Skip to content
2000
image of Cataract Management in the Modern Era: Therapeutic Advances and Unmet Needs

Abstract

Cataract remains one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. Studies have shown that its onset is predominantly age-related, particularly affecting the elderly. According to the latest report by the World Health Organization (WHO), more than fifty percent of global blindness cases are attributed to cataracts alone. If timely and appropriate measures are not implemented, this percentage is projected to double in the coming decades. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop alternative approaches to manage cataracts more effectively, beyond the current reliance on surgical intervention. In recent years, researchers have been actively exploring simpler, non-surgical treatment options that could potentially dissolve cataracts in their early stages. The successful development of such therapies would mark a significant breakthrough and offer immense benefits to humanity. This article highlights the evolution of surgical techniques used in cataract management, from traditional practices to modern innovations, while also discussing emerging non-invasive strategies such as lanosterol-based pharmacotherapy, nanomedicine-driven drug delivery systems, and regenerative approaches like stem cell therapy. These advances signal a promising future for safer, more accessible, and more effective cataract care.

© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cpd/10.2174/0113816128409580250812000816
2025-10-09
2025-10-18

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/cpd/10.2174/0113816128409580250812000816
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Flaxman S.R. Bourne R.R.A. Resnikoff S. Ackland P. Braithwaite T. Cicinelli M.V. Das A. Jonas J.B. Keeffe J. Kempen J.H. Leasher J. Limburg H. Naidoo K. Pesudovs K. Silvester A. Stevens G.A. Tahhan N. Wong T.Y. Taylor H.R. Bourne R. Ackland P. Arditi A. Barkana Y. Bozkurt B. Braithwaite T. Bron A. Budenz D. Cai F. Casson R. Chakravarthy U. Choi J. Cicinelli M.V. Congdon N. Dana R. Dandona R. Dandona L. Das A. Dekaris I. Del Monte M. deva J. Dreer L. Ellwein L. Frazier M. Frick K. Friedman D. Furtado J. Gao H. Gazzard G. George R. Gichuhi S. Gonzalez V. Hammond B. Hartnett M.E. He M. Hejtmancik J. Hirai F. Huang J. Ingram A. Javitt J. Jonas J. Joslin C. Keeffe J. Kempen J. Khairallah M. Khanna R. Kim J. Lambrou G. Lansingh V.C. Lanzetta P. Leasher J. Lim J. Limburg H. Mansouri K. Mathew A. Morse A. Munoz B. Musch D. Naidoo K. Nangia V. Palaiou M. Parodi M.B. Pena F.Y. Pesudovs K. Peto T. Quigley H. Raju M. Ramulu P. Rankin Z. Resnikoff S. Reza D. Robin A. Rossetti L. Saaddine J. Sandar M. Serle J. Shen T. Shetty R. Sieving P. Silva J.C. Silvester A. Sitorus R.S. Stambolian D. Stevens G. Taylor H. Tejedor J. Tielsch J. Tsilimbaris M. van Meurs J. Varma R. Virgili G. Wang Y.X. Wang N-L. West S. Wiedemann P. Wong T. Wormald R. Zheng Y. Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990–2020: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2017 5 12 e1221 e1234 10.1016/S2214‑109X(17)30393‑5 29032195
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Steinmetz J.D. Bourne R.R.A. Briant P.S. Flaxman S.R. Taylor H.R.B. Jonas J.B. Abdoli A.A. Abrha W.A. Abualhasan A. Abu-Gharbieh E.G. Adal T.G. Afshin A. Ahmadieh H. Alemayehu W. Alemzadeh S.A.S. Alfaar A.S. Alipour V. Androudi S. Arabloo J. Arditi A.B. Aregawi B.B. Arrigo A. Ashbaugh C. Ashrafi E.D. Atnafu D.D. Bagli E.A. Baig A.A.W. Bärnighausen T.W. Battaglia Parodi M. Beheshti M.S. Bhagavathula A.S. Bhardwaj N. Bhardwaj P. Bhattacharyya K. Bijani A. Bikbov M. Bottone M. Braithwaite T.M. Bron A.M. Burugina Nagaraja S.A. Butt Z.A. Caetano dos Santos F.L.L. Carneiro V.L.J. Casson R.J. Cheng C-Y.J. Choi J-Y.J. Chu D-T. Cicinelli M.V.M. Coelho J.M.G. Congdon N.G.A. Couto R.A.A. Cromwell E.A.M. Dahlawi S.M. Dai X. Dana R. Dandona L. Dandona R.A. Del Monte M.A. Derbew Molla M. Dervenis N.A. Desta A.A.P. Deva J.P. Diaz D. Djalalinia S.E. Ehrlich J.R. Elayedath R.R. Elhabashy H.R.B. Ellwein L.B. Emamian M.H. Eskandarieh S. Farzadfar F.G. Fernandes A.G. Fischer F.S. Friedman D.S.M. Furtado J.M. Gaidhane S. Gazzard G. Gebremichael B. George R. Ghashghaee A. Gilani S.A. Golechha M. Hamidi S.R. Hammond B.R.R. Hartnett M.E.R.K. Hartono R.K. Hashi A.I. Hay S.I. Hayat K. Heidari G. Ho H.C. Holla R. Househ M.J. Huang J.J.E. Ibitoye S.E.M. Ilic I.M.D. Ilic M.D.D. Ingram A.D.N. Irvani S.S.N. Islam S.M.S. Itumalla R. Jayaram S.P. Jha R.P. Kahloun R. Kalhor R. Kandel H. Kasa A.S. Kavetskyy T.A. Kayode G.A.H. Kempen J.H. Khairallah M. Khalilov R.A. Khan E.A.C. Khanna R.C. Khatib M.N.A. Khoja T.A.E. Kim J.E. Kim Y.J. Kim G.R. Kisa S. Kisa A. Kosen S. Koyanagi A. Kucuk Bicer B. Kulkarni V.P. Kurmi O.P. Landires I.C. Lansingh V.C.L. Leasher J.L.E. LeGrand K.E. Leveziel N. Limburg H. Liu X. Madhava Kunjathur S. Maleki S. Manafi N. Mansouri K. McAlinden C.G. Meles G.G.M. Mersha A.M. Michalek I.M.R. Miller T.R. Misra S. Mohammad Y. Mohammadi S.F.A. Mohammed J.A.H. Mokdad A.H. Moni M.A.A. Montasir A.A.R. Morse A.R.F. Mulaw G.F.C. Naderi M. Naderifar H.S. Naidoo K.S. Naimzada M.D. Nangia V. Narasimha Swamy S.M. Naveed D.M. Negash H.L. Nguyen H.L. Nunez-Samudio V.A. Ogbo F.A. Ogundimu K.T. Olagunju A.T.E. Onwujekwe O.E. Otstavnov N.O. Owolabi M.O. Pakshir K. Panda-Jonas S. Parekh U. Park E-C. Pasovic M. Pawar S. Pesudovs K. Peto T.Q. Pham H.Q. Pinheiro M. Podder V. Rahimi-Movaghar V. Rahman M.H.U.Y. Ramulu P.Y. Rathi P. Rawaf S.L. Rawaf D.L. Rawal L. Reinig N.M. Renzaho A.M. Rezapour A.L. Robin A.L. Rossetti L. Sabour S. Safi S. Sahebkar A. Sahraian M.A.M. Samy A.M. Sathian B. Saya G.K. Saylan M.A. Shaheen A.A.A. Shaikh M.A.T. Shen T.T. Shibuya K.S. Shiferaw W.S. Shigematsu M. Shin J.I. Silva J.C. Silvester A.A. Singh J.A. Singhal D.S. Sitorus R.S. Skiadaresi E.Y. Skryabin V.Y.A. Skryabina A.A. Soheili A.B. Sorrie M.B.A.R.C. Sousa R.A.R.C.T. Sreeramareddy C.T. Stambolian D.G. Tadesse E.G. Tahhan N.I. Tareque M.I. Topouzis F.X. Tran B.X. Tsegaye G.K. Tsilimbaris M.K. Varma R. Virgili G. Vongpradith A.T. Vu G.T. Wang Y.X. Wang N.H. Weldemariam A.H.K. West S.K.G. Wondmeneh T.G.Y. Wong T.Y. Yaseri M. Yonemoto N. Yu C.S. Zastrozhin M.S. Zhang Z-J.R. Zimsen S.R. Resnikoff S. Vos T. Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: The right to sight: An analysis for the Global burden of disease study. Lancet Glob Health 2021 9 2 e144 e160 10.1016/S2214‑109X(20)30489‑7 33275949
