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2000
Volume 26, Issue 13
  • ISSN: 1389-2010
  • E-ISSN: 1873-4316

Abstract

Background

Overdose involving opioids is the black heart of the addiction crisis. “Pre-addiction,” as an encouraging concept by NIDA and NIAAA, seems best captured with the construct of dopamine dysregulation. Referring to the abundant publications on “Reward Deficiency Syndrome” (RDS), Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS) test, RDSQ29, and KB220, Pre-addiction can be referred to as “reward dysregulation” as a suitable suggestion. The hypothesis is that the true phenotype is RDS, and other behavioral disorders are endophenotypes where the genetic variants play important roles, specifically in the Brain Reward Cascade (BRC).

Methods

This study tested the pharmacogenomics of the GARS panel by a multi-model investigation in four layers: 1) Protein-Protein Interactions (PPIs); 2) Gene Regulatory Networks (GRNs); 3) Disease, drugs and chemicals (DDCs); and 4) Gene Coexpression Networks (GCNs).

Results

All findings were combined in an Enrichment Analysis for 59 refined genes, which represented highly significant associations of dopamine pathways in the BRC and supported our hypothesis.

Conclusion

This paper provides scientific evidence for the importance of incorporating GARS as a predictive test to identify Pre-addiction, introduce unique therapeutic targets assisting in the treatment of pain, drug dosing of prescription pharmaceuticals, and identify the risk for subsequent addiction early in -life.

© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers
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/content/journals/cpb/10.2174/0113892010353450250408114725
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A Comprehensive 4-layered In Silico Pharmacogenomics Analysis of the Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) Test: Strong Genetic Evidence Supporting GARS as a Novel Personalized Pre-addiction Assessment Tool in the Opioid Crisis Era
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 26, 2153 (2025); https://doi.org/10.2174/0113892010353450250408114725
/content/journals/cpb/10.2174/0113892010353450250408114725
/content/journals/cpb/10.2174/0113892010353450250408114725
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  • Article Type:     Research Article
Keyword(s): dopamine dysregulation; Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS); in silico; pharmacogenomics; Pre-addiction; Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS)

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