Skip to content
2000
Volume 32, Issue 9
  • ISSN: 1381-6128
  • E-ISSN: 1873-4286

Abstract

Despite significant advancements in medical science, cancer continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. A key factor contributing to this persistent burden is the emergence of resistance to conventional therapeutic modalities, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery. This phenomenon of drug resistance significantly hampers the efficacy of these treatments, leading to therapeutic failure and poor clinical outcomes. A detailed understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying drug resistance is crucial for devising targeted strategies to overcome these barriers. In this review, we aim to critically assess and highlight various approaches that can effectively reduce chemotherapy resistance, with the goal of improving the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapy and enhancing overall patient survival.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cpd/10.2174/0113816128380235250627143945
2025-07-14
2026-03-01
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Health, United States, 2015: With Special Feature on Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. In: Hyattsville (MD).National Center for Health Statistics (US)2016 27308685
    [Google Scholar]
  2. DebelaD.T. MuzazuS.G.Y. HeraroK.D. New approaches and procedures for cancer treatment: Current perspectives.SAGE Open Med.202192050312121103436610.1177/20503121211034366 34408877
    [Google Scholar]
  3. HaiderT. TiwariR. VyasS.P. SoniV. Molecular determinants as therapeutic targets in cancer chemotherapy: An update.Pharmacol. Ther.20192008510910.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.04.011 31047907
    [Google Scholar]
  4. BoehmT. FolkmanJ. BrowderT. O’ReillyM.S. Antiangiogenic therapy of experimental cancer does not induce acquired drug resistance.Nature1997390665840440710.1038/37126 9389480
    [Google Scholar]
  5. MansooriB. MohammadiA. DavudianS. ShirjangS. BaradaranB. The different mechanisms of cancer drug resistance: A brief review.Adv. Pharm. Bull.20177333934810.15171/apb.2017.041 29071215
    [Google Scholar]
  6. HousmanG. BylerS. HeerbothS. Drug resistance in cancer: An overview.Cancers2014631769179210.3390/cancers6031769 25198391
    [Google Scholar]
  7. WangX. ZhangH. ChenX. Drug resistance and combating drug resistance in cancer.Cancer Drug Resist.20192214116010.20517/cdr.2019.10 34322663
    [Google Scholar]
  8. LippertT.H. RuoffH.J. VolmM. Intrinsic and acquired drug resistance in malignant tumors. The main reason for therapeutic failure.Arzneimittelforschung2008586261264 18677966
    [Google Scholar]
  9. KeldermanS. SchumacherT.N.M. HaanenJ.B.A.G. Acquired and intrinsic resistance in cancer immunotherapy.Mol. Oncol.2014861132113910.1016/j.molonc.2014.07.011 25106088
    [Google Scholar]
  10. HuangD. DuanH. HuangH. Cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer cells is associated with HER2 upregulation-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition.Sci. Rep.2016612050210.1038/srep20502 26846307
    [Google Scholar]
  11. BurrellR.A. McGranahanN. BartekJ. SwantonC. The causes and consequences of genetic heterogeneity in cancer evolution.Nature2013501746733834510.1038/nature12625 24048066
    [Google Scholar]
  12. KresoA. DickJ.E. Evolution of the cancer stem cell model.Cell Stem Cell201414327529110.1016/j.stem.2014.02.006 24607403
    [Google Scholar]
  13. TurnerN.C. Reis-FilhoJ.S. Genetic heterogeneity and cancer drug resistance.Lancet Oncol.2012134e178e18510.1016/S1470‑2045(11)70335‑7 22469128