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Heruye S.H. Maffofou Nkenyi L.N. Singh N.U. Yalzadeh D. Ngele K.K. Njie-Mbye Y.F. Ohia S.E. Opere C.A. Current trends in the pharmacotherapy of cataracts. Pharmaceuticals 2020 13 1 15 10.3390/ph13010015 31963166
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Pesudovs K. Lansingh V.C. Kempen J.H. Tapply I. Fernandes A.G. Cicinelli M.V. Arrigo A. Leveziel N. Resnikoff S. Taylor H.R. Sedighi T. Flaxman S. Bikbov M.M. Braithwaite T. Bron A. Cheng C-Y. Del Monte M.A. Ehrlich J.R. Ellwein L.B. Friedman D. Furtado J.M. Gazzard G. George R. Hartnett M.E. Jonas J.B. Kahloun R. Khairallah M. Khanna R.C. Leasher J. Little J-A. Nangia V. Nowak M. Peto T. Ramulu P. Topouzis F. Tsilimbaris M. Wang Y.X. Wang N. Bourne R. Pesudovs K. Lansingh V.C. Kempen J.H. Tapply I. Fernandes A.G. Cicinelli M.V. Arrigo A. Leveziel N. Briant P.S. Vos T. Resnikoff S. Flaxman S. Abate Y.H. Abdollahi M. Abdollahi M. Abebe A.M. Abiodun O. Aboagye R.G. Abrha W.A. Abualruz H. Ali H.A. Abu-Gharbieh E. Aburuz S. Adal T.G.G. Adane M.M. Addo I.Y. Adnani Q.E.S. Afzal M.S. Aghamiri S. Ahinkorah B.O. Ahmad A. Ahmad S. Ahmadi A. Ahmed A. Ahmed H. Alfaar A.S. Ali A. Ali S.S.S. Altaf A. Amu H. Androudi S. Anguita R. Anil A. Anvari S. Anyasodor A.E. Appiah F. Arabloo J. Arafat M. Areda D. Arefnezhad R. Aregawi B.B. Asgedom A.A. Ashraf T. Athari S.S. Atinafu B.T.T. Atout M.M.W. Atreya A. Ayatollahi H. Azzam A.Y. Babamohamadi H. Bagherieh S. Bahurupi Y. Baig A.A. Banik B. Bardhan M. Basu S. Batra K. Bayileyegn N.S. Bazvand F. Beyene A.S. Bhagat D.S. Bhagavathula A.S. Bhardwaj P. Bhaskar S. Bhatti J.S. Bikbov M. Bineshfar N. Birck M.G. Bitra V.R. Braithwaite T. Burkart K. Bustanji Y. Butt Z.A. dos Santos F.L.C. Cámera L.A. Carneiro V.L.A. Cenderadewi M. Chandrasekar E.K. Chattu V.K. Chitranshi N. Chopra H. Chu D-T. Coberly K. Coelho J.M. Cruz-Martins N. Dadras O. Dai X. Das S. Dascalu A.M. Dashti M. Dastmardi M. Demessa B.H. Demisse B. Dereje D. Derese A.M.A. Dervenis N. Devanbu V.G.C. Do T.C. Do T.H.P. dos Santos Figueiredo F.W. Dziedzic A.M. Edinur H.A. Efendi F. Ehrlich J.R. Ekholuenetale M. Ekundayo T.C. Sayed I.E. Elhadi M. Emamian M.H. Emamverdi M. Etemadimanesh A. Fagbamigbe A.F. Fahim A. Farrokhpour H. Fatehizadeh A. Feizkhah A. Desideri L.F. Fetensa G. Fischer F. Forouhari A. Foschi M. Fowobaje K.R. Gaidhane A.M. Gandhi A.P. Gebregergis M.W.W. Gebrehiwot M. Gebremariam B. Gerema U. Ghassemi F. Ghozy S. Golechha M. Goleij P. Goulart B.N.G. Guan S-Y. Gudisa Z. Gupta S. Gupta V.B. Gupta V.K. Haj-Mirzaian A. Halimi A. Hallaj S. Hamidi S. Harorani M. Hasani H. Heyi D.Z. Hoan N.Q. Holla R. Hong S.H. Hosseinzadeh M. Hu C. Huang J.J. Huynh H-H. Ibitoye S.E. Ilic I.M. Immurana M. Islam M.R. Islam S.M.S. Iwu C.C.D. Jacob L. Jairoun A.A. Janodia M.D. Jayaram S. Jindal H.A. Jokar M. Joseph N. Joshua C.E. Kadashetti V. Kalankesh L.R. Kalhor R. Kamath S. Kandel H. Kantar R.S. Karaye I.M. Kasraei H. Kaup S. Kaur N. Kaur R.J. Kayode G.A. Khader Y.S. Khajuria H. Khalilov R. Khatib M.N. Kisa A. Kosen S. Koyanagi A. Krishan K. Kulimbet M. Kumar N. Kurmi O.P. Lahariya C. Lan T. Landires I. Leasher J.L. Lee M. Lee S.W. Lee W-C. Lim S.S. Little J-A. Mahajan P.B. Maharaj S.B. Mahmoudi A. Mahmoudi R. Malhotra K. Mallhi T.H. Mansouri V. Manu E. Marzo R.R. Maugeri A. McAlinden C. Mebratu W. Meto T.M. Meng Y. Mersha A.M. Mestrovic T. Minh L.H.N. Misganaw A. Mishra M. Misra S. Mohamed N.S. Mohammadi S. Mohammed M. Mojiri-forushani H. Mokdad A.H. Vardanjani H.M. Moni M.A. Montazeri F. Moradi M. Motappa R. Mousavi P. Mulita A. Murray C.J.L. Naik G.R. Naik G. Nargus S. Natto Z.S. Nayak B.P. Negaresh M. Negash H. Nguyen D.H. Nguyen P.T. Nguyen V.T. Niazi R.K. Okonji O.C. Olagunju A.T. Olatubi M.I. Ordak M. Osuagwu U.L. Otstavnov N. Owolabi M.O. Padubidri J.R. Pandey A. Panos G.D. Pardhan S. Park S. Patel J. Pawar S. Peprah P. Petcu I-R. Peyman A. Pham H.T. Pourazizi M. Quan N.K. Rahim F. Rahimi-Movaghar V. Rahman M.H.U. Rajaa S. Ramasamy S.K. Ramasubramani P. Ranjan S. Rashidi M-M. Rath R.S. Rauf A.U. Rawaf S. Damavandi A.R. Redwan E.M.M. Roy P. Pramanik K.R. Saadatian Z. Sabour S. Saddik B. Saeed U. Safi S. Safi S.Z. Saghazadeh A. Sharif-Askari F.S. Sahebkar A. Sahraian M.A. Sakshaug J.W. Saleh M.A. Samadzadeh S. Samodra Y.L. Samuel V.P. Samy A.M. Saravanan A. Selvaraj S. Semnani F. Senapati S. Sethi Y. Seyedi S.A. Seylani A. Shaheen A.A. Shahid S. Shahwan M.J. Shaikh M.A. Sham S. Shamim M.A. Shannawaz M. Shashamo B.B. Shayan M. Shittu A. Shiue I. Shivakumar K.M. Shorofi S.A. Sibhat M.M. Siddig E.E. Silva J.C. Singh J.A. Singh P. Skiadaresi E. Solomon Y. Sousa R.A.R.C. Sreeramareddy C.T. Starodubov V.I. Subramaniam M.D. Susanty S. Tabatabaei S.M. Taye B.T. Teklay G. Temsah M-H. Terefa D.R. Ticoalu J.H.V. Toma T.M. Tsatsakis A. Tsegay G.M. Tumurkhuu M. Tusa B.S. Ty S.S. Ubah C.S. Umair M. Umar T.P. Valizadeh R. Van den Eynde J. Watson S.L.W. Wonde T.E. Wondimagegn G.S. Xiao H. Yao Y. Nia I.Y. Yiğit A. Yismaw Y. Yon D.K. Yonemoto N. You Y. Yu C. Zastrozhin M.S. Zhao H. Ziafati M. Zielińska M. Zikarg Y.T. Zoladl M. Steinmetz J.D. Global estimates on the number of people blind or visually impaired by cataract: a meta-analysis from 2000 to 2020. Eye (Lond) 2024 38 11 2156 2172 10.1038/s41433‑024‑02961‑1 38461217
