Malva sylvestris aqueous extract in BALB/c mice.Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci.201518661662226221487
     [Google Scholar]
  173. PirbaloutiA.G. AziziS. KoohpayehA. HamediB. Wound healing activity of Malva sylvestris and Punica granatum in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.Acta Pol. Pharm.201067551151620873419
     [Google Scholar]
  174. HamediA. RezaeiH. AzarpiraN. JafarpourM. AhmadiF. Effects of Malva sylvestris and its isolated polysaccharide on experimental ulcerative colitis in rats.J. Evid. Based Complementary Altern. Med.2016211142210.1177/215658721558918426045553
     [Google Scholar]
  175. JabriM.A. WannesD. HajjiN. SaklyM. MarzoukiL. SebaiH. Role of laxative and antioxidant properties of Malva sylvestris leaves in constipation treatment.Biomed. Pharmacother.201789293510.1016/j.biopha.2017.02.02028214685
     [Google Scholar]
  176. ArenasP.M. MolaresS. Aguilar ContrerasA. DoumecqB. GabrielliF. Ethnobotanical, micrographic and pharmacological features of plant-based weight-loss products sold in naturist stores in Mexico City: the need for better quality control.Acta Bot. Bras.201327356057910.1590/S0102‑33062013000300014
     [Google Scholar]
  177. SeddighfarM. MirghazanfariS.M. DadpayM. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of hydroalcoholic extracts of Malva sylvestris, Carum carvi or Medicago sativa, and their combination in a rat model.J. Integr. Med.202018218118810.1016/j.joim.2020.02.00332113847
     [Google Scholar]
  178. MousaviS.M. HashemiS.A. BehbudiG. A review on health benefits of Malva sylvestris L.Nutritional compounds for metabolites, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antimicrobial applications. evidence-based Ccomplementary and Alternative Medicine Volume2021Article ID 5548404
     [Google Scholar]
  179. Al-AwadiF.M. SrikumarT.S. AnimJ.T. KhanI. Antiinflammatory effects of Cordia myxa fruit on experimentally induced colitis in rats.Nutrition200117539139610.1016/S0899‑9007(01)00517‑211377132
     [Google Scholar]
  180. Abdel-AleemE.R. AttiaE.Z. FaragF.F. SamyM.N. DesoukeyS.Y. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic and antidiabetic activities of Cordia myxa L. leaves.Clinical Phytoscience2019512910.1186/s40816‑019‑0125‑z
     [Google Scholar]
  181. SeyedianR. IsaviF. NajafiaslM. ZaeriS. Electrospun fibers loaded with Cordia myxa L. fruit extract: Fabrication, characterization, biocompatibility and efficacy in wound healing.J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol.20216310252810.1016/j.jddst.2021.102528
     [Google Scholar]
  182. RanjbarM. VarziH.N. SabbaghA. BolookiA. SazmandA. Study on analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of Cordia myxa fruit hydro-alcoholic extract.Pak. J. Biol. Sci.201316242066206910.3923/pjbs.2013.2066.206924517032
     [Google Scholar]
  183. InasZ.A. HalaA.K. GehanH.H. Gastroprotective effect of Cordia myxa L. fruit extract against indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration in rats.Life Sci. J.201183433445
     [Google Scholar]
  184. JamkhandeP.G. BardeS.R. PatwekarS.L. TidkeP.S. Plant profile, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Cordia dichotoma (Indian cherry): A review.Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed.20133121009101210.1016/S2221‑1691(13)60194‑X24093795
     [Google Scholar]
  185. KumariR.M. ThapaN. GuptaN. KumarA. NimeshS. Antibacterial and photocatalytic degradation efficacy of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized using Cordia dichotoma leaf extract.Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology20167404500910.1088/2043‑6262/7/4/045009
     [Google Scholar]
  186. FenwickG.R. LutomskiJ. NiemanC. Liquorice, Glycyrrhiza glabra L.—Composition, uses and analysis.Food Chem.199038211914310.1016/0308‑8146(90)90159‑2
     [Google Scholar]