    [Google Scholar]
  14. MoulderS. Intrinsic resistance to chemotherapy in breast cancer.Womens Health (Lond. Engl.)20106682183010.2217/WHE.10.60 21118040
    [Google Scholar]
  15. GreavesM. MaleyC.C. Clonal evolution in cancer.Nature2012481738130631310.1038/nature10762 22258609
    [Google Scholar]
  16. KuczynskiE.A. SargentD.J. GrotheyA. KerbelR.S. Drug rechallenge and treatment beyond progression—implications for drug resistance.Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol.2013101057158710.1038/nrclinonc.2013.158 23999218
    [Google Scholar]
  17. GilletJ.P. CalcagnoA.M. VarmaS. Multidrug resistance-linked gene signature predicts overall survival of patients with primary ovarian serous carcinoma.Clin. Cancer Res.201218113197320610.1158/1078‑0432.CCR‑12‑0056 22492981
    [Google Scholar]
  18. TraversoN. RicciarelliR. NittiM. Role of glutathione in cancer progression and chemoresistance.Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev.2013201311010.1155/2013/972913 23766865
    [Google Scholar]
  19. DingL. LeyT.J. LarsonD.E. Clonal evolution in relapsed acute myeloid leukaemia revealed by whole-genome sequencing.Nature2012481738250651010.1038/nature10738 22237025
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Quintás-CardamaA. KantarjianH.M. CortesJ.E. Mechanisms of primary and secondary resistance to imatinib in chronic myeloid leukemia.Cancer Contr.200916212213110.1177/107327480901600204 19337198
    [Google Scholar]
  21. JabbourE.J. CortesJ.E. KantarjianH.M. Resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibition therapy for chronic myelogenous leukemia: A clinical perspective and emerging treatment options.Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk.201313551552910.1016/j.clml.2013.03.018 23890944
    [Google Scholar]
  22. KimuraS. AndoT. KojimaK. BCR-ABL point mutations and TKI treatment in CML patients.J. Hematol. Transfus.201423102210.47739/2333‑6684/1022
    [Google Scholar]
  23. ChallagundlaK.B. WiseP.M. NevianiP. Exosome-mediated transfer of microRNAs within the tumor microenvironment and neuroblastoma resistance to chemotherapy.J. Natl. Cancer Inst.20151077djv13510.1093/jnci/djv135 25972604
    [Google Scholar]
  24. SunY. Tumor microenvironment and cancer therapy resistance.Cancer Lett.2016380120521510.1016/j.canlet.2015.07.044 26272180
    [Google Scholar]
  25. WangY. CheethamA.G. AngacianG. SuH. XieL. CuiH. Peptide-drug conjugates as effective prodrug strategies for targeted delivery.Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.2017110-11111212610.1016/j.addr.2016.06.015 27370248
    [Google Scholar]
  26. WangM. ThanouM. Targeting nanoparticles to cancer.Pharmacol. Res.2010622909910.1016/j.phrs.2010.03.005 20380880
    [Google Scholar]
  27. AlfaroukK.O. StockC.M. TaylorS. Resistance to cancer chemotherapy: Failure in drug response from ADME to P-gp.Cancer Cell Int.20151517110.1186/s12935‑015‑0221‑1 26180516
    [Google Scholar]
  28. VadlapatlaR. VadlapudiA. PalD. MitraA. Mechanisms of drug resistance in cancer chemotherapy: Coordinated role and regulation of efflux transporters and metabolizing enzymes.Curr. Pharm. Des.201319407126714010.2174/13816128113199990493 23829373
    [Google Scholar]
  29. WuQ. YangZ. NieY. ShiY. FanD. Multi-drug resistance in cancer chemotherapeutics: Mechanisms and lab approaches.Cancer Lett.2014347215916610.1016/j.canlet.2014.03.013 24657660
    [Google Scholar]
  30. ChoiY. YuA.M. ABC transporters in multidrug resistance and pharmacokinetics, and strategies for drug development.Curr. Pharm. Des.201420579380710.2174/138161282005140214165212 23688078