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Delbarre M. Froussart-Maille F. [Signs, symptoms, and clinical forms of cataract in adults]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2020 43 7 653 659 10.1016/j.jfo.2019.11.009 32586638
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Nartey A. The pathophysiology of cataract and major interventions to retarding its progression: A mini review. Adv Ophthal Visual Syst 2017 6 3 76 78 10.15406/aovs.2017.06.00178
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Solomon R. Donnenfeld E.D. Recent advances and future frontiers in treating age-related cataracts. JAMA 2003 290 2 248 251 10.1001/jama.290.2.248 12851280
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Wang L. Li X. Men X. Liu X. Luo J. Research progress on antioxidants and protein aggregation inhibitors in cataract prevention and therapy (Review). Mol Med Rep 2024 31 1 22 10.3892/mmr.2024.13387 39513587
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Ascaso F.J. Cristóbal J.A. The oldest cataract in the Nile Valley. J Cataract Refract Surg 2001 27 11 1714 1715 10.1016/S0886‑3350(01)01205‑6 11709231
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Bassnett S. Shi Y. Vrensen G.F.J.M. Biological glass: Structural determinants of eye lens transparency. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011 366 1568 1250 1264 10.1098/rstb.2010.0302 21402584
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Asbell P. Dualan I. Mindel J. Brocks D. Ahmad M. Epstein S. Age-related cataract. Lancet 2005 365 9459 599 609 10.1016/S0140‑6736(05)70803‑5 15708105
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Donaldson P.J. Grey A.C. Maceo Heilman B. Lim J.C. Vaghefi E. The physiological optics of the lens. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017 56 e1 e24 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.09.002 27639549
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Thrimawithana T.R. Rupenthal I.D. Räsch S.S. Lim J.C. Morton J.D. Bunt C.R. Drug delivery to the lens for the management of cataracts. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018 126 185 194 10.1016/j.addr.2018.03.009 29604375
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Pastor-Valero M. Fletcher A.E. de Stavola B.L. Chaqués-Alepúz V. Years of sunlight exposure and cataract: A case-control study in a Mediterranean population. BMC Ophthalmol 2007 7 1 18 10.1186/1471‑2415‑7‑18 18039367
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Drinkwater J.J. Davis W.A. Davis T.M.E. A systematic review of risk factors for cataract in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2019 35 1 e3073 10.1002/dmrr.3073 30209868
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Lindblad B.E. Håkansson N. Wolk A. Smoking cessation and the risk of cataract: A prospective cohort study of cataract extraction among men. JAMA Ophthalmol 2014 132 3 253 257 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.6669 24385206
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Xu Y. Liang A. Zheng X. Huang Z. Li Q. Su T. Wu Q. Fang Y. Hu Y. Sun W. Yu H. Zhang X. Sex-specific social, lifestyle, and physical health risk factors in cataracts development. Eye (Lond) 2024 38 15 2939 2946 10.1038/s41433‑024‑03193‑z 39075262
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Smeeth L. Boulis M. Hubbard R. Fletcher A.E. A population based case-control study of cataract and inhaled corticosteroids. Br J Ophthalmol 2003 87 10 1247 1251 10.1136/bjo.87.10.1247 14507760
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Yadav A. Choudhary R. Bodakhe S.H. Role of Nitric Oxide in the development of cataract formation in CdCl2-induced hypertensive animals. Curr Eye Res 2018 43 12 1454 1464 10.1080/02713683.2018.1501490 30015520
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Ascaso F.J. Lizana J. Cristóbal J.A. Cataract surgery in ancient Egypt. J Cataract Refract Surg 2009 35 3 607 608 10.1016/j.jcrs.2008.11.052 19251160
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Bohač M. Jagić M. Introductory Chapter: Refractive Surgery. Refractive Surgery-Types of Procedures, Risks, and Benefits IntechOpen 2022
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Grzybowski A. Ascaso F.J. Sushruta in 600 B.C. introduced extraocular expulsion of lens material. Acta Ophthalmol 2014 92 2 194 197 10.1111/aos.12037 23464869
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Erdurmuş M. Simavlı H. Aydın B. Cataracts: An Overview Elsevier 2019
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Davis G. The evolution of cataract surgery. Mo Med 2016 113 1 58 62 27039493
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Dean W. Sandford-Smith J. Eye surgery in hot climates JP Medical Publishers 2015 4th ed
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Shiels A. Hejtmancik J.F. Biology of inherited cataracts and opportunities for treatment. Annu Rev Vis Sci 2019 5 1 123 149 10.1146/annurev‑vision‑091517‑034346 31525139
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Kumari S.S. Gandhi J. Mustehsan M.H. Eren S. Varadaraj K. Functional characterization of an AQP0 missense mutation, R33C, that causes dominant congenital lens cataract, reveals impaired cell-to-cell adhesion. Exp Eye Res 2013 116 371 385 10.1016/j.exer.2013.09.019 24120416
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Blomstedt P. Cataract surgery in ancient Egypt. J Cataract Refract Surg 2014 40 3 485 489 10.1016/j.jcrs.2014.01.006 24485861
