Current Nanomaterials - Volume 6, Issue 1, 2021

Cancer is the second foremost reason for worldwide death, affecting every country of the globe. However, 70% of cancer-related death was reported from low- and middle-income nations. Delay in the detection and intervention of therapeutic agents in cancer patients also promoted a cancer-related mortality index. Currently, numerous nanomedicines are under development for advancing tumor diagnosis and therapeutic capability. Recently, liquid crystalline nanoparticles (LCNPs) have emerged as an attractive drug delivery system for both intravenous and non-intravenous applications. The widely explored LCNPs for cancer therapy include cubosomes and hexosomes. They have significant advantages over other drug delivery system, which includes, high internal surface area, unique solubilization properties and sustained release of entrapped drug molecules and co-loading of imaging and therapeutic agents in a single system. In this review, we have briefly discussed the advantages of LCNPs, preparation methods, and their multifunctional role in treating various cancers.

Background: SARS-COV-2 causes a highly pathogenic disease called COVID-19. This disease leads to a variety of respiratory infections like pneumonia, cold, sneezing, etc. As this disease is being transmitted via airborne droplets, it is highly essential to use PPEs, including masks, gloves, etc. This virus interacts with the ACE2 receptor and further makes its entry into host cells leading to viral pathogenesis. This viral is reported to be originated from the Wuhan market, China. Despite on-going efforts to control the spread, a number of cases of COVID-19 are increasing on a daily basis. Objective: This study aims to collect more information about aspects of nanotechnology-based applications towards COVID-19 management. Methods: A systemic search has been carried out using PubMed, Google Scholar, CNKI, etc., for relevant studies. Results and Conclusion: Nanotechnology-based various approaches like nanomedicines, surface coatings with nanoparticles, nanoparticle coated PPEs, and nanosensors could significantly reduce the healthcare burden by reducing the spread. The current review focuses on various approaches of nanotechnology during the pandemic COVID-19.

Background: In the last few decades, nanostructures like nanoparticles, dendrimers, quantum dots, nanotubes, etc., gain significant attention in the field of biomedicine. Recently, various modification techniques were employed for the generation of newly modified nanostructured biomaterials. Nowadays, these biomaterials are exploited for the treatment and diagnosis of various biological disorders. Objective: The present manuscript aims to describe the various types of nanostructures along with the techniques of modification and their applications in the diagnosis and treatment of biological disorders. Results and Conclusion: Various modification techniques involved in different reaction methodologies are described in the present manuscript. From the study, it is investigated that the modified nanostructured can be utilized in the diagnosis and treatment of biological disorders. Modification of nanostructured materials introduces superior properties and enables them as the detection tool and treatment kit for biological disorders.

Background: Deep rooted mission for long life and having a sound skin has apparently achieved uncommon statures in our time of stamped populace maturing, aging alludes to the different procedures of mileage that influence us ceaselessly. Therefore, three primary ideal models such as ‘packed dismalness’, ‘decelerated maturing’ and ‘captured maturing’ are recognized in organic research on ageing. Various examinations have announced that ceaseless introduction to receptive free radicals can invigorate skin maturing and that over the top fat testimony can cause a hindered skin hindrance and tissue structure modifications. Objectives: Safe and effective formulations deliver active substances to the desired site of action with negligible discomfort and side effects. Herbal cosmetics have a restorative effect and are an important endowment of nature. Different innovative advances have been created to beat the problems raised in the penetration of cosmetic ingredients. One such procedure is the utilization of ethosomes. Methods: Development product of liposome have less ethanol content. Ethosomes are mainly the transdermal course of medication which facilitates good skin penetration. It can be used for developing various cosmeceuticals to overcome various skin ailments. Conclusion: Ethosomes are nanophospholipid vesicular systems of an average size of 1.112 micrometre produced by combinations of phospholipid, ethanol, and water. Clitorea ternatea separates are usually utilized in the traditional system of medicine as a restoring formula. Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn has various medical advantages and physiological characteristics taken together; our findings may provide scientific evidence supporting the development of various cosmetic preparations.