    [Google Scholar]
  31. VasiliouV. VasiliouK. NebertD.W. Human ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family.Hum. Genomics20083328129010.1186/1479‑7364‑3‑3‑281 19403462
    [Google Scholar]
  32. WilkensS. Structure and mechanism of ABC transporters.F1000Prime Rep.201571410.12703/P7‑14 25750732
    [Google Scholar]
  33. BinkhathlanZ. LavasanifarA. P-glycoprotein inhibition as a therapeutic approach for overcoming multidrug resistance in cancer: Current status and future perspectives.Curr. Cancer Drug Targets201313332634610.2174/15680096113139990076 23369096
    [Google Scholar]
  34. AhmedF. HaassN.K. Microenvironment-driven dynamic heterogeneity and phenotypic plasticity as a mechanism of melanoma therapy resistance.Front. Oncol.2018817310.3389/fonc.2018.00173 29881716
    [Google Scholar]
  35. AllenJ.D. BrinkhuisR.F. WijnholdsJ. SchinkelA.H. The mouse Bcrp1/Mxr/Abcp gene: amplification and overexpression in cell lines selected for resistance to topotecan, mitoxantrone, or doxorubicin.Cancer Res.1999591742374241 10485464
    [Google Scholar]
  36. SalehanM.R. MorseH.R. DNA damage repair and tolerance: A role in chemotherapeutic drug resistance.Br. J. Biomed. Sci.2013701314010.1080/09674845.2013.11669927 23617096
    [Google Scholar]
  37. HelledayT. PetermannE. LundinC. HodgsonB. SharmaR.A. DNA repair pathways as targets for cancer therapy.Nat. Rev. Cancer20088319320410.1038/nrc2342 18256616
    [Google Scholar]
  38. De AngelisP. FjellB. KravikK. Molecular characterizations of derivatives of HCT116 colorectal cancer cells that are resistant to the chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil.Int. J. Oncol.20042451279128810.3892/ijo.24.5.1279 15067352
    [Google Scholar]
  39. De AngelisP.M. SvendsrudD.H. KravikK.L. StokkeT. Cellular response to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in 5-FU-resistant colon cancer cell lines during treatment and recovery.Mol. Cancer2006512010.1186/1476‑4598‑5‑20 16709241
    [Google Scholar]
  40. WangY. Schmid-BindertG. ZhouC. Erlotinib in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer: An update for clinicians.Ther. Adv. Med. Oncol.201241192910.1177/1758834011427927 22229045
    [Google Scholar]
  41. GridelliC. De MarinisF. Di MaioM. CortinovisD. CappuzzoF. MokT. Gefitinib as first-line treatment for patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer with activating epidermal growth factor receptor mutation: Review of the evidence.Lung Cancer201171324925710.1016/j.lungcan.2010.12.008 21216486
    [Google Scholar]
  42. TangJ. SalamaR. GadgeelS.M. SarkarF.H. AhmadA. Erlotinib resistance in lung cancer: Current progress and future perspectives.Front. Pharmacol.201341510.3389/fphar.2013.00015 23407898
    [Google Scholar]
  43. BellD.W. GoreI. OkimotoR.A. Inherited susceptibility to lung cancer may be associated with the T790M drug resistance mutation in EGFR.Nat. Genet.200537121315131610.1038/ng1671 16258541
    [Google Scholar]
  44. MaC. WeiS. SongY. T790M and acquired resistance of EGFR TKI: A literature review of clinical reports.J. Thorac. Dis.2011311018 22263058
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Dagogo-JackI. ShawA.T. Tumour heterogeneity and resistance to cancer therapies.Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol.2018152819410.1038/nrclinonc.2017.166 29115304
    [Google Scholar]
  46. ChenX. QianY. WuS. The Warburg effect: Evolving interpretations of an established concept.Free Radic. Biol. Med.20157925326310.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.08.027 25277420