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Ruan X. Liu Z. Luo L. Liu Y. Structure of the lens and its associations with the visual quality. BMJ Open Ophthalmol 2020 5 1 e000459 10.1136/bmjophth‑2020‑000459 33024825
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Chang M.A. Congdon N.G. Baker S.K. Bloem M.W. Savage H. Sommer A. The surgical management of cataract: barriers, best practices and outcomes. Int Ophthalmol 2008 28 4 247 260 10.1007/s10792‑007‑9121‑2 17712529
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Greiner J.V. Chylack L.T. Posterior subcapsular cataracts: Histopathologic study of steroid-associated cataracts. Arch Ophthalmol 1979 97 1 135 144
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Spencer R.W. Andelman S.Y. Steroid cataracts, Posterior subcapsular cataract formation in rheumatoid arthritis patients on long term steroid therapy. Archiv Ophthalmol 1965 74 38 41
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Leffler C.T. Klebanov A. Samara W.A. Grzybowski A. The history of cataract surgery: From couching to phacoemulsification. Ann Transl Med 2020 8 22 1551 10.21037/atm‑2019‑rcs‑04 33313296
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Ting D.S.W. Tan S. Lee S.Y. Rosman M. Aw A.T. Yeo I.Y.S. Extracapsular cataract extraction training: junior ophthalmology residents’ self-reported satisfaction level with their proficiency and initial learning barrier. Postgrad Med J 2015 91 1077 368 372 10.1136/postgradmedj‑2014‑132961 26060314
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Chen Y. Ye Z. Chen H. Li Z. Breaking Barriers: Nanomedicine-Based Drug Delivery for Cataract Treatment. Int J Nanomedicine 2024 19 4021 4040 10.2147/IJN.S463679 38736657
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Liu Y. Song D. Zhang G. Bu Q. Dong Y. Hu C. Shi C. A novel electromagnetic driving system for 5-DOF manipulation in intraocular microsurgery. Cyborg Bionic Syt 2024 5 4 10.34133/cbsystems.0083
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Dawood Y.F. Issa A.F. Mohammed Ali S.S. Changes in anterior chamber biometry and intraocular pressure after uneventful phacoemulsification in non-glaucomatous eyes. Med Hypothesis Discov Innov Ophthalmol 2023 12 1 28 35 10.51329/mehdiophthal1467 37641670
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Jiang Z. Chen Z. Xu Y. Li H. Li Y. Peng L. Shan H. Liu X. Wu H. Wu L. Jian D. Su J. Chen X. Chen Z. Zhao S. Low-frequency ultrasound sensitive Piezo1 channels regulate keloid-related characteristics of fibroblasts. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024 11 14 e2305489 e2305489 10.1002/advs.202305489
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Gupta S.K. Selvan V.K. Agrawal S.S. Saxena R. Advances in pharmacological strategies for the prevention of cataract development. Indian J Ophthalmol 2009 57 3 175 183 10.4103/0301‑4738.49390 19384010
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Castroviejo R. Theoretical and practical study of the intracapsular cataract extraction. Am J Ophthalmol 1932 15 5 406 416 10.1016/S0002‑9394(32)92645‑2
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Go J.A. Mamalis C.A. Khandelwal S.S. Cataract surgery considerations for diabetic patients. Curr Diab Rep 2021 21 12 67 10.1007/s11892‑021‑01418‑z 34967932
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Hoffman R.S. Braga-Mele R. Donaldson K. Emerick G. Henderson B. Kahook M. Mamalis N. Miller K.M. Realini T. Shorstein N.H. Stiverson R.K. Wirostko B. Cataract surgery and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. J Cataract Refract Surg 2016 42 9 1368 1379 10.1016/j.jcrs.2016.06.006 27697257
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Chen X. Xu J. Chen X. Yao K. Cataract: Advances in surgery and whether surgery remains the only treatment in future. Adv Ophthalmol Pract Res 2021 1 1 100008 10.1016/j.aopr.2021.100008 37846393
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Awad A.A. Alkorbi H.A. Abu Serhan H. Charles Kelman: The Father of Phacoemulsification. Cureus 2024 16 6 e61727 38975537
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Boulter T. Bernhisel A. Mamalis C. Zaugg B. Barlow W.R. Olson R.J. Pettey J.H. Phacoemulsification in review: Optimization of cataract removal in an in vitro setting. Surv Ophthalmol 2019 64 6 868 875 10.1016/j.survophthal.2019.06.007 31276738
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Hoffman R.S. Fine I.H. Packer M. New phacoemulsification technology. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2005 16 1 38 43 10.1097/00055735‑200502000‑00007 15650578
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Benítez Martínez M. Baeza Moyano D. González-Lezcano R.A. Phacoemulsification: proposals for improvement in its application. Healthcare 2021 9 11 1603 1603 10.3390/healthcare9111603
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Batlle J.F. Lansingh V.C. Silva J.C. Eckert K.A. Resnikoff S. The cataract situation in Latin America: Barriers to cataract surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 2014 158 2 242 250.e1 10.1016/j.ajo.2014.04.019 24792101
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Chan C.C. Couching for Cataract in China. Surv Ophthalmol 2010 55 4 393 398 10.1016/j.survophthal.2010.02.001 20451942
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Kanellopoulos A.J. Asimellis G. Standard manual capsulorhexis / Ultrasound phacoemulsification compared to femtosecond laser-assisted capsulorhexis and lens fragmentation in clear cornea small incision cataract surgery. Eye Vis (Lond) 2016 3 1 20 10.1186/s40662‑016‑0050‑x 27478858