  187. ZangenehA. PooyanmehrM. ZangenehM.M. MoradiR. RasadR. KazemiN. Therapeutic effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra aqueous extract ointment on cutaneous wound healing in Sprague Dawley male rats.Comp. Clin. Pathol.20192851507151410.1007/s00580‑019‑03007‑9
     [Google Scholar]
  188. RahnamaM. MehrabaniD. JaponiS. EdjtehadiM. Saberi FirooziM. The healing effect of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) on Helicobacter pylori infected peptic ulcers.J. Res. Med. Sci.201318653253324250708
     [Google Scholar]
  189. GuptaV.K. FatimaA. FaridiU. NegiA.S. ShankerK. KumarJ.K. RahujaN. LuqmanS. SisodiaB.S. SaikiaD. DarokarM.P. KhanujaS.P.S. Antimicrobial potential of Glycyrrhiza glabra roots.J. Ethnopharmacol.2008116237738010.1016/j.jep.2007.11.03718182260
     [Google Scholar]
  190. NitalikarM.M. MundeK.C. DhoreB.V. ShikalgarS.N. Studies of antibacterial activities of Glycyrrhiza glabra root extract.Int. J. Pharm. Tech. Res.201021899901
     [Google Scholar]
  191. ShiY. WuD. SunZ. YangJ. ChaiH. TangL. GuoY. Analgesic and uterine relaxant effects of isoliquiritigenin, a flavone from Glycyrrhiza glabra.Phytother. Res.20122691410141710.1002/ptr.371522389128
     [Google Scholar]
  192. ParsaeiP. BahmaniM. KarimiM. NaghdiN. Asadi-SamaniM. Rafieian-KopaeiM. A review of analgesic medicinal plants in Iran.Pharm. Lett.2016824351
     [Google Scholar]
  193. NimalaratneC. Lopes-LutzD. SchieberA. WuJ. Free aromatic amino acids in egg yolk show antioxidant properties.Food Chem.2011129115516110.1016/j.foodchem.2011.04.058
     [Google Scholar]
  194. XiaoN. ZhaoY. YaoY. WuN. XuM. DuH. TuY. Biological activities of egg yolk lipids: A review.J. Agric. Food Chem.20206871948195710.1021/acs.jafc.9b0661632009394
     [Google Scholar]
  195. SunN. ChenJ. BaoZ. WangD. AnB. LinS. Egg yolk phosphatidylethanolamine: Extraction optimization, antioxidative activity, and molecular structure profiling.J. Food Sci.20198451002101110.1111/1750‑3841.1451230977912
     [Google Scholar]
  196. MeramC. WuJ. Anti-inflammatory effects of egg yolk livetins (α, β, and γ-livetin) fraction and its enzymatic hydrolysates in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages.Food Res. Int.2017100Pt 144945910.1016/j.foodres.2017.07.03228873708
     [Google Scholar]
  197. HasanzadehGHR NouriA. HajiabadiM SoltanK. JavadiA. The effect of egg yolk on burn wound healing in Rats. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci200572610
     [Google Scholar]
  198. HojatiH HojatiH HojatiH HojatiH The effect of egg yolk and gum tragacunt ointment on wound healing: An experimental study on rabbits.J Med Res2004223339
     [Google Scholar]
  199. MahmoudiM. EbrahimzadehM.A. PourmoradF. RezaieN. MahmoudiM.A. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of egg yolk: A comparison between organic and machine made.Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci.201317447247623467945
     [Google Scholar]
  200. ZambrowiczA. PokoraM. EckertE. SzołtysikM. DąbrowskaA. ChrzanowskaJ. TrziszkaT. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of lecithin free egg yolk protein preparation hydrolysates obtained with digestive enzymes.Funct. Food Health Dis.201221248750010.31989/ffhd.v2i12.69
     [Google Scholar]
  201. ZambrowiczA. DąbrowskaA. BobakŁ. SzołtysikM. Egg yolk proteins and peptides with biological activity.Postepy Hig. Med. Dosw.2014681524152910.5604/17322693.113360025834095
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/ctm/10.2174/0122150838272445231127080059
Loading
A Review of Dysuria in Traditional Persian Medicine
Current Traditional Medicine 11, e230124226046 (2025); https://doi.org/10.2174/0122150838272445231127080059
/content/journals/ctm/10.2174/0122150838272445231127080059
/content/journals/ctm/10.2174/0122150838272445231127080059
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Review Article
Keyword(s): dysuria; food substances; medicinal herbs; Persian medicine; Traditional Iranian medicine; traditional medicine

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test