    [Google Scholar]
  47. LandauD.A. CarterS.L. StojanovP. Evolution and impact of subclonal mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.Cell2013152471472610.1016/j.cell.2013.01.019 23415222
    [Google Scholar]
  48. NavinN. KrasnitzA. RodgersL. Inferring tumor progression from genomic heterogeneity.Genome Res.2010201688010.1101/gr.099622.109 19903760
    [Google Scholar]
  49. GerlingerM. RowanA.J. HorswellS. Intratumor heterogeneity and branched evolution revealed by multiregion sequencing.N. Engl. J. Med.20123661088389210.1056/NEJMoa1113205 22397650
    [Google Scholar]
  50. BashashatiA. HaG. ToneA. Distinct evolutionary trajectories of primary high‐grade serous ovarian cancers revealed through spatial mutational profiling.J. Pathol.20132311213410.1002/path.4230 23780408
    [Google Scholar]
  51. BurrellR.A. SwantonC. Tumour heterogeneity and the evolution of polyclonal drug resistance.Mol. Oncol.2014861095111110.1016/j.molonc.2014.06.005 25087573
    [Google Scholar]
  52. HanahanD. WeinbergR.A. Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation.Cell2011144564667410.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013 21376230
    [Google Scholar]
  53. HanahanD. CoussensL.M. Accessories to the crime: Functions of cells recruited to the tumor microenvironment.Cancer Cell201221330932210.1016/j.ccr.2012.02.022 22439926
    [Google Scholar]
  54. CaseyJ.R. GrinsteinS. OrlowskiJ. Sensors and regulators of intracellular pH.Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol.2010111506110.1038/nrm2820 19997129
    [Google Scholar]
  55. SwietachP. Vaughan-JonesR.D. HarrisA.L. HulikovaA. The chemistry, physiology and pathology of pH in cancer.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci.201436916382013009910.1098/rstb.2013.0099 24493747
    [Google Scholar]
  56. SharmaM. AstekarM. SoiS. ManjunathaB. ShettyD. RadhakrishnanR. pH gradient reversal: An emerging hallmark of cancers.Recent Patents Anticancer Drug Discov.201510324425810.2174/1574892810666150708110608 26152150
    [Google Scholar]
  57. TaylorS. SpugniniE.P. AssarafY.G. AzzaritoT. RauchC. FaisS. Microenvironment acidity as a major determinant of tumor chemoresistance: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) as a novel therapeutic approach.Drug Resist. Updat.201523697810.1016/j.drup.2015.08.004 26341193
    [Google Scholar]
  58. WebbB.A. ChimentiM. JacobsonM.P. BarberD.L. Dysregulated pH: A perfect storm for cancer progression.Nat. Rev. Cancer201111967167710.1038/nrc3110 21833026
    [Google Scholar]
  59. WojtkowiakJ.W. VerduzcoD. SchrammK.J. GilliesR.J. Drug resistance and cellular adaptation to tumor acidic pH microenvironment.Mol. Pharm.2011862032203810.1021/mp200292c 21981633
    [Google Scholar]
  60. FischerK.R. DurransA. LeeS. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is not required for lung metastasis but contributes to chemoresistance.Nature2015527757947247610.1038/nature15748 26560033
    [Google Scholar]
  61. DuB. ShimJ. Targeting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to overcome drug resistance in cancer.Molecules201621796510.3390/molecules21070965 27455225
    [Google Scholar]
  62. BrunenD. WillemsS. KellnerU. MidgleyR. SimonI. BernardsR. TGF-β: An emerging player in drug resistance.Cell Cycle201312182960296810.4161/cc.26034 23974105
    [Google Scholar]
  63. OshimoriN. OristianD. FuchsE. TGF-β promotes heterogeneity and drug resistance in squamous cell carcinoma.Cell2015160596397610.1016/j.cell.2015.01.043 25723170
    [Google Scholar]