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Sugai S. Yoshitomi F. Oshika T. Transconjunctival single-plane sclerocorneal incisions versus clear corneal incisions in cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 2010 36 9 1503 1507 10.1016/j.jcrs.2010.03.045 20692562
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Alió J. Elkady B. Ortiz D. Corneal optical quality following sub 1.8 mm micro-incision cataract surgery vs. 2.2 mm mini-incision coaxial phacoemulsification. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 2010 17 1 94 99 10.4103/0974‑9233.61225 20543945
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Cavallini G.M. Verdina T. Forlini M. Volante V. De Maria M. Torlai G. Benatti C. Delvecchio G. Long-term follow-up for bimanual microincision cataract surgery: comparison of results obtained by surgeons in training and experienced surgeons. Clin Ophthalmol 2016 10 979 987 27307701
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Shentu X. Zhang X. Tang X. Yu X. Coaxial microincision cataract surgery versus standard coaxial small-incision cataract surgery: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 2016 11 1 e0146676 10.1371/journal.pone.0146676 26745279
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Helvacioglu F. Tunc Z. Yeter C. Oguzhan H. Sencan S. Ozil IP torsional mode versus combined torsional/longitudinal microcoaxial phacoemulsification. Eur J Ophthalmol 2012 22 6 936 942 10.5301/ejo.5000136 22427146
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Assil K. Harris L. Cecka J. Transverse vs torsional ultrasound: prospective randomized contralaterally controlled study comparing two phacoemulsification-system handpieces. Clin Ophthalmol 2015 9 1405 1411 10.2147/OPTH.S86660 26345628
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Nagy Z. New technology update: Femtosecond laser in cataract surgery. Clin Ophthalmol 2014 8 1157 1167 10.2147/OPTH.S36040 24970994
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Downie L.E. Busija L. Keller P.R. Blue-light filtering intraocular lenses (IOLs) for protecting macular health. Cochrane Libr 2018 2018 5 CD011977 10.1002/14651858.CD011977.pub2 29786830
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Packer M. Fine I.H. Hoffman R.S. Aspheric intraocular lens selection: The evolution of refractive cataract surgery. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2008 19 1 1 4 10.1097/ICU.0b013e3282f2d791 18090888
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Bauer N.J.C. de Vries N.E. Webers C.A.B. Hendrikse F. Nuijts R.M.M.A. Astigmatism management in cataract surgery with the AcrySof toric intraocular lens. J Cataract Refract Surg 2008 34 9 1483 1488 10.1016/j.jcrs.2008.05.031 18721707
    [Google Scholar]
  61. de Vries N.E. Nuijts R.M.M.A. Multifocal intraocular lenses in cataract surgery: Literature review of benefits and side effects. J Cataract Refract Surg 2013 39 2 268 278 10.1016/j.jcrs.2012.12.002 23332253
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Ong H.S. Evans J.R. Allan B.D.S. Accommodative intraocular lens versus standard monofocal intraocular lens implantation in cataract surgery. Cochrane Libr 2014 2014 5 CD009667 10.1002/14651858.CD009667.pub2 24788900
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Sun H. Fritz A. Dröge G. Neuhann T. Bille J.F. Bille J.F. Femtosecond-Laser-Assisted Cataract Surgery (FLACS). High Resolution Imaging in Microscopy and Ophthalmology: New Frontiers in Biomedical Optics, Springer Copyright 2019, The Author(s) Cham, CH Springer 2019 301 317 10.1007/978‑3‑030‑16638‑0_14
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Narayan A. Evans J.R. O’Brart D. Bunce C. Gore D.M. Day A.C. Laser-assisted cataract surgery versus standard ultrasound phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023 6 6 CD010735 37369549
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Roberts H.W. Day A.C. O’Brart D.P.S. Femtosecond laser–assisted cataract surgery: A review. Eur J Ophthalmol 2020 30 3 417 429 10.1177/1120672119893291 31801354
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Grewal D.S. Schultz T. Basti S. Dick H.B. Femtosecond laser–assisted cataract surgery—current status and future directions. Surv Ophthalmol 2016 61 2 103 131 10.1016/j.survophthal.2015.09.002 26409902
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Li S. Jie Y. Cataract surgery and lens implantation. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2019 30 1 39 43 10.1097/ICU.0000000000000547 30335627
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Kałuzny J. Kałuzny B.J. Microincision cataract surgery. Klin Oczna 2005 107 7-9 426 430 16416989
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Dewey S. Beiko G. Braga-Mele R. Nixon D.R. Raviv T. Rosenthal K. Microincisions in cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 2014 40 9 1549 1557 10.1016/j.jcrs.2014.07.006 25135548
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Alió J.L. Soria F. Abdou A.A. Peña-García P. Fernández-Buenaga R. Javaloy J. Comparative outcomes of bimanual MICS and 2.2-mm coaxial phacoemulsification assisted by femtosecond technology. J Refractive Surg 2014 30 34 40
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Hu T. Meng S. Liu C. Fang W. Xia Z. Hu Y. Luo J. Xia X. LCN2 deficiency mitigates the neuroinflammatory damage following acute glaucoma. Theranostics 2025 15 7 2967 2990 10.7150/thno.104752 40083945
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Weikert M.P. Update on bimanual microincisional cataract surgery. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2006 17 1 62 67 10.1097/01.icu.0000193069.32369.e1 16436926
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Yang J. Wang X. Zhang H. Pang Y. Wei R.H. Clinical evaluation of surgery-induced astigmatism in cataract surgery using 2.2 mm or 1.8 mm clear corneal micro-incisions. Int J Ophthalmol 2017 10 1 68 71 28149779