The outer layer of skin and underlying soft layer of tissues have been infected by several infections locally. Infection on local tissue can be overcome by the administration of various topical formulations such as nanoemulgel, niosomal gel, liposomal gel, etc. For obtaining the significant effect of drug delivery, nanoemulgel exhibits a high intensity of activity locally. Emulsion with uniform and extremely small droplet size in the range of 20-200 nm is referred to as nanoemulsion. The emulsion may be oil-in-water or water-in-oil type. This system can improve the permeation of drug substances through the skin. Nanoemulsion is incorporated into a gel base to form Nanoemulgel and can improve the permeation of drug substances through the skin. Nanoemulgel acts as a promising carrier of an intense amount of permitted drugs to produce their effect topically. Efficient adhesion property and immense solubilising of the drug in oil or water phase lead to a larger concentration gradient towards the skin that further increases the penetration of drug substances through the skin. This study provides useful insights into the utilisation of nanoemulgel to provide a better and effective drug delivery tool for the topical system.

Background: Prevention and control of infected cell growth is the major task to work in the medical field and this enforces the formulary scientists to develop such dosage forms or devices that can eradicate such medical issues and provide ease to the patient. So, with this viewpoint, in the current scenario, scientists are working on such approaches, which can easily reach the suffering site to diagnose and treat such medical issues. Objective: This analytical work mainly aims towards assessing some approach, which assists the system to reach the suffering site easily and rapidly as well as work on the site for better therapeutic benefit. This may be achieved by developing a nanorobot, which is the finest nanotechnology that can act as a medical armor for fighting against dreadful diseases like cancer. Methods: It is able to deal at a molecular level with precision at nanoscale measurement. They are often known by the name nanomedicines, which can deliver the payload (drug) at the site of action. Results: Nanorobot offers a number of advantages over present methods of drug delivery like improved bioavailability, targeting the site of action, fewer surgeon mistakes, and capable of reaching out to devious areas of the body. Nanorobots are manufactured with the complete integration of onboard sensors, power supplies, motors, manipulators, and molecular computers. Their generation was originated from the idea of carbon nanotubes. Conclusion: Nanorobot may bring up a new era in the field of nanotechnology. So, nanorobots are emerging as a beneficial tool for the treatment of various human diseases and are bringing improvement in the human biological system.

Background: Dye removal from effluents is one of the major problems faced in the world. It is a very important environmental issue and it is crucial to solve this problem. In this sense, ZIFs are increasingly becoming important in the environmental area. Objective: This work presents the synthesis of metalorganic framework Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework- 8 (ZIF-8) nanoparticles, characterization, and then determines the potential to remove Rhodamine B (RhB) from an aqueous solution. Methods: ZIF-8 was synthesized under solvothermal treatment at 25°C and it was characterized by X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption-desorption, scanning electron microscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. To evaluate the capacity of the RhB, pH-influence and kinetic studies were carried out. The pseudo first- and second-order kinetic models were used to describe the kinetic data, and the rate constants were evaluated. Results: ZIF-8 had an average particle size of 47 ± 4.6 nm. The removal percentage increased significantly when the pH was in the range of 7.0-9.0. A pseudo-second-order kinetic of 13.00 mg/g was found for the RhB removal. The adsorption capacity at equilibrium was found to be 11.8 mg/g. Conclusion: According to the characterization results, the ZIF-8 synthesis was effective and produced a crystalline material. The ZIF-8 presented an affinity to the RhB dye. A pseudo-second- order kinetic model represented well the mechanism of interaction involved during RhB adsorption and ZIF-8.

Background: Nanotechnology has wide applications in various fields of life. To synthesis nanoparticles, many different methods have been used. Although these methods form nanoparticles with different morphologies and properties, it needs expensive tools, multi-steps, various chemicals and yields toxic by-products. The trend today is to use green synthesis with one step self assembly methods and eco-friendly one. Objective: In this manuscript, high pure BiFeO3 (BFO) multiferroic perovskite was prepared using the green chemical Leidenfrost technique as a cost-effective and eco-friendly method. Methods: Two different solvents (viz, water and ethylene glycol) were used for the synthesis of BiFeO3 nanoparticles. The resulting nanopowder was characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR and Uvisible spectrometric techniques. Results: The XRD results show that BiFeO3 was developed in a pure phase in the case of water solvent, whereas one peak of a Bi2O3 phase was observed in the case of ethylene glycol solvent. The crystallite size was determined using the Scherrer equation to be 36.58 and 61.02 nm for aqueous and non-aqueous solvents, respectively (viz, water and ethylene glycol). The optical band gap was determined using the Kubelka-Munk function, which appears a blue shift from 2.08 eV for ethylene glycol to 1.80 eV for aqueous solvent. Conclusion: Leidenfrost method proves its efficiency for the synthesis BFO nanoparticles with low cost and simple steps. The high dependence of the purity and optical properties on the solvent variation was perceived.