  64. LiJ. LiuH. YuJ. YuH. Chemoresistance to doxorubicin induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition via upregulation of transforming growth factor β signaling in HCT116 colon cancer cells.Mol. Med. Rep.201512119219810.3892/mmr.2015.3356 25684678
    [Google Scholar]
  65. BholaN.E. BalkoJ.M. DuggerT.C. TGF-β inhibition enhances chemotherapy action against triple-negative breast cancer.J. Clin. Invest.201312331348135810.1172/JCI65416 23391723
    [Google Scholar]
  66. WuY GintherC KimJ MosherN ChungS. Expression of Wnt3 activates Wnt/β-catenin pathway and promotes EMT-like phenotype in trastuzumab-resistant HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells.Mol cancer Res MCR2012101597160610.1158/1541‑7786.MCR‑12‑0155‑T
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Della CorteC.M. BellevicineC. VicidominiG. SMO gene amplification and activation of the hedgehog pathway as novel mechanisms of resistance to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor drugs in human lung cancer.Clin. Cancer Res.201521204686469710.1158/1078‑0432.CCR‑14‑3319 26124204
    [Google Scholar]
  68. FreiE. KaronM. LevinR.H. The effectiveness of combinations of antileukemic agents in inducing and maintaining remission in children with acute leukemia.Blood196526564265610.1182/blood.V26.5.642.642 5321112
    [Google Scholar]
  69. BlagosklonnyM.V. Overcoming limitations of natural anticancer drugs by combining with artificial agents.Trends Pharmacol. Sci.2005262778110.1016/j.tips.2004.12.002 15681024
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Khdair A, Di Chen , Patil Y, et al Nanoparticle-mediated combination chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy overcomes tumor drug resistance.J. Control. Release2010141213714410.1016/j.jconrel.2009.09.004 19751777
    [Google Scholar]
  71. GottesmanM.M. FojoT. BatesS.E. Multidrug resistance in cancer: Role of ATP-dependent transporters.Nat. Rev. Cancer200221485810.1038/nrc706 11902585
    [Google Scholar]
  72. HanahanD. BergersG. BergslandE. Less is more, regularly: metronomic dosing of cytotoxic drugs can target tumor angiogenesis in mice.J. Clin. Invest.200010581045104710.1172/JCI9872 10772648
    [Google Scholar]
  73. GorskiD.H. BeckettM.A. JaskowiakN.T. Blockage of the vascular endothelial growth factor stress response increases the antitumor effects of ionizing radiation.Cancer Res.1999591433743378 10416597
    [Google Scholar]
  74. ChenK. HuangY. ChenJ. Understanding and targeting cancer stem cells: Therapeutic implications and challenges.Acta Pharmacol. Sin.201334673274010.1038/aps.2013.27 23685952
    [Google Scholar]
  75. TakebeN. MieleL. HarrisP.J. Targeting Notch, Hedgehog, and Wnt pathways in cancer stem cells: Clinical update.Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol.201512844546410.1038/nrclinonc.2015.61 25850553
    [Google Scholar]
  76. LearyM. HeerbothS. LapinskaK. SarkarS. Sensitization of drug resistant cancer cells: A matter of combination therapy.Cancers2018101248310.3390/cancers10120483 30518036
    [Google Scholar]
  77. DennyW.A. Prodrug strategies in cancer therapy.Eur. J. Med. Chem.2001367-857759510.1016/S0223‑5234(01)01253‑3 11600229
    [Google Scholar]
  78. MeijerC. MulderN.H. Timmer-BosschaH. SluiterW.J. MeersmaG.J. de VriesE.G. Relationship of cellular glutathione to the cytotoxicity and resistance of seven platinum compounds.Cancer Res.1992522468856889 1458477
    [Google Scholar]
  79. LongleyD.B. JohnstonP.G. Molecular mechanisms of drug resistance.J. Pathol.2005205227529210.1002/path.1706 15641020
    [Google Scholar]