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Elkady B. Piñero D. Alió J.L. Corneal incision quality: Microincision cataract surgery versus microcoaxial phacoemulsification. J Cataract Refract Surg 2009 35 3 466 474 10.1016/j.jcrs.2008.11.047 19251139
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Gutierrez L. Lim J.S. Foo L.L. Ng W.Y. Yip M. Lim G.Y.S. Wong M.H.Y. Fong A. Rosman M. Mehta J.S. Lin H. Ting D.S.J. Ting D.S.W. Application of artificial intelligence in cataract management: Current and future directions. Eye Vis (Lond) 2022 9 1 3 10.1186/s40662‑021‑00273‑z 34996524
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Goh J.H.L. Lim Z.W. Fang X. Anees A. Nusinovici S. Rim T.H. Cheng C.Y. Tham Y.C. Artificial Intelligence for cataract detection and management. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2020 9 2 88 95 10.1097/01.APO.0000656988.16221.04 32349116
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Lindegger D.J. Wawrzynski J. Saleh G.M. Evolution and applications of artificial intelligence to cataract surgery. Ophthalmol Sci 2022 2 3 100164 10.1016/j.xops.2022.100164 36245750
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Tong Y. Lu W. Yu Y. Shen Y. Application of machine learning in ophthalmic imaging modalities. Eye Vis (Lond) 2020 7 1 22 10.1186/s40662‑020‑00183‑6 32322599
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Son K.Y. Ko J. Kim E. Lee S.Y. Kim M.J. Han J. Shin E. Chung T.Y. Lim D.H. Deep learning-based cataract detection and grading from slit-lamp and retro-illumination photographs. Ophthalmol Sci 2022 2 2 100147 10.1016/j.xops.2022.100147 36249697
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Garcia Nespolo R. Yi D. Cole E. Valikodath N. Luciano C. Leiderman Y.I. Evaluation of Artificial Intelligence–based intraoperative guidance tools for phacoemulsification cataract surgery. JAMA Ophthalmol 2022 140 2 170 177 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.5742 35024773
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Bates A. Clarity unveiled: A journey through time in cataract surgery. J Perioper Pract 2025 2025 17504589241264400 10.1177/17504589241264400 39803782
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Han G.R. Goncharov A. Eryilmaz M. Ye S. Palanisamy B. Ghosh R. Lisi F. Rogers E. Guzman D. Yigci D. Tasoglu S. Di Carlo D. Goda K. McKendry R.A. Ozcan A. Machine learning in point-of-care testing: Innovations, challenges, and opportunities. Nat Commun 2025 16 1 3165 10.1038/s41467‑025‑58527‑6 40175414
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Wah J.N.K. Revolutionizing surgery: AI and robotics for precision, risk reduction, and innovation. J Robot Surg 2025 19 1 47 10.1007/s11701‑024‑02205‑0 39776281
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Stopyra W. Langenbucher A. Grzybowski A. Intraocular lens power calculation formulas: A systematic review. Ophthalmol Ther 2023 12 6 2881 2902 10.1007/s40123‑023‑00799‑6 37698825
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Ryu S. Jun I. Kim T. Kim E.K. Seo K.Y. Accuracy of the kane formula for intraocular lens power calculation in comparison with existing formulas: A retrospective review. Yonsei Med J 2021 62 12 1117 1124 10.3349/ymj.2021.62.12.1117 34816642
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Trivedi R.H. Werner L. Apple D.J. Pandey S.K. Izak A.M. Post cataract-intraocular lens (IOL) surgery opacification. Eye (Lond) 2002 16 3 217 241 10.1038/sj.eye.6700066 12032712
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Luo C. Wang H. Chen X. Xu J. Yin H. Yao K. Recent advances of intraocular lens materials and surface modification in cataract surgery. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022 10 913383 10.3389/fbioe.2022.913383 35757812
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Wang S.Y. Stem M.S. Oren G. Shtein R. Lichter P.R. Patient-centered and visual quality outcomes of premium cataract surgery: A systematic review. Eur J Ophthalmol 2017 27 4 387 401 10.5301/ejo.5000978 28574135
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Hu F. Yang H. Qiu L. Wei S. Hu H. Zhou H. Spatial structure and organization of the medical device industry urban network in China: evidence from specialized, refined, distinctive, and innovative firms. Front Public Health 2025 13 1518327 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1518327 40161027
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Hoskin A.K. Philip S. Dain S.J. Mackey D.A. Spectacle‐related eye injuries, spectacle‐impact performance and eye protection. Clin Exp Optom 2015 98 3 203 209 10.1111/cxo.12283 25963111
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Ma J.J.K. Morad Y. Mau E. Brent H.P. Barclay R. Levin A.V. Contact lenses for the treatment of pediatric cataracts. Ophthalmology 2003 110 2 299 305 10.1016/S0161‑6420(02)01557‑9 12578770
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Efron N. Morgan P.B. Rethinking contact lens aftercare. Clin Exp Optom 2017 100 5 411 431 10.1111/cxo.12588 28871604
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Salz J.J. Schlanger J.L. Prolonged wear soft contact lenses. J Am Intraocul Implant Soc 1980 6 3 246 248 10.1016/S0146‑2776(80)80070‑X 7410173
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Zvorničanin J. Zvorničanin E. Premium intraocular lenses: The past, present and future. J Curr Ophthalmol 2018 30 4 287 296 10.1016/j.joco.2018.04.003 30555960
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Yang L. Li J. Zhou B. Wang Y. An injectable copolymer for in situ lubrication effectively relieves dry eye disease. ACS Mater Lett 2025 7 3 884 890 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.4c02327
