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2000
Volume 12, Issue 3
  • ISSN: 2213-3372
  • E-ISSN: 2213-3380

Abstract

Background

The oxidation of aromatic primary alcohols is pivotal in organic synthesis, converting accessible starting materials into valuable intermediates. Traditional methods often rely on chromium-based reagents, which are hazardous and environmentally problematic. Ionic liquids, particularly those based on imidazolium cations, offer an attractive alternative due to their unique solvent properties and chemical stability. However, their application in oxidation reactions has been limited by challenges such as selectivity and efficiency. Recent advancements have focused on integrating chromium complexes into imidazolium ionic liquids to harness their catalytic potential. Understanding the catalytic efficiency and mechanistic insights of chromium-functionalized imidazolium di-cationic ionic liquids in alcohol oxidation is crucial for developing sustainable and efficient synthetic methodologies aiming to mitigate environmental impact and improve synthetic efficiency in organic chemistry.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to synthesize, characterize, and explore the catalytic efficiency and mechanism of chromium-functionalized imidazolium di-cationic ionic liquids in the oxidation of aromatic primary alcohols.

Methods

The oxidation of benzyl alcohol was optimized by varying solvent and temperature parameters. Initially, benzyl alcohol was subjected to oxidation in different solvents: water, DMF, ACN, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, and DMSO at room temperature. Solvent effects were evaluated, with DMF, ACN, and DMSO yielding approximately 80% conversion to the desired aldehyde. Interestingly, DCE did not yield the desired aldehyde. CHCl emerged as the optimal solvent, achieving a high yield of 94% in minimal reaction time. Temperature optimization revealed that at room temperature, the reaction required 40 minutes to reach 94% yield. Increasing the temperature to 60°C reduced the reaction time to 10 minutes while maintaining a high yield of 98%. Thus, 60°C was identified as the optimal temperature for maximizing both yield and reaction speed. The methodological adjustments of solvent and temperature parameters provided crucial insights for optimizing the oxidation of benzyl alcohol using chromium-functionalized imidazolium di-cationic ionic liquid.

Results

Reactions at room temperature required longer times and yielded lower product amounts compared to reactions conducted at higher temperatures. Importantly, no over-oxidation to carboxylic acids was observed. Electron-donating groups on aromatic alcohol substrates led to higher yields of aldehydes in shorter times. Conversely, substrates with electron-withdrawing groups showed reduced yields (84% to 92%) over extended periods. Primary aliphatic alcohols exhibited lower yields even with prolonged reaction times, while secondary alcohols yielded fewer oxidation products. Recycling [DIL]2+[CrO]2- for four cycles showed decreased yields over successive uses, highlighting its potential for continuous catalytic use in alcohol oxidation.

Conclusion

In this study, imidazolium-based Di-cationic ionic liquid [DIL]2+[CrO]2- was synthesized, and its ionic liquid properties were demonstrated using TGA and DSC. Our developed catalyst efficiently converts primary aromatic alcohols to aldehydes using [DIL]2+[CrO]2- or [DIL]2+[CrO]2-/HIO, offering solvent-free rapid oxidation, catalyst recyclability for up to four cycles, and facile catalyst recovery. In comparison to other available oxidants, the developed protocol has a superior yield, ease of workup, ease of handling, and low hygroscopicity.

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2025-01-16
2025-09-27

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A Highly Efficient Chromium Functionalized, Imidazolium Di-Cationic Ionic Liquid Catalyst System for the Oxidation of Aromatic Primary Alcohols
Curr. Organocatal. 12, 213 (2025); https://doi.org/10.2174/0122133372355628241209052903
/content/journals/cocat/10.2174/0122133372355628241209052903
/content/journals/cocat/10.2174/0122133372355628241209052903
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  • Article Type:     Research Article
Keyword(s): aromatic primary alcohols; DFT; Di-cationic ionic liquid; electron-donating groups; oxidation; thermal analyses

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