  80. HughesL.R. StephensT.C. BoyleF.T. JackmanA.L. Raltitrexed (Tomudex TM), a highly polyglutamatable antifolate thymidylate synthase inhibitor.Antifolate drugs in cancer therapy Cancer Drug Discovery and Development. JackmanA.L. TotowaHumana Press199914716510.1007/978‑1‑59259‑725‑3_6
    [Google Scholar]
  81. HolohanC. Van SchaeybroeckS. LongleyD.B. JohnstonP.G. Cancer drug resistance: An evolving paradigm.Nat. Rev. Cancer2013131071472610.1038/nrc3599 24060863
    [Google Scholar]
  82. MarinJ.J. Al-AbdullaR. LozanoE. Mechanisms of resistance to chemotherapy in gastric cancer.Anticancer. Agents Med. Chem.201616331833410.2174/1871520615666150803125121 26234359
    [Google Scholar]
  83. HaiderT. PandeyV. BanjareN. GuptaP.N. SoniV. Drug resistance in cancer: Mechanisms and tackling strategies.Pharmacol. Rep.20207251125115110.1007/s43440‑020‑00138‑7 32700248
    [Google Scholar]
  84. GmeinerW.H. GhoshS. Nanotechnology for cancer treatment.Nanotechnol. Rev.201532111122 26082884
    [Google Scholar]
  85. KaiserJ. When less is more.Science201735563301144114610.1126/science.355.6330.1144 28302821
    [Google Scholar]
  86. MoriceauG. HugoW. HongA. Tunable-combinatorial mechanisms of acquired resistance limit the efficacy of BRAF/] MEK cotargeting but result in melanoma drug addiction.Cancer Cell201527224025610.1016/j.ccell.2014.11.018 25600339
    [Google Scholar]
  87. AminA.D. RajanS.S. LiangW.S. Evidence suggesting that discontinuous dosing of ALK kinase inhibitors may prolong control of ALK+ tumors.Cancer Res.201575142916292710.1158/0008‑5472.CAN‑14‑3437 26018086
    [Google Scholar]
  88. HayN. Reprogramming glucose metabolism in cancer: Can it be exploited for cancer therapy?Nat. Rev. Cancer2016161063564910.1038/nrc.2016.77 27634447
    [Google Scholar]
  89. ZhuA. LeeD. ShimH. Metabolic positron emission tomography imaging in cancer detection and therapy response.Semin. Oncol.2011381556910.1053/j.seminoncol.2010.11.012 21362516
    [Google Scholar]
  90. KoppenolW.H. BoundsP.L. DangC.V. Otto Warburg’s contributions to current concepts of cancer metabolism.Nat. Rev. Cancer201111532533710.1038/nrc3038 21508971
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Vander HeidenM.G. CantleyL.C. ThompsonC.B. Understanding the Warburg effect: The metabolic requirements of cell proliferation.Science200932459301029103310.1126/science.1160809 19460998
    [Google Scholar]
  92. CairnsR.A. HarrisI.S. MakT.W. Regulation of cancer cell metabolism.Nat. Rev. Cancer2011112859510.1038/nrc2981 21258394
    [Google Scholar]
  93. DengJ.J. ZhangW. XuX.M. Twist mediates an aggressive phenotype in human colorectal cancer cells.Int. J. Oncol.20164831117112410.3892/ijo.2016.3342 26782761
    [Google Scholar]
  94. HaslehurstA.M. KotiM. DharseeM. EMT transcription factors snail and slug directly contribute to cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer.BMC Cancer20121219110.1186/1471‑2407‑12‑91 22429801
    [Google Scholar]
  95. SiebzehnrublF.A. SilverD.J. TugertimurB. The ZEB1 pathway links glioblastoma initiation, invasion and chemoresistance.EMBO Mol. Med.2013581196121210.1002/emmm.201302827 23818228
    [Google Scholar]
  96. LazarovaD. BordonaroM. ZEB1 mediates drug resistance and EMT in p300-deficient CRC.J. Cancer2017881453145910.7150/jca.18762 28638460
    [Google Scholar]
  97. ZhouZ. ZhangL. XieB. FOXC2 promotes chemoresistance in nasopharyngeal carcinomas via induction of epithelial mesenchymal transition.Cancer Lett.2015363213714510.1016/j.canlet.2015.04.008 25896630
    [Google Scholar]
  98. ZhengX. CarstensJ.L. KimJ. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is dispensable for metastasis but induces chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer.Nature2015527757952553010.1038/nature16064 26560028