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Nadeem S. Cataract surgery: Historical devices, modern innovations, and future perspectives. Expert Rev Med Devices 2024 21 11 991 994 10.1080/17434440.2024.2419477 39431615
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Sukhija J. Kaur S. Ram J. Outcome of primary intraocular lens implantation in infants: Complications and rates of additional surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 2016 42 7 1060 1065 10.1016/j.jcrs.2016.04.028 27492106
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Werner L. Intraocular Lenses. Ophthalmology 2021 128 11 e74 e93 10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.06.055 32619547
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Karayilan M. Clamen L. Becker M.L. Polymeric materials for eye surface and intraocular applications. Biomacromolecules 2021 22 2 223 261 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01525 33405900
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Pohjalainen T. Vesti E. Uusitalo R.J. Laatikainen L. Phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation in eyes with open‐angle glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2001 79 3 313 316 10.1034/j.1600‑0420.2001.790322.x 11401647
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Tan N. Zheng D. Ye J. Comparison of visual performance after implantation of 3 types of intraocular lenses: accommodative, multifocal, and monofocal. Eur J Ophthalmol 2014 24 5 693 698 10.5301/ejo.5000425 24474378
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Wu Z. Sun W. Wang C. Clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of pembrolizumab-induced uveitis. Invest New Drugs 2024 42 5 510 517 10.1007/s10637‑024‑01464‑w 39141261
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Authors C. Bailey H.S. CADTH Health Technology Review, Intraocular Lenses for Cataract Surgery: CADTH Health Technology Review Ottawa, ON Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health 2023
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Ram J. Singh R. Gupta R. Bhutani G. Gupta P.C. Sukhija J. Toric intraocular lens implantation in children with developmental cataract and preexisting corneal astigmatism. Acta Ophthalmol 2017 95 2 e95 e100 10.1111/aos.13220 27573881
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Vacalebre M. Frison R. Corsaro C. Neri F. Santoro A. Conoci S. Anastasi E. Curatolo M.C. Fazio E. Current state of the art and next generation of materials for a customized intraocular lens according to a patient-specific Eye power. Polymers 2023 15 6 1590 10.3390/polym15061590 36987370
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Banh A. Bantseev V. Choh V. Moran K.L. Sivak J.G. The lens of the eye as a focusing device and its response to stress. Prog Retin Eye Res 2006 25 2 189 206 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2005.10.001 16330238
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Zhang K. He W. Du Y. Zhou Y. Wu X. Zhu J. Zhu X. Zhang K. Lu Y. Inhibitory effect of lanosterol on cataractous lens of cynomolgus monkeys using a subconjunctival drug release system. Precis Clin Med 2022 5 3 pbac021 10.1093/pcmedi/pbac021 36196296
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Chemerovski-Glikman M. Mimouni M. Dagan Y. Haj E. Vainer I. Allon R. Blumenthal E.Z. Adler-Abramovich L. Segal D. Gazit E. Zayit-Soudry S. Rosmarinic acid restores complete transparency of sonicated human cataract ex vivo and delays cataract formation in Vivo. Sci Rep 2018 8 1 9341 10.1038/s41598‑018‑27516‑9 29921877
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Lou M.F. Xu G.T. Zigler S. York B. Inhibition of naphthalene cataract in rats by aldose reductase inhibitors. Curr Eye Res 1996 15 4 423 432 10.3109/02713689608995833 8670742
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Sasaki T. Yamakoshi J. Saito M. Kasai K. Matsudo T. Koga T. Mori K. Antioxidative activities of 4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanones and their anti-cataract effect on spontaneous cataract rat (ICR/f). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1998 62 10 1865 1869 10.1271/bbb.62.1865 9836421
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Manikandan R. Thiagarajan R. Beulaja S. Sudhandiran G. Arumugam M. Curcumin prevents free radical-mediated cataractogenesis through modulations in lens calcium. Free Radic Biol Med 2010 48 4 483 492 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.11.011 19932168
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Muthenna P. Raghu G. Akileshwari C. Sinha S.N. Suryanarayana P. Reddy G.B. Inhibition of protein glycation by procyanidin-B2 enriched fraction of cinnamon: Delay of diabetic cataract in rats. IUBMB Life 2013 65 11 941 950 10.1002/iub.1214 24136906
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Vu J.T. Wang E. Wu J. Sun Y.J. Velez G. Bassuk A.G. Lee S.H. Mahajan V.B. Calpains as mechanistic drivers and therapeutic targets for ocular disease. Trends Mol Med 2022 28 8 644 661 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.05.007 35641420
    [Google Scholar]
  114. Sasikala V. Rooban B.N. Sahasranamam V. Abraham A. Rutin ameliorates free radical mediated cataract by enhancing the chaperone activity of α-crystallin. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2013 251 7 1747 1755 10.1007/s00417‑013‑2281‑z 23412395
    [Google Scholar]
  115. Chennamaneni S.R. Mamalis C. Archer B. Oakey Z. Ambati B.K. Development of a novel bioerodible dexamethasone implant for uveitis and postoperative cataract inflammation. J Control Release 2013 167 53 59 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.01.007.