    [Google Scholar]
  99. SaxenaM. StephensM.A. PathakH. RangarajanA. Transcription factors that mediate epithelial-mesenchymal transition lead to multidrug resistance by upregulating ABC transporters.Cell Death Dis.201127e17910.1038/cddis.2011.61 21734725
    [Google Scholar]
  100. ZhuK. ChenL. HanX. WangJ. WangJ. Short hairpin RNA targeting Twist1 suppresses cell proliferation and improves chemosensitivity to cisplatin in HeLa human cervical cancer cells.Oncol. Rep.20122741027103410.3892/or.2012.1633 22245869
    [Google Scholar]
  101. TsouS.H. ChenT.M. HsiaoH.T. ChenY.H. A critical dose of doxorubicin is required to alter the gene expression profiles in MCF-7 cells acquiring multidrug resistance.PLoS One2015101e011674710.1371/journal.pone.0116747 25635866
    [Google Scholar]
  102. LiW. LiuC. TangY. LiH. ZhouF. LvS. Overexpression of Snail accelerates adriamycin induction of multidrug resistance in breast cancer cells.Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev.2011121025752580 22320957
    [Google Scholar]
  103. ChenW.J. WangH. TangY. LiuC.L. LiH.L. LiW.T. Multidrug resistance in breast cancer cells during epithelial-mesenchymal transition is modulated by breast cancer resistant protein.Chin. J. Cancer201029215115710.5732/cjc.009.10447 20109342
    [Google Scholar]
  104. HamadaS. SatohK. HirotaM. The homeobox gene MSX2 determines chemosensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells via the regulation of transporter gene ABCG2.J. Cell. Physiol.2012227272973810.1002/jcp.22781 21465479
    [Google Scholar]
  105. LeeS.H. OhS-Y. DoS.I. SOX2 regulates self-renewal and tumorigenicity of stem-like cells of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.Br. J. Cancer2014111112122213010.1038/bjc.2014.528 25321191
    [Google Scholar]
  106. MatoE. GonzálezC. MoralA. ABCG2/BCRP gene expression is related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition inducer genes in a papillary thyroid carcinoma cell line (TPC-1).J. Mol. Endocrinol.201452328930010.1530/JME‑14‑0051 24643400
    [Google Scholar]
  107. SunL. KeJ. HeZ. HES1 promotes colorectal cancer cell resistance to 5- Fluro uracil by inducing of EMT and ABC transporter proteins.J. Cancer20178142802280810.7150/jca.19142 28928869
    [Google Scholar]
  108. UchiboriK. KasamatsuA. SunagaM. Establishment and characterization of two 5-fluorouracil-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines.Int. J. Oncol.20124041005101010.3892/ijo.2011.1300 22179686
    [Google Scholar]
  109. G B, Arfuso F, Millward M, Dharmarajan A, Warrier S. Secreted frizzled-related protein 4 inhibits glioma stem-like cells by reversing epithelial to mesenchymal transition, inducing apoptosis and decreasing cancer stem cell properties.PLoS One2015106e012751710.1371/journal.pone.0127517 26030909
    [Google Scholar]
  110. HouY. ZhuQ. LiZ. The FOXM1-ABCC5 axis contributes to paclitaxel resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells.Cell Death Dis.201783e265910.1038/cddis.2017.53 28277541
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor inhibitors in the treatment of renal cell carcinomas.Pharmacol Res201712011613210.1016/j.phrs.2017.03.01028330784
    [Google Scholar]
  112. SongZ. LinY. ZhangX. Cyclic RGD peptide-modified liposomal drug delivery system for targeted oral apatinib administration: enhanced cellular uptake and improved therapeutic effects.Int. J. Nanomedicine2017121941195810.2147/IJN.S125573 28331317
    [Google Scholar]