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Hernandez-Montelongo J. Naveas N. Degoutin S. Tabary N. Chai F. Spampinato V. Ceccone G. Rossi F. Torres-Costa V. Manso-Silvan M. Martel B. Porous silicon-cyclodextrin based polymer composites for drug delivery applications. Carbohydr Polym 2014 110 238 252 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.002 24906752
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Xu L. Qiu W.X. Liu W.L. Zhang C. Zou M.Z. Sun Y.X. Zhang X.Z. PLA–PEG micelles loaded with a classic vasodilator for oxidative cataract prevention. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019 5 2 407 412 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01089 33405805
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Sharma U.K. Verma A. Prajapati S.K. Pandey H. Pandey A.C. in vitro, in vivo and pharmacokinetic assessment of amikacin sulphate laden polymeric nanoparticles meant for controlled ocular drug delivery. Appl Nanosci 2015 5 2 143 155 10.1007/s13204‑014‑0300‑y
    [Google Scholar]
  119. Yu F. Zheng M. Zhang A.Y. Han Z. A cerium oxide loaded glycol chitosan nano-system for the treatment of dry eye disease. J Control Release 2019 315 40 54 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.10.039
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Zhang J. Wang S. Topical use of Coenzyme Q10-loaded liposomes coated with trimethyl chitosan: Tolerance, precorneal retention and anti-cataract effect. Int J Pharm 2009 372 1-2 66 75 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.01.001 19437594
    [Google Scholar]
  121. Başaran E. Demirel M. Sırmagül B. Yazan Y. Cyclosporine-A incorporated cationic solid lipid nanoparticles for ocular delivery. J Microencapsul 2010 27 1 37 47 10.3109/02652040902846883 19545226
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Zhang W. Li X. Ye T. Chen F. Sun X. Kong J. Yang X. Pan W. Li S. Design, characterization, and in vitro cellular inhibition and uptake of optimized genistein-loaded NLC for the prevention of posterior capsular opacification using response surface methodology. Int J Pharm 2013 454 1 354 366 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.07.032 23876384
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Romanelli L. Valeri P. Morrone L.A. Pimpinella G. Graziani G. Tita B. Ocular absorption and distribution of bendazac after topical administration to rabbits with different vehicles. Life Sci 1994 54 13 877 885 10.1016/0024‑3205(94)00624‑5 8139376
    [Google Scholar]
  124. Grama C.N. Suryanarayana P. Patil M.A. Raghu G. Balakrishna N. Kumar M.N.V.R. Reddy G.B. Efficacy of biodegradable curcumin nanoparticles in delaying cataract in diabetic rat model. PLoS One 2013 8 10 e78217 10.1371/journal.pone.0078217 24155984
    [Google Scholar]
  125. Zeng W. Li Q. Wan T. Liu C. Pan W. Wu Z. Zhang G. Pan J. Qin M. Lin Y. Wu C. Xu Y. Hyaluronic acid-coated niosomes facilitate tacrolimus ocular delivery: Mucoadhesion, precorneal retention, aqueous humor pharmacokinetics, and transcorneal permeability. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016 141 28 35 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.01.014 26820107
    [Google Scholar]
  126. Tayel S.A. El-Nabarawi M.A. Tadros M.I. Abd-Elsalam W.H. Promising ion-sensitive in situ ocular nanoemulsion gels of terbinafine hydrochloride: Design, in vitro characterization and in vivo estimation of the ocular irritation and drug pharmacokinetics in the aqueous humor of rabbits. Int J Pharm 2013 443 1-2 293 305 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.12.049 23333217
    [Google Scholar]
  127. Gautam D. Pedler M.G. Nair D.P. Petrash J.M. Nanogel-facilitated in-situ delivery of a cataract inhibitor. Biomolecules 2021 11 8 1150 10.3390/biom11081150 34439816
    [Google Scholar]
  128. Tripathi P. Akhter Y. Khurshid M. Lakra A. Keshari R. Vatsa M. Singh R.J.C.V. Understanding I. Understanding, MTCD: Cataract detection via near infrared eye images. arXiv 2022
    [Google Scholar]
  129. Allinson R.W. Metrikin D.C. Fante R.G. Incidence of vitreous loss among third-year residents performing phacoemulsification. Ophthalmology 1992 99 5 726 730 10.1016/S0161‑6420(92)31904‑9 1594218
    [Google Scholar]
  130. Vashist P. Senjam S.S. Gupta V. Gupta N. Shamanna B.R. Wadhwani M. Shukla P. Manna S. Yadav S. Bharadwaj A. Blindness and visual impairment and their causes in India: Results of a nationally representative survey. PLoS One 2022 17 7 e0271736 10.1371/journal.pone.0271736 35862402
    [Google Scholar]
  131. Alswailmi F.K. Global prevalence and causes of visual impairment with special reference to the general population of Saudi Arabia. Pakistan J Med Sci 2018 34 3 751 756
    [Google Scholar]
  132. Tsai C.H. Wang P.Y. Lin I.C. Huang H. Liu G.S. Tseng C.L. Ocular drug delivery: Role of degradable polymeric nanocarriers for ophthalmic application. Int J Mol Sci 2018 19 9 2830 10.3390/ijms19092830 30235809
    [Google Scholar]
  133. Musa I. Bansal S. Kaleem M.A. Barriers to care in the treatment of glaucoma: Socioeconomic nlms that impact the diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes in glaucoma patients. Curr Ophthalmol Rep 2022 10 3 85 90 10.1007/s40135‑022‑00292‑6 35911786
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/cpd/10.2174/0113816128409580250812000816
Loading
Cataract Management in the Modern Era: Therapeutic Advances and Unmet Needs
Bentham Science Publishers ; https://doi.org/10.2174/0113816128409580250812000816
/content/journals/cpd/10.2174/0113816128409580250812000816
/content/journals/cpd/10.2174/0113816128409580250812000816
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Review Article
Keywords: phacoemulsification ; couching ; femtosecond laser ; Cataract ; dropless ; intraocular lenses

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test