  113. YamamotoS. KatoA. SakuraiY. HadaT. HarashimaH. Modality of tumor endothelial VEGFR2 silencing-mediated improvement in intratumoral distribution of lipid nanoparticles.J. Control. Release201725111010.1016/j.jconrel.2017.02.010 28192155
    [Google Scholar]
  114. MitamuraT. PradeepS. McGuireM. Induction of anti-VEGF therapy resistance by upregulated expression of microseminoprotein (MSMP).Oncogene201837672273110.1038/onc.2017.348 29059175
    [Google Scholar]
  115. AnsoriA.N.M. AntoniusY. SusiloR.J.K. Application of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology in various fields: A review.Narra J202332e18410.52225/narra.v3i2.184 38450259
    [Google Scholar]
  116. UddinF. RudinC.M. SenT. CRISPR gene therapy: Applications, limitations, and implications for the future.Front. Oncol.202010138710.3389/fonc.2020.01387 32850447
    [Google Scholar]
  117. ShabbirM.A.B. ShabbirM.Z. WuQ. CRISPR-cas system: Biological function in microbes and its use to treat antimicrobial resistant pathogens.Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob.20191812110.1186/s12941‑019‑0317‑x 31277669
    [Google Scholar]
  118. GholizadehP. KöseŞ. DaoS. How CRISPR-Cas system could be used to combat antimicrobial resistance.Infect. Drug Resist.2020131111112110.2147/IDR.S247271 32368102
    [Google Scholar]
  119. Jiyuki Takahiro, Ogiya Yusuke, Yoshiwara Kazutaka, Endo Seiko, Fujisaki Yoshihiko. Use of therapeutic agent comprising anti-her2 antibody-drug conjugate.TW Patent I827534B2024
  120. CormanAJ SrinivasanM WonC SelbyMJ ChenB CardarelliMJ HuangH Cancer treatment method using human monoclonal antibody and anti-PD-1 antibody alone or in combination with other immunotherapy against Programmed Death 1 (PD-1).JP Patent 5872377B22016
  121. Kawakami Koji Koji, Kawakami Masayuki, Kono Masayuki, et al. Anti-cancer chimeric peptide with excellent selectivity.JP Patent 5837712B2015
  122. SvetlanaOD PeterDC BrianET AllenJE ToniBK PaulP MarkXS SusanDS Monomethylvaline compounds that can be conjugated to a ligand.JP Patent 5551661B22014
  123. KanJ. ThomsonS. ArgastG.M. O’ConnorM.E. RobinsonM. FengB. HeyerJ. ChiuM.I. NicolettiR. Use of EMT gene signatures in cancer drug discovery, diagnostics, and treatment.US Patent 9896730B22018
  124. HudsonL. Therapeutic and diagnostic target for cancer comprising dll3 binding reagents.KR Patent 102167550B12020
  125. AllenJ. Anti-CD22 antibodies and immunoconjugates and methods of use.US Patent 8394607B22013
  126. PhilipE. LusterT.R. StevenW. Fc Fusion constructs binding to Phosphatidylserine and their therapeutic use.EP Patent 1853631A.22007
    [Google Scholar]
  127. ChungLWK MrdenovichS YiZ ZhuGJ RuoxiangW ChangFN TaszynskiGP Improving tumor sensitivity to hormone antagonists and drugs by using simvastatin and chemotherapy drugs conjugates with heptamethine cyanine dyes.CN Patent 110087649B2022
  128. XiaomenW DingkeW LuipinD. MDM2 small molecule inhibitors and uses thereof.JP Patent 5638023B2014
  129. van de Winkel J, Palen P, Glaus I, O'Prince J, de Wiers Mi, Hugt MV, Badsgard O, Risby S. Combination Treatment of Cd38-Expressing Tumors.JP Patent 6907165B22021
  130. DingZ ShuhuiCZ Substituted 2-hydropyrazol derivatives for anti-cancer drugs.patent TWI688559B2020
  131. Lin T, Xia Q. Preparation method and application of multimolecular microencapsulated nucleus-loaded artemisinin (DHA, ARM, ARS) for cancer treatment.CN patent 111035617A2020
/content/journals/cpd/10.2174/0113816128380235250627143945
Loading
/content/journals/cpd/10.2174/0113816128380235250627143